Experimenting With Social Norms

Author : Jean Ensminger,Joseph Henrich
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2014-10-22
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781610448406

Get Book

Experimenting with Social Norms by Jean Ensminger,Joseph Henrich Pdf

Questions about the origins of human cooperation have long puzzled and divided scientists. Social norms that foster fair-minded behavior, altruism and collective action undergird the foundations of large-scale human societies, but we know little about how these norms develop or spread, or why the intensity and breadth of human cooperation varies among different populations. What is the connection between social norms that encourage fair dealing and economic growth? How are these social norms related to the emergence of centralized institutions? Informed by a pioneering set of cross-cultural data, Experimenting with Social Norms advances our understanding of the evolution of human cooperation and the expansion of complex societies. Editors Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich present evidence from an exciting collaboration between anthropologists and economists. Using experimental economics games, researchers examined levels of fairness, cooperation, and norms for punishing those who violate expectations of equality across a diverse swath of societies, from hunter-gatherers in Tanzania to a small town in rural Missouri. These experiments tested individuals’ willingness to conduct mutually beneficial transactions with strangers that reap rewards only at the expense of taking a risk on the cooperation of others. The results show a robust relationship between exposure to market economies and social norms that benefit the group over narrow economic self-interest. Levels of fairness and generosity are generally higher among individuals in communities with more integrated markets. Religion also plays a powerful role. Individuals practicing either Islam or Christianity exhibited a stronger sense of fairness, possibly because religions with high moralizing deities, equipped with ample powers to reward and punish, encourage greater prosociality. The size of the settlement also had an impact. People in larger communities were more willing to punish unfairness compared to those in smaller societies. Taken together, the volume supports the hypothesis that social norms evolved over thousands of years to allow strangers in more complex and large settlements to coexist, trade and prosper. Innovative and ambitious, Experimenting with Social Norms synthesizes an unprecedented analysis of social behavior from an immense range of human societies. The fifteen case studies analyzed in this volume, which include field experiments in Africa, South America, New Guinea, Siberia and the United States, are available for free download on the Foundation’s website:www.russellsage.org.

Author : Katrin Auspurg,Thomas Hinz
Publisher : SAGE Publications
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2014-11-28
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781483324302

Get Book

Factorial Survey Experiments by Katrin Auspurg,Thomas Hinz Pdf

Filling a gap in the literature of the field, Factorial Survey Experiments provides researchers with a practical guide to using the factorial survey method to assess respondents’ beliefs about the world, judgment principles, or decision rules through multi-dimensional stimuli (“vignettes”) that resemble real-life decision-making situations. Using insightful examples to illustrate their arguments, authors Katrin Auspurg and Thomas Hinz guide researchers through all relevant steps, including how to set up the factorial experimental design (drawing samples of vignettes and respondents), how to handle the practical challenges that must be mastered when an experimental plan with many different treatments is embedded in a survey format, and how to deal with questions of data analysis. In addition to providing the “how-tos” of designing factorial survey experiments, the authors cover recent developments of similar methods, such as conjoint analyses, choice experiments, and more advanced statistical tools.

Author : Michael Baurmann,Anton Leist,Ulf Tranow
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1267344688

Get Book

Focus: Experiments on Social Norms by Michael Baurmann,Anton Leist,Ulf Tranow Pdf

Author : Cristina Bicchieri
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780190622053

Get Book

Norms in the Wild by Cristina Bicchieri Pdf

Large scale behavioral interventions work in some social contexts, but fail in others. The book explains this phenomenon with diverse personal and social behavioral motives, guided by research in economics, psychology, and international consulting done with UNICEF. The book offers tested tools that mobilize mass media, community groups, and autonomous "first movers" (or trendsetters) to alter harmful collective behaviors.

Author : Anita Sharma And Dalip Malhotra
Publisher : Concept Publishing Company
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Personality development
ISBN : 8180694844

Get Book

Personality And Social Norms by Anita Sharma And Dalip Malhotra Pdf

Study conducted among the 500 students of Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India.

Author : Maria Xenitidou,Bruce Edmonds
Publisher : Springer
Page : 205 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2014-05-28
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783319053080

Get Book

The Complexity of Social Norms by Maria Xenitidou,Bruce Edmonds Pdf

This book explores the view that normative behaviour is part of a complex of social mechanisms, processes and narratives that are constantly shifting. From this perspective, norms are not a kind of self-contained social object or fact, but rather an interplay of many things that we label as norms when we ‘take a snapshot’ of them at a particular instant. Further, this book pursues the hypothesis that considering the dynamic aspects of these phenomena sheds new light on them. The sort of issues that this perspective opens to exploration include: Of what is this complex we call a "social norm" composed of? How do new social norms emerge and what kind of circumstances might facilitate such an appearance? How context-specific are the norms and patterns of normative behaviour that arise? How do the cognitive and the social aspects of norms interact over time? How do expectations, beliefs and individual rationality interact with social norm complexes to effect behaviour? How does our social embeddedness relate to social constraint upon behaviour? How might the socio-cognitive complexes that we call norms be usefully researched?

Author : Hugo Viciana,Antonio Gaitán,Fernando Aguiar
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 385 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2023-07-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781000928419

Get Book

Experiments in Moral and Political Philosophy by Hugo Viciana,Antonio Gaitán,Fernando Aguiar Pdf

This volume presents new research on the use of experimental methodologies in moral and social philosophy. The contributions reflect the growing plurality of methodologies and strategies for implementing experimental work on morality to new domains, problems, and topics. Philosophers are exploring the ways in which empirical approaches can transform our idea of the good, our understanding of the social nature of norms and morality, and our methods of fulfilling ethical goals. The chapters in this volume extend experimental work on morality to previously underexplored areas. The contributions in Part 1 explore the methods and foundations of experimental work in areas such as folk moral judgments, metaethical beliefs, moral explanations, and reflective equilibrium. Part 2 focuses on issues in normative ethics and legal and political philosophy such as virtue ethics, utilitarianism, theories of justice, and criminal responsibility. Finally, the chapters in Part 3 tackle various applied ethical issues, including feminist X-Phi, animal welfare, experimental bioethics, and self-driving cars. Experiments in Moral and Political Philosophy will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in ethics, applied ethics, experimental philosophy, social and political philosophy, and philosophy of law. Chapter 1 and 15 of this book are available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.taylorfrancis.com. They have been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Author : H. Wesley Perkins
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2003-02-24
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780787964597

Get Book

The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse by H. Wesley Perkins Pdf

The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse offers educators, counselors, and clinicians a handbook for understanding and implementing a new and highly successful alternative to traditional methods for preventing substance abuse among young people. The proven "social norms" approach outlined in this book identifies young people's dramatic misperceptions about their peer norms and promotes accurate public reporting of actual positive norms that exist in all student populations. The contributors to this important book are the originators, pioneers, and active proponents of this new approach. Many of them have successfully applied the social norms approach in secondary and higher education settings and as a result have promoted healthier lifestyles among adolescents and young adults across the United States.

Author : James Andreoni,Nikos Nikiforakis,Simon Siegenthaler
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1194003301

Get Book

Predicting Social Tipping and Norm Change in Controlled Experiments by James Andreoni,Nikos Nikiforakis,Simon Siegenthaler Pdf

The ability to predict when societies will replace one social norm for another can have significant implications for welfare, especially when norms are detrimental. A popular theory poses that the pressure to conform to social norms creates tipping thresholds which, once passed, propel societies toward an alternative state. Predicting when societies will reach a tipping threshold, however, has been a major challenge due to the lack of experimental data for evaluating competing models. We present evidence from a large-scale lab experiment designed to test the theoretical predictions of a threshold model for social tipping. In our setting, societal preferences change gradually, forcing individuals to weigh the benefit from deviating from the norm against the cost from not conforming to the behavior of others. We show that the model predicts accurately social tipping and norm change in 96% of experimental societies. Strikingly, when individuals determine the cost for non-conformity themselves, they set it too high, causing the persistence of detrimental norms. We also show that instigators of change tend to be more risk tolerant and to dislike conformity more. Our findings demonstrate the value of threshold models for understanding social tipping in a broad range of social settings and designing policies to promote welfare.

Author : Ananish Chaudhuri
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 459 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2021-05-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000375718

Get Book

Behavioural Economics and Experiments by Ananish Chaudhuri Pdf

- Incorporates the latest experimental evidence from across economics, psychology and neuroscience to provide cutting-edge introduction for students. - Structured around three key settings – individuals, small groups and larger impersonal groups (e.g. markets) – this text provides a logical framework for the study of economic decision-making. - Includes discussion of emotions including fairness, trust, selfishness and altruism on both a micro and macro level to show how they can influence personal decision making as well as entire economies.

Author : Ayfer Dost-Gozkan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 388 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9781351502863

Get Book

Norms, Groups, Conflict, and Social Change by Ayfer Dost-Gozkan Pdf

This book is about the life and work of a Turkish-American social scientist, Muzafer Sherif (1905?1988). He was known for his seminal work on norm and group formations, social judgment, and intergroup conflicts and cooperation. Although Sherif is identified as one of the founders of social psychology, his contribution to the science of psychology goes beyond the limits of social psychology as it is generally defined today.This volume aims to rediscover the theory and research of its subject in the socio-historical context of his time, as well as his relevance for contemporary psychology. Chapters cover a range of topics: an in-depth portrayal of Sherif's life and intellectual struggle in Turkey and in the United States; his metatheoretical considerations on the science of psychology; his theory and research on group and intergroup relationships, social norms and social change; formation and change of frames of reference, ego-involvements and identity; and psychology of slogans.Sherif had profound life experiences in different cultural contexts from the Ottoman Empire and World War I to American universities, which enabled him to see the essentiality of the historico-cultural context in the formation of human phenomena. Sherif's psychology is an elegant exemplar of an integrative science of psychology that is worth rediscovering.

Author : Joseph Henrich
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Page : 420 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2020-09-08
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780374710453

Get Book

The WEIRDest People in the World by Joseph Henrich Pdf

A New York Times Notable Book of 2020 A Bloomberg Best Non-Fiction Book of 2020 A Behavioral Scientist Notable Book of 2020 A Human Behavior & Evolution Society Must-Read Popular Evolution Book of 2020 A bold, epic account of how the co-evolution of psychology and culture created the peculiar Western mind that has profoundly shaped the modern world. Perhaps you are WEIRD: raised in a society that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. If so, you’re rather psychologically peculiar. Unlike much of the world today, and most people who have ever lived, WEIRD people are highly individualistic, self-obsessed, control-oriented, nonconformist, and analytical. They focus on themselves—their attributes, accomplishments, and aspirations—over their relationships and social roles. How did WEIRD populations become so psychologically distinct? What role did these psychological differences play in the industrial revolution and the global expansion of Europe during the last few centuries? In The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich draws on cutting-edge research in anthropology, psychology, economics, and evolutionary biology to explore these questions and more. He illuminates the origins and evolution of family structures, marriage, and religion, and the profound impact these cultural transformations had on human psychology. Mapping these shifts through ancient history and late antiquity, Henrich reveals that the most fundamental institutions of kinship and marriage changed dramatically under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church. It was these changes that gave rise to the WEIRD psychology that would coevolve with impersonal markets, occupational specialization, and free competition—laying the foundation for the modern world. Provocative and engaging in both its broad scope and its surprising details, The WEIRDest People in the World explores how culture, institutions, and psychology shape one another, and explains what this means for both our most personal sense of who we are as individuals and also the large-scale social, political, and economic forces that drive human history. Includes black-and-white illustrations.

Author : Muzafer Sherif
Publisher : Wesleyan University Press
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2012-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780819569905

Get Book

The Robbers Cave Experiment by Muzafer Sherif Pdf

Originally issued in 1954 and updated in 1961 and 1987, this pioneering study of "small group" conflict and cooperation has long been out-of-print. It is now available, in cloth and paper, with a new introduction by Donald Campbell, and a new postscript by O.J. Harvey. In this famous experiment, one of the earliest in inter-group relationships, two dozen twelve-year-old boys in summer camp were formed into two groups, the Rattlers and the Eagles, and induced first to become militantly ethnocentric, then intensely cooperative. Friction and stereotyping were stimulated by a tug-of-war, by frustrations perceived to be caused by the "out" group, and by separation from the others. Harmony was stimulated by close contact between previously hostile groups and by the introduction of goals that neither group could meet alone. The experiment demonstrated that conflict and enmity between groups can be transformed into cooperation and vice versa and that circumstances, goals, and external manipulation can alter behavior. Some have seen the findings of the experiment as having implications for reduction of hostility among racial and ethnic groups and among nations, while recognizing the difficulty of control of larger groups.

Author : Anastasia Danilov
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:929989324

Get Book

Social Norms and Behavior in Teams - Evidence from Economic Experiments by Anastasia Danilov Pdf

Author : Mickäel Mangot
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2012-11-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781118580349

Get Book

50 Psychological Experiments for Investors by Mickäel Mangot Pdf

Great book! Mickäel has done a great job of explaining theinsights from over 50 groundbreaking psychological experiments. Youwill learn how to avoid many of the psychological mistakes made bymost investors. He teaches you to watch out for overconfidence andthe momentum bias to avoid large losses. He helps you to understandhow your social relationships can change your asset allocation riskprofile. Forearmed is forewarned. If you apply Mickäel’sinsights, you will improve your investment performance. Paul Stefansson Executive Director, UBS AG Why are investors sometimes their own worst enemies? As thiseminently readable book shows, all sorts of biases affectinvestors’ judgments, ranging from sheer ignorance andemotions to overconfidence or aversions, from selected short-termmemory to undue generalizations. Building on the expandingliterature in behavioral economics, the experiments reported hereshed a useful, often funny, light on the implicit rules investorsuse to form their judgment and decisions. This book will definitelyhelp you make wiser investment decisions! Christian Koenig Director, Asian Center, ESSEC Business School Mickäel Mangot provides a fantastic tool that individuals aswell as financial advisors can immediately apply to theirportfolios. This book’s success lies in its superblyeasy-to-use format: Mangot demystifies the technical terminology ofbehavioral finance by linking everyday behavior to the world ofinvesting. So while the human examples are enjoyable andinteresting (you’ll chuckle when you recognize these traitsin yourself), he deftly explains how these very human biases lie atthe root of 57 simple but very damaging investment mistakes. Mostimportantly, each conclusion provides a concise, sensible summaryto help you correct—and improve—your investmentdecisions. Philippa Huckle CEO, The Philippa Huckle Group This is an insightful book that forces one to questionone’s own financial behavior. 50 Psychological Experimentsfor Investors covers different topics such as savings, equityinvestment and property investment. The portrait of the investorpresented here is harsh but can be highly profitable for anyone whorecognizes that he or she is vulnerable to misjudgments andmisguided emotions. A must-read for any self-questioninginvestor. Jacques-Henri David Vice Chairman Global Banking, Deutsche Bank