Advanced Ceramics For Dentistry

Author : James Shen
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780123948366

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by James Shen Pdf

The growth of implant and fixed prosthodontics practices in dentistry has created a rapidly increasing demand for advanced ceramics and ceramic processes. Innovations in ceramics and ceramic processes are vital to ensure reliable and affordable dental-restoration solutions with aesthetically pleasing outcomes. The work aims to engage the bioceramics and engineering communities to meet the challenges of modern dental restoration using advanced ceramics. Incorporating fundamental science, advanced engineering concepts, and clinical outcomes, the work is suitable for bioceramicists, ceramics manufacturers, dental clinicians and biologists. State-of-the-art-coverage encompasses bioresorbable ceramics for bone regeneration and bioactivating surfaces of inert, high-strength ceramics for implantation, keeping research knowledge appropriately updated Discusses transition from the baseline stable and physically stiff ceramics research into engineering of highly coherent laminate composites for prosthetic crowns and bridges Showcases current feasible techniques for producing, in cost-effective and materials-saving ways, long-lasting individualized ceramic components with biocompatibility, complexity and high precision

Author : James Zhijian Shen,Tomaž Kosmač
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060049

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by James Zhijian Shen,Tomaž Kosmač Pdf

Author : James Zhijian Shen,Tomaž Kosmač
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060193

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by James Zhijian Shen,Tomaž Kosmač Pdf

Ceramic materials are currently applied to two categories of restorative dentistry, as all-ceramic fixed-partial dentures and as implantable components. While the former demands mainly integrated and balanced properties of mechanical and aesthetic origins, the latter also relies strongly on the material’s bio-oriented properties. This chapter discusses the material demands for solving the problems encountered in current practice that indicate the direction for future developments. This is done by bearing in mind both process restrictions and compatibilities. Focus is placed on developing materials that have the potential for improving aesthetics, for preserving a healthy situation to secure a prolonged treatment survival, and for improving the durability and reliability of the restorations while also simplifying the procedures of materials manufacture and clinical operation. Biomimetic materials and processes related to them are topics of general importance from a long perspective.

Author : Corrado Piconi,Saverio Giovanni Condo,Tomaž Kosmač
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060148

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Corrado Piconi,Saverio Giovanni Condo,Tomaž Kosmač Pdf

This chapter reviews the structure, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of load-bearing ceramics used in dentistry. The development of this class of ceramic biomaterials is traced from the late sixties when alumina was introduced in dentistry. The literature on both polycrystalline and single crystal alumina dental implants is reviewed. The use of alumina declined when zirconia-toughened ceramics were introduced in orthopedics in the eighties. The use of yttria partially-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) in dentistry allowed the production not only of dental implants and abutments, but also a broad range of load-bearing fixed partial dentures, such as multi-unit bridges and crowns, thanks to the development of CAD/CAM technology. Today, the trend is to use alumina and zirconia ceramics for making more aesthetic parts by improving their optical translucency.

Author : Tanja Lube,Robert Danzer
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060124

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Tanja Lube,Robert Danzer Pdf

Ceramic materials are frequently and increasingly used in dentistry. However, they are very brittle, the tensile strength has a large scatter, and their total fracture strain is very low. The strength depends on the loaded volume and on time under load. These properties cause special needs with respect to design, manufacturing tolerances, and handling, in production as well as in application. In ceramics, strength is limited by small flaws that are either caused by the processing of the material or by the machining of surfaces of specimens and components. This chapter introduces the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics as the basis for understanding brittle fracture, and then presents fracture statistics. These topics are followed by an example for designing with ceramics. In subsequent sections, several other damage mechanisms and their relevance in dental applications will be discussed. The chapter closes with sections that deal with mechanical testing of ceramics and fractography.

Author : Simon Jegou Saint-Jean
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060155

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Simon Jegou Saint-Jean Pdf

Feldspathic porcelains, leucite, and lithium disilicate glass-ceramics are important materials used in restorative dentistry for their biocompatibility, excellent aesthetic properties, good mechanical strength, and relative ease of use. As a general rule in clinical practice, the choice of material should be dictated by the specific clinical situation. It depends on the space available to build the aesthetic and functional restoration, but also on the nature of the underlying tooth or restorative structure. The best aesthetic results are obtained with feldspathic porcelain restorations directly resin-bonded to the tooth, whereas the best function is obtained with the stronger and tougher fully anatomical or veneered glass-ceramic crowns and bridges. The main limitation with these ceramics is their insufficient strength for use as posterior crowns and bridges. Possible means to obtain aesthetically pleasing and long-term performing posterior restorations are the development of stronger glass-ceramics, the use of translucent colored zirconia, or the use of the new class of more elastic hybrid polymer-ceramic materials.

Author : Saso Sturm,Boštjan Jančar
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060117

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Saso Sturm,Boštjan Jančar Pdf

Microstructure characterization of advanced ceramics involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface topography, porosity, crystal defects, and interfaces. The structure of the surface controls interaction of ceramics with its surroundings, such as adhesion, gas adsorption, and electron exchange, which play an important role in determining overall properties of a material. Pores in ceramic materials originate from incomplete densification during the sintering process. Their presence interferes with functional properties such as mechanical strength, optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and dielectric response. Crystal defects mostly form either as a result of imperfections during the crystal growth process or as a consequence of structural phase transitions. They generally affect most functional properties of materials. So-called extended defects are interfaces that are boundaries between two solids. The most widespread tools for characterization of ceramic microstructures are microscopic techniques involving optical microscopy, different types of electron microscopy, and various scanning-probe methods. This chapter gives a brief introduction of the features of ceramic microstructure and the corresponding techniques for characterizing them.

Author : Yihong Liu,James Zhijian Shen
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060087

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Yihong Liu,James Zhijian Shen Pdf

Fractographic analysis is a useful tool for finding fracture origins that is necessary for improving the reliability of ceramic restorations. The general analysis begins with the determination of fracture patterns and origins. The crack propagation markings found by examination of fracture surfaces allow one to follow crack paths and to trace back to an origin, including fracture mirror, hackle, Wallner line, arrest line, and compression curl. This method is introduced and applied to define the origins of common clinical failures of ceramic dental prostheses. They are classified as several major types, namely, cracking initiated at the margin or at occlusal contacts, and porcelain chipping or delamination. The fracture origin is always found near the spot where the highest tensile stress concentration accumulates, and/or microscopic defects or flaws are located nearby. The fracture of ceramic dental restorations may initiate at micro-defects in the porcelain or ceramic body that are introduced during the materials fabrication process or after clinical adjustment.

Author : Erik Adolfsson,James Zhijian Shen
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060209

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Erik Adolfsson,James Zhijian Shen Pdf

The mechanical reliability and aesthetic appearance of ceramic dental prostheses are strongly influenced by the presence of defects. When several processes are used during fabrication of ceramic dental prostheses, additional defects are unavoidably introduced in each process step; these are in addition to the ones that already exist in raw materials. To avoid the degeneration of material performance by the accumulated defect population, process optimization is needed to minimize the defects introduced. Standardized mechanical evaluations are usually performed on samples with carefully prepared surfaces in order to minimize the influence from the defects usually induced by fabrication processes. The results from such mechanical evaluation indicate the strength level that is achievable by the material with the given population of bulk defects. In order to avoid a reduction in the performance of the ceramic material by the additional defects normally induced by the fabrication process, it must be understood how these defects are introduced, and solutions must be found to reduce their size and frequency through modifications of the material and processes. The aim of this chapter is to elucidate the sources of defects that are common for ceramic dental prostheses and to determine how to minimize them.

Author : Martin Trunec,Karel Maca
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060100

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Martin Trunec,Karel Maca Pdf

The chapter is focused on the processing of bulk advanced ceramics. A general overview of ceramic processes is presented with the focus on processes relevant to advanced ceramics in dentistry. The processing of ceramics is divided into four parts that describe the basic steps: powder treatment, shaping of ceramic green bodies, drying and binder removal, and sintering. The first part discusses the reasons for powder treatment. The causes of powder agglomeration are explained and possible dispersion techniques are given. The principles of the most important methods of dry, wet, and plastic shaping, and consolidation of green bodies are explained. The mechanisms of solvent drying and binder removal from consolidated green bodies are discussed and the potential problems of this processing step are highlighted. The densification of green bodies via sintering is explained and possible sintering techniques are described. Advantages and disadvantages of particular sintering methods are discussed.

Author : Peter Schüpbach
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060131

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Peter Schüpbach Pdf

Titanium-based dental implants and abutments exhibit excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Both early wound healing and bone formation and soft tissue healing towards abutments are well understood. This chapter elucidates whether ceramic surfaces provide appropriate conditions for soft and hard tissue healing.

Author : Dag Henrik Bergsjö,Matts Andersson,Rikard Söderberg,Johan Carlson
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060186

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Dag Henrik Bergsjö,Matts Andersson,Rikard Söderberg,Johan Carlson Pdf

In the early 1980s the industrialization of products based on the osseointegration principle discovered by Professor Per-Ingvar Brånemark started. The industrialization system has since gone through digitalization and automation, where now computer-aided imprisoning, design, and milling are standard features of a highly flexible production process for customized products. Lab production and central production are two ways of producing dental products. The central production principle offers the potential for better economy of scale and turnover of products, and the local dental lab can offer a higher degree of customization and personal service. Quality of dental products has always been of central importance and continues to grow. New technology and a highly digital treatment process are open for even better quality by the use of production simulations and tolerance analysis in all parts of the manufacturing process.

Author : Belinda Reinhardt,Thomas Beikler
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060070

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Belinda Reinhardt,Thomas Beikler Pdf

Titanium and titanium alloys are considered standard materials for dental implants with very well documented, high rates of success and survival. Potential immunologic and aesthetic drawbacks associated with titanium implants have resulted in the development of alternatives like zirconia-based dental implants. Zirconia seems to be a suitable implant material because of its tooth-like color, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and low plaque affinity. However, the use of zirconia in clinical implant dentistry is still controversial. The aim of this chapter is to review clinical and research articles conducted on zirconia dental implants, and to provide information on zirconia dental implant osseointegration, mechanical strength, and microbiology. Compared to titanium-based dental implants zirconia implants show promising results in clinical studies. However, there are a limited number of long-term studies on the outcome of zirconia implants and additional clinical research needs to be done to fully appraise zirconia-based dental implants.

Author : Jing Zhao,Xinzhi Wang
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060063

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by Jing Zhao,Xinzhi Wang Pdf

Tooth defects and missing teeth are common oral diseases that threaten the patient’s health, aesthetics, and self-confidence. Prosthodontics is a dental specialty with a long history of providing artificial prostheses to restore or replace the damaged or missing teeth and dentition of patients. Based on type and degree, there are three main categories of tooth damage: tooth defect, partial edentulism, and complete edentulism. Various prosthetic treatments are available for restoration, and each of them has its specific advantages and limitations. This means thect, the patient’s oral and general health condition, and the individual’s expectation. In thiat the decision to pursue prosthetic treatment should be made by fully understanding the characteristics of the defs chapter, background knowledge of the characteristics of tooth defects and edentulism are introduced in combination with commonly used prostheses. Despite the fact that there are no omnipotent prostheses, some general guidelines of prostheses selection are given.

Author : James Zhijian Shen,Jenny Fäldt
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128060162

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Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry by James Zhijian Shen,Jenny Fäldt Pdf

Bioactive ceramics are used as bulk, porous bodies, or surface-active layers on dental implants and as morphogenetically active scaffolds inserted into the jawbone. While the former has been popularly applied as artificial dental roots for recovering the function of lost teeth, the latter are increasingly used for regenerating bone tissue. In both cases, the common fundamental basis is to understand how the new bone is formed on the surfaces of introduced foreign bodies, integrated together with the autologous bone through complex biological processes and cell-materials interactions. Efforts are thus made in this chapter to elucidate the biological origins of those phenomenological terms that have often eluded satisfactory scientific definition on this particular topic of practice-motivated science. Bone-growth mechanisms are discussed together with possible characterization and quantification methods. The role of surface morphology and multi-scale structures in promoting bone growth is emphasized. Based on the state-of-the-art understanding all the way down to molecular, cellular, and genetic levels, bioactive ceramics are categorized and presented in relation to their potential applications in dentistry. The design concept of implants for enhancing early healing and for enabling immediate loading is also discussed.