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In Britain alone, several thousand young Muslims are thought to be part of violent extremist networks. How did they become involved? What are the mechanisms and dynamics through which European Muslims join al-Qaeda and groups inspired by al-Qaeda? This paper explains the processes whereby European Muslims are recruited into the Islamist militant movement. It reveals that although overt recruitment has been driven underground, prisons and other ‘places of vulnerability’ are increasingly important alternatives. It explores the recruitment roles of radical imams, gateway organisations and activists, and highlights the kinds of message that facilitate the recruitment process. It also shows how the Internet has come to play an increasingly significant role. Neumann argues that there is little evidence of systematic, top-down jihadist recruitment in Europe. Rather, the activist leaders of cells increasingly drive the process. The paper explores possible options for European governments wishing to disrupt violent extremist networks, recognising that it will also be necessary to address some of the underlying risk factors that fuel jihadist recruitment. Ultimately, the major challenge for European states lies in constructing more inclusive societies in which the narratives of exclusion and grievance will not resonate to the benefit of recruiters to the extremist cause.
The Emerging Euro-Mediterranean System by Dimitris Xenakis,Dimitris N. Chryssochoou Pdf
Focusing on the principal challenges facing the Euro-Mediterranean partnership since the signing of the Barcelona Declaration in November 1995, this study assesses past European policies towards the region.
Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960-1963 by Constantine A. Pagedas Pdf
Drawing on official records and private papers, this book offers insights into Anglo-American reactions to France's development of an independent nuclear capability; France's bid for the political leadership of Europe; Britain's first application to join the EEC; the controversial US multilateral force (MLF) proposal for NATO; Britain's numerous propositions to France for the development of an independent European nuclear force; the tense Anglo-American diplomatic quarrel that was the Skybolt crisis; and the creative diplomacy that produced the Nassau Agreement of December 1962.
Asia’s New Geopolitics by Desmond Ball,Lucie Béraud-Sudreau,Tim Huxley,C. Raja Mohan Pdf
Intensifying geopolitical rivalries, rising defence spending and the proliferation of the latest military technology across Asia suggest that the region is set for a prolonged period of strategic contestation. None of the three competing visions for the future of Asian order – a US-led ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’, a Chinese-centred order, or the ASEAN-inspired ‘Indo-Pacific Outlook’ – is likely to prevail in the short to medium term. In the absence of a new framework, the risk of open conflict is heightened, and along with it the need for effective mechanisms to maintain peace and stability. As Asia’s leaders seek to rebuild their economies and societies in the wake of COVID-19, they would do well to reflect upon the lessons offered by the pandemic and their applicability in the strategic realm. The societies that have navigated the crisis most effectively have been able to do so by putting in place stringent protective measures. Crisis-management and -avoidance mechanisms – and even, in the longer term, wider arms control – can be seen as the strategic equivalent of such measures, and as such they should be pursued with urgency in Asia to reduce the risks of an even greater calamity.
Strategy, Doctrine, And The Politics Of Alliance by Paul Buteux Pdf
This book examines the processes of nuclear policymaking in NATO and the interaction of alliance strategy with the docrines underlying it. Dr. Buteux focuses on the issue of theatre nuclear force modernisation to illustrate his thesis that NATO's strategic posture results from a political process in which other than purely strategic objectives are sought; agreements on alliance strategy may in fact be related only indirectly to the actual military posture of the alliance and the means available to support it. The book highlights the cumulative effect of strategic and technological change on the strategy and nuclear politics of NATO. Emphasizing that the present strategic environment has called into question many of the strategic and political premises on which NATO's nuclear posture has been based, Dr. Buteux gives special attention to recent proposals to deploy enhanced-radiation weapons (the "neutron bomb") and new intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. He considers the impact of these proposals on NATO's nuclear policymaking process and on the ability of the alliance to continue to base its deterrent posture on the concept of flexible response
North Korean Reform by Robert L. Carlin,Joel S. Wit Pdf
While foreign policy and security concerns have trumped past efforts to reform the North Korean economy, Pyongyang is implementing important economic reforms despite renewed tensions with the United States. Whether Washington can influence the debate is unclear, but a US policy of engagement could enhance the chances of success for North Korean advocates of reform.
Efficacy and Efficiency in Multilateral Policy Formation by Rudolph Th Jurrjens Pdf
This new work examines three important case-studies of international conference diplomacy concerning military security, as presented at the semi-universal Geneva negotiations on the Chemical Weapons Convention (1992), the regional Stockholm conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs, 1986) and the Vienna bloc-to-bloc talks between East and West on Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR, 1989). The authors describe in great detail the course and results of these conferences, and make a comparison of the negotiating processes before and after the abolition of the Warsaw Treaty Organization after the political events of 1989 in Eastern Europe. The central terms underlying this study are defined within a newly developed comprehensive theoretical framework that is used to analyze the three negotiating processes. In the final chapter a number of concrete recommendations are made which aim to increase the efficacy and efficiency of future multilateral negotiations.