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The extraordinary life of the “noblest Roman of them all.” Although Marcus Junius Brutus is one of the most famous, or infamous, conspirators of Rome and the ancient world, if not of all time, knowledge of this historical figure has principally been passed to the modern world through the literary medium of Shakespeare’s tragedy, Julius Caesar. Furthermore, any interest in Brutus has tended to focus only on events surrounding his most legendary act: Caesar’s murder. This biography instead considers Brutus in his historical context, gathering details from ancient evidence and piecing together, as much as possible, his whole life. While his actions played a pivotal role in Roman history, ultimately, although completely unintentionally, bringing about the downfall of the Roman republic, Brutus has often been neglected. Indeed, he has rarely been considered on his own merits, instead featuring as part of the biographies and studies of other leading political figures of the time, especially those of Julius Caesar, Cicero, and Octavian. As the first dedicated biography in over thirty years, this full and balanced reconsideration of this significant Roman republican is long overdue.
Many men killed Julius Caesar. Only one man was determined to kill the killers. From the spring of 44 BC through one of the most dramatic and influential periods in history, Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus, exacted vengeance on the assassins of the Ides of March, not only on Brutus and Cassius, immortalized by Shakespeare, but all the others too, each with his own individual story. The last assassin left alive was one of the lesser-known: Cassius Parmensis was a poet and sailor who chose every side in the dying Republic's civil wars except the winning one, a playwright whose work was said to have been stolen and published by the man sent to kill him. Parmensis was in the back row of the plotters, many of them Caesar's friends, who killed for reasons of the highest political principles and lowest personal piques. For fourteen years he was the most successful at evading his hunters but has been barely a historical foot note--until now. The Last Assassin dazzlingly charts an epic turn of history through the eyes of an unheralded man. It is a history of a hunt that an emperor wanted to hide, of torture and terror, politics and poetry, of ideas and their consequences, a gripping story of fear, revenge, and survival.
A professor of history and classics describes the actual events of March 15, 44 BC, when Julius Caesar was murdered during the Roman civil wars, and comparies them to those outlined by William Shakespeare in his famous play.--Publisher's description.
Julius Caesar, The Final Moments by Carlee Orman Pdf
It is 44 BC. The streets of Rome are booming with activities, merrymaking, and revelries. The common citizens are rejoicing the triumphant return of their valiant Caesar. Caesar is returning after defeating Pompey’s sons, a decisive, monumental victory. The people are ecstatic and jubilant. They are so intoxicated in the celebration that they disregard their chores and engage in decorating Caesar’s statues all along the city. They garland his busts, they sing his praises, they are exhausting all means of expressing their admiration and regard for the charming and benevolent warrior. His victory in Spain meant more spoils, more money, more resources, and that meant Rome’s prosperity. Their merrymaking was not unfounded or unreasonable. But among the hullabaloo of the reveling commoners, two noble-dressed men seem to dislike all the commotion. They seem to be at unease, their furrows deepened, and their expression livid. When they could no longer stand the sight of honoring the most powerful man in Rome- the man who was just like them, the man who was physically crippled with sporadic bouts of epileptic fits, the man who was one among them but has now risen to such heights that he was beyond their reach- they split and castigate the commoners for the delinquency for such a frivolous purpose as to watch Caesar’s victory parade. Caesar had risen to such heights that his own senate was intimidated by the influence, power, and authority he wielded. They try to disperse the thronging crowd and remind them that Caesar’s victory was not a war won against an enemy but a fellow Roman, a Roman General who served in the Roman Army when Rome was helmed by the Dictator and Consul Sulla. Julius Caesar, the controversial Roman Emperor, the captivating speaker, the brave general, the benevolent dictator, the man who was the high priest of an extravagant cult, had been held a captive by notorious pirates, who seduced the enigmatic Egyptian princess Cleopatra, the man who had the audacity to seduce the wives of his political rivals, a rebel with a cause who was condemned by his own senate and finally was brutally stabbed to death by his own senators. The story of Julius Caesar is an extraordinary tale of resilience, struggle for survival, greed for power, betrayal, debauchery, and unbelievable chutzpah. The riveting tale of Caesar’s assassination on the fateful ides of March is both agonizing and heart-wrenching.
Notorious Assassins by Charles River Charles River Editors Pdf
*Includes pictures of historic art depicting important people, places, and events. *Includes historical accounts of Caesar''s assassination. *Includes a Bibliography for further reading. "Sic semper tyrannis!" ("Thus, always, to tyrants!") - attributed to Brutus Throughout the annals of history, there have been few men as reviled as Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger. To this day, he is associated with murder, betrayal, violence and infamy, so much so that in modern English his name provides the root for the words "brute" and "brutal", as it does in several other Romance languages. Indeed, Brutus''s reputation was so infamous that when Dante composed his timeless Divine Comedy, he relegated Brutus to the very nethermost depths of Hell. In the Inferno, Dante reaches the pit of the Ninth Circle of Hell, where he finds the Fallen Angel, Lucifer, himself. Lucifer is described as a giant, three-faced demon whose three mouths are perpetually gnashing upon three sinners, widely regarded as being the three most despicable individuals in history. According to Dante, the deepest circle of Hell is reserved for traitors, including Traitors against Kin, Traitors against Homeland, Traitors against Guests, and Traitors against Benefactors. The three men being devoured by Satan in Dante''s Inferno are Judas, the greatest traitor of all, and the two conspirators whose knives cut down Julius Caesar: Gaius Cassius Longinus and Brutus. Since his appearance in the Inferno, Brutus has proven himself to be a resilient fictional character, naturally appearing as the main antagonist in Shakespeare''s Julius Caesar, as well as turning up in places as diverse as contemporary novels, the Asterix comic books, and video games. This is hardly surprising, since Brutus was said to be the orchestrator and main perpetrator of the plot against Caesar, and legend had it that it was Brutus himself who dealt the final blow that struck Caesar down. Shakespeare''s "Et tu, brute?" ("And you, Brutus?") is widely recognized as one of the most iconic lines in theatre, further cementing Brutus''s lurid notoriety, although most of the chronicles dispute whether Caesar actually said anything at all as he died. Brutus has been history''s most notorious assassin since the Ides of March in 44 B.C., but aside from his conspiracy, the rest of his life is often overlooked, especially his role in the subsequent civil war. In fact, forces loyal to Brutus and the other main conspirator, Cassius, fought one of the biggest battles in Roman history against Octavian and Antony, and it was one that they very nearly won. However, by the end of the decisive battle, Brutus and Cassius had lost, and Brutus had taken his own life. After Octavian rose to power by defeating Antony in yet another civil war, he was able to establish himself as Caesar Augustus, and the Republic that Brutus had hoped to save was truly finished. Naturally, Augustus ensured that Brutus was universally despised during his reign, and Brutus''s negative reputation mostly persevered over the centuries. But in more modern times, Brutus has undergone something of a rehabilitation. As Western political thought shifted away from the Divine Right of Kings and towards democracy, Brutus began to be viewed in a far more sympathetic light. Brutus achieved a particularly positive public portrayal in the fledgling United States, where comparisons were often drawn between his actions and those of the patriots wishing to overthrow the British government, and the phrase "Sic semper tyrannis!" would go on to become the state motto of the newly formed Commonwealth of Virginia. Notorious Assassins: The Life and Legacy of Marcus Brutus comprehensively covers his life and political career, as well as the origins of the plot, the assassination of Caesar, and the aftermath. Along with pictures depicting important people and places, you will learn about Caesar''s assassin like you never have before.
Notorious Assassins: the Life and Legacy of Marcus Brutus by Charles River Charles River Editors Pdf
*Includes pictures of historic art depicting important people, places, and events. *Includes historical accounts of Caesar's assassination. *Includes a Bibliography for further reading. "Sic semper tyrannis!" ("Thus, always, to tyrants!") - attributed to Brutus Throughout the annals of history, there have been few men as reviled as Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger. To this day, he is associated with murder, betrayal, violence and infamy, so much so that in modern English his name provides the root for the words "brute" and "brutal", as it does in several other Romance languages. Indeed, Brutus's reputation was so infamous that when Dante composed his timeless Divine Comedy, he relegated Brutus to the very nethermost depths of Hell. In the Inferno, Dante reaches the pit of the Ninth Circle of Hell, where he finds the Fallen Angel, Lucifer, himself. Lucifer is described as a giant, three-faced demon whose three mouths are perpetually gnashing upon three sinners, widely regarded as being the three most despicable individuals in history. According to Dante, the deepest circle of Hell is reserved for traitors, including Traitors against Kin, Traitors against Homeland, Traitors against Guests, and Traitors against Benefactors. The three men being devoured by Satan in Dante's Inferno are Judas, the greatest traitor of all, and the two conspirators whose knives cut down Julius Caesar: Gaius Cassius Longinus and Brutus. Since his appearance in the Inferno, Brutus has proven himself to be a resilient fictional character, naturally appearing as the main antagonist in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, as well as turning up in places as diverse as contemporary novels, the Asterix comic books, and video games. This is hardly surprising, since Brutus was said to be the orchestrator and main perpetrator of the plot against Caesar, and legend had it that it was Brutus himself who dealt the final blow that struck Caesar down. Shakespeare's "Et tu, brute?" ("And you, Brutus?") is widely recognized as one of the most iconic lines in theatre, further cementing Brutus's lurid notoriety, although most of the chronicles dispute whether Caesar actually said anything at all as he died. Brutus has been history's most notorious assassin since the Ides of March in 44 B.C., but aside from his conspiracy, the rest of his life is often overlooked, especially his role in the subsequent civil war. In fact, forces loyal to Brutus and the other main conspirator, Cassius, fought one of the biggest battles in Roman history against Octavian and Antony, and it was one that they very nearly won. However, by the end of the decisive battle, Brutus and Cassius had lost, and Brutus had taken his own life. After Octavian rose to power by defeating Antony in yet another civil war, he was able to establish himself as Caesar Augustus, and the Republic that Brutus had hoped to save was truly finished. Naturally, Augustus ensured that Brutus was universally despised during his reign, and Brutus's negative reputation mostly persevered over the centuries. But in more modern times, Brutus has undergone something of a rehabilitation. As Western political thought shifted away from the Divine Right of Kings and towards democracy, Brutus began to be viewed in a far more sympathetic light. Brutus achieved a particularly positive public portrayal in the fledgling United States, where comparisons were often drawn between his actions and those of the patriots wishing to overthrow the British government, and the phrase "Sic semper tyrannis!" would go on to become the state motto of the newly formed Commonwealth of Virginia. Notorious Assassins: The Life and Legacy of Marcus Brutus comprehensively covers his life and political career, as well as the origins of the plot, the assassination of Caesar, and the aftermath. Along with pictures depicting important people and places, you will learn about Caesar's assassin like you never have before.
Many men killed Julius Caesar. Only one man was determined to kill the killers. From the spring of 44 BC through one of the most dramatic and influential periods in history, Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus, exacted vengeance on the assassins of the Ides of March, not only on Brutus and Cassius, immortalized by Shakespeare, but all the others too, each with his own individual story. The last assassin left alive was one of the lesser-known: Cassius Parmensis was a poet and sailor who chose every side in the dying Republic's civil wars except the winning one, a playwright whose work was said to have been stolen and published by the man sent to kill him. Parmensis was in the back row of the plotters, many of them Caesar's friends, who killed for reasons of the highest political principles and lowest personal piques. For fourteen years he was the most successful at evading his hunters but has been barely a historical foot note--until now. The Last Assassin dazzlingly charts an epic turn of history through the eyes of an unheralded man. It is a history of a hunt that an emperor wanted to hide, of torture and terror, politics and poetry, of ideas and their consequences, a gripping story of fear, revenge, and survival.
The Assassination of Julius Caesar by Michael Parenti Pdf
“A provocative history” of intrigue and class struggle in Ancient Rome—“an important alternative to the usual views of Caesar and the Roman Empire” (Publishers Weekly). Most historians, both ancient and modern, have viewed the Late Republic of Rome through the eyes of its rich nobility—the 1 percent of the population who controlled 99 percent of the empire’s wealth. In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti recounts this period, spanning the years 100 to 33 BC, from the perspective of the Roman people. In doing so, he presents a provocative, trenchantly researched narrative of popular resistance against a powerful elite. As Parenti carefully weighs the evidence concerning the murder of Caesar, he adds essential context to the crime with fascinating details about Roman society as a whole. In these pages, we find reflections on the democratic struggle waged by Roman commoners, religious augury as an instrument of social control, the patriarchal oppression of women, and the political use of homophobic attacks. The Assassination of Julius Caesar offers a whole new perspective on an era thought to be well-known. “A highly accessible and entertaining addition to history.” —Book Marks
This award-winning biography delves beyond the myths about Ancient Rome’s most famous assassin: “A beautifully written and thought-provoking book” (Christopher Pelling, author of Plutarch and History). Conspirator and assassin, philosopher and statesman, promoter of peace and commander in war, Marcus Brutus was a controversial and enigmatic man even to those who knew him. His leading role in the murder of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, 44 BC, immortalized his name, but no final verdict has ever been made about his fateful act. Was Brutus wrong to kill his friend and benefactor or was he right to place his duty to country ahead of personal obligations? In this comprehensive biography, Kathryn Tempest examines historical sources to bring to light the personal and political struggles Brutus faced. As the details are revealed—from his own correspondence with Cicero, the perceptions of his peers, and the Roman aristocratic values and concepts that held sway in his time—Brutus emerges from legend, revealed as the complex man he was. A Choice Outstanding Academic Title Winner
What actions are justified when the fate of a nation hangs in the balance, and who can see the best path ahead? Julius Caesar has led Rome successfully in the war against Pompey and returns celebrated and beloved by the people. Yet in the senate fears intensify that his power may become supreme and threaten the welfare of the republic. A plot for his murder is hatched by Caius Cassius who persuades Marcus Brutus to support him. Though Brutus has doubts, he joins Cassius and helps organize a group of conspirators that assassinate Caesar on the Ides of March. But, what is the cost to a nation now erupting into civil war? A fascinating study of political power, the consequences of actions, the meaning of loyalty and the false motives that guide the actions of men, Julius Caesar is action packed theater at its finest.
Brutus, Murderer of Caesar by Catherine E. Blackburn Pdf
In "Brutus, Murderer of Caesar: A Chronicle of Ideals, Betrayal, and the Birth of Autocracy," Catherine E. Blackburn delves into the heart of ancient Rome to unravel one of history's most compelling narratives. This meticulously researched biography transcends the legend of Brutus to explore the man behind the myth, examining his motivations, the weight of his lineage, and his profound internal conflict. From the dimly lit senate halls to the bloody fields of Philippi, Blackburn navigates the tumultuous period that saw the end of the Roman Republic and the rise of an Empire. Through her vivid storytelling, readers are transported to a time where personal honor clashed with political ambition, and where the ideals of democracy wrestled with the lure of absolute power. At the core of this narrative is Brutus – a figure emblematic of the virtues and vices of Rome itself. As the murderer of Caesar, he stands at the precipice of history, a symbol of betrayal, but also of a steadfast commitment to the Republic's ideals. Blackburn's portrayal of Brutus challenges us to consider the complexities of his character and the turbulent times in which he lived. This book is not just a recounting of historical events but an introspective journey into the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by those at the helm of power. "Brutus, Murderer of Caesar" is a compelling read for anyone fascinated by the forces that shape history, the timeless struggle between dictatorship and democracy, and the personal stories of those who dare to alter the course of the world.
A professor of both history and classics describes the actual events of March 15, 33 BC, when Julius Caesar was murdered during the Roman civil wars, in comparison to those outlined by William Shakespeare in his famous play.
