Plant Food Processing Tools At Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe
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Plant Food Processing Tools at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe by Laura Dietrich Pdf
Plant Food Processing Tools at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe reconstructs plant food processing at this key Pre-Pottery Neolithic (9600-8000 BC) site, with an emphasis on cereals, legumes and herbs as food sources, on grinding and pounding tools for their processing, and on the vessels implied in the consumption of meals and beverages.
The Art and Science of Dome-Shaped Wood-Fired Ovens by Nesimi Ertuğrul Pdf
The Art and Science of Dome-Shaped Wood-Fired Ovens, from history to your backyard or commercial shop, is a carefully crafted guide that explains the tradition and science of wood-fired cooking. The book embarks on a historical journey, tracing the development of wood-fired ovens and their cultural significance. It then unravels the theory of heating and the burning behaviour of wood, making complex technical concepts accessible. Transitioning from theory to practice, the guide outlines the design and construction process of a wood-fired oven. It considers engineering aspects and locally available materials, emphasizing efficient, sustainable building. The book discusses essential cooking utensils and tools, shedding light on the entire cooking process, from fire-starting to ash disposal. In a unique chapter on data logging, readers are introduced to modern temperature monitoring techniques. It shows how managing thermal mass can expand the range of recipes beyond the commonly perceived breads and pizzas. Lastly, the book explores Turkish cuisine, debunking preconceptions and presenting a wide array of dishes suitable for wood-fired ovens. The recipes span from traditional Turkish to International cuisines and fusion recipes, equipping readers with the tools to broaden their culinary repertoire. This book serves as an indispensable resource for anyone interested in wood-fired cooking, blending historical context, technical insights, practical advice, and mouth-watering recipes into a compelling narrative. This comprehensive manual aims to bring wood-fired cooking into the heart of modern culinary practice.
The Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic in the Eastern Fertile Crescent by Tobias Richter,Hojjat Darabi Pdf
This volume brings together the latest results and discussions from research carried out in the eastern Fertile Crescent, the so-called hilly flanks, and adjacent regions, as well as providing key historical perspectives on earlier fieldwork in the region. The emergence of sedentary food producing societies in southwest Asia ca. 10,000 years ago has been a key research focus for archaeologists since the 1930s. This book provides a balance to the weight of work undertaken in the western Fertile Crescent, namely the Levant and southern Anatolia. This preference has led to a heavy emphasis on these regions in discussions about where, when and how the transition from hunting and gathering to plant cultivation and animal domestication occurred. Chapters assess the role of the eastern Fertile Crescent as a key region in the Neolithization process in southwest Asia, highlighting the key and important contributions people in this region made to the emergence of sedentary farming societies. This book is primarily aimed at academics researching the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture in southwest Asia. It will also be of interest to archaeologists working on this transition in other parts of Eurasia.
Alcohol and Humans by Kimberley Hockings,Robin Dunbar Pdf
Alcohol use has a long and ubiquitous history. The prevailing tendency to view alcohol merely as a 'social problem' or the popular notion that alcohol only serves to provide us with a 'hedonic' high, masks its importance in the social fabric of many human societies both past and present. To understand alcohol use, as a complex social practice that has been exploited by humans for thousands of years, requires cross-disciplinary insight from social/cultural anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, psychologists, primatologists, and biologists. This multi-disciplinary volume examines the broad use of alcohol in the human lineage and its wider relationship to social contexts such as feasting, sacred rituals, and social bonding. Alcohol abuse is a small part of a much more complex and social pattern of widespread alcohol use by humans. This alone should prompt us to explore the evolutionary origins of this ancient practice and the socially functional reasons for its continued popularity. The objectives of this volume are: (1) to understand how and why nonhuman primates and other animals use alcohol in the wild, and its relevance to understanding the social consumption of alcohol in humans; (2) to understand the social function of alcohol in human prehistory; (3) to understand the sociocultural significance of alcohol across human societies; and (4) to explore the social functions of alcohol consumption in contemporary society. 'Alcohol in Humans' will be fascinating reading for those in the fields of biology, psychology, anthropology, archaeology, as well as those with a broader interest in addiction.
In the Neolithic Near East, the Anatolian landmass of modern day Turkey functioned as an over reaching land bridge, connecting the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa to one another. The larger geographical landscape of today's Middle East was surrounded by the five major seas of antiquity. The Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Caspian Sea. The rivers of Tigris and Euphrates ran across the hills, mountain ranges and plains, and volcanic fields of the Armenian highlands provided invaluable obsidian rocks, suitable for making sharp, razor-edged stone tools. As the late Klaus Schmidt once put it, the slopes of the Taurus mountains were a hunter’s dream, and a prime piece of paradise coming true. In this region, humans and the environment were brought so close to one another, and plants and animals appeared so abundant, that the early hunter gatherers scattered across the land for the first time adopted primary storage and conservation methods. The strategies which gave way to the rise of agriculture and domestication of animals in the course of the coming millennia. Göbekli Tepe was at the heart of this cultural and economic transition. Here, the Neolithic Revolution was begun.
The Early Neolithic of the Eastern Fertile Crescent by Roger Matthews,Wendy Matthews,Kamal Rasheed Raheem,Amy Richardson Pdf
The Eastern Fertile Crescent region of western Iran and eastern Iraq hosted major developments in the transition from hunter-forager to farmer-herder lifestyles through the Early Neolithic period, 10,000-7000 BC. Within the scope of the Central Zagros Archaeological Project, excavations have been conducted since 2012 at two Early Neolithic sites in the Kurdistan region of Iraq: Bestansur and Shimshara. Bestansur represents an early stage in the transition to sedentary, farming life, where the inhabitants pursued a mixed strategy of hunting, foraging, herding and cultivating, maximising the new opportunities afforded by the warmer, wetter climate of the Early Holocene. They also constructed substantial buildings of mudbrick, including a major building with a minimum of 65 human individuals, mainly infants, buried under its floor in association with hundreds of beads. These human remains provide new insights into mortuary practices, demography, diet and disease during the early stages of sedentarisation. The material culture of Bestansur and Shimshara is rich in imported items such as obsidian, carnelian and sea-shells, indicating the extent to which Early Neolithic communities were networked across the Eastern Fertile Crescent and beyond. This volume includes final reports by a large-scale interdisciplinary team on all aspects of the results from excavations at Bestansur and Shimshara, through application of state-of-the-art scientific techniques, methods and analyses. The net result is to re-emphasise the enormous significance of the Eastern Fertile Crescent in one of the most important episodes in human history: the Neolithic transition.
Food Preparation Methods used in the Neolithic Period by Holger Skorupa Pdf
Essay from the year 2008 in the subject World History - Early and Ancient History, The University of Liverpool, course: Diet, Evolution and Culture, language: English, abstract: About 10.000 years go the Neolithic revolution was the starting point of both the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants in the Near East. Due to climatic changes at the beginning of the Holocene and probably distinctively connected to a variation of food preparation throughout several parts of the earth including Europe, North America and Asia, the introduction of agriculture led to a rapidly increased population, a forthcoming of health and, therefore, a longer life expectancy. For plenty of years, however, this intention was suggested by medical, anthropological as well as evolutionary and social-historical examines. Since the last few decades, the currently regarded conclusions of researchers have been significantly overthrown, as the utilization of computer-assisted technology has been improved and observations dealing with stable isotopic issues rather than archaeological artefacts or morphological alterations have been enlarged. Consequently, new explorations allow further research and more detailed information regarding the evolutionary development of human beings. This paper will firstly elucidate the main fields of evidence to give an insight into the evolutionary process especially when stressing the dietary progress – meaning morphological changes, evidence given by archaeological findings, and bone chemistry. Additionally, the submitted text will point out the transformations of food preparation between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods. Thirdly, the discussion of advantages and disadvantages of Neolithic food grounding will be investigated to give a brief overview permitting an understanding of the currently heavy discussions between scholars pressuring the post-traditional issue of the Neolithic revolution. The aspects ought to be underscored by several case studies. As a result it will be illustrated, that the obviously contrary groups of intentions are based on an equal question of scholarship: how useful are modern technologies reflecting on the evolutionary process and do they actually allow more detailed observations to overcome the hiatus of data due to the development of human beings?
In the Neolithic Near East, the Anatolian plain of modern Turkey served as an over reaching land bridge, connecting the three major continents of Europe, Asia and Africa to one another. The larger geographical land mass of modern day Middle East, was surrounded by the five major seas of antiquity. The Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Caspian Sea. The rivers of Tigris and Euphrates ran across the hills, mountain ranges and plains, and volcanic fields provided valuable obsidian rocks, suitable for making sharp, razor-edged stone tools. As the late Klaus Schmidt once put it, the slopes of the Taurus mountains, were a hunter's dream come true, and a prime piece of paradise. In this region, humans and the environment were brought so close to one another, and plants and animals appeared so abundant, that early hunter gatherers adopted primary storage and conservation methods. The strategies which gave way to the rise of agriculture and domestication of animals in the course of coming millennia. G�bekli Tepe was at the heart of this cultural and economic movement. Here, the Neolithic Revolution was begun.
In the Neolithic Near East, the Anatolian landmass of modern day Turkey functioned as an over reaching land bridge, connecting the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa to one another. The larger geographical landscape of today's Middle East was surrounded by the five major seas of antiquity. The Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Caspian Sea. The rivers of Tigris and Euphrates ran across the hills, mountain ranges and plains, and volcanic fields of the Armenian highlands provided invaluable obsidian rocks, suitable for making sharp, razor-edged stone tools. As the late Klaus Schmidt once put it, the slopes of the Taurus mountains were a hunter's dream, and a prime piece of paradise coming true. In this region, humans and the environment were brought so close to one another, and plants and animals appeared so abundant, that the early hunter gatherers scattered across the land for the first time adopted primary storage and conservation methods. The strategies which gave way to the rise of agriculture and domestication of animals in the course of the coming millennia. Göbekli Tepe was at the heart of this cultural and economic transition. Here, the Neolithic Revolution was begun.
Bringing Down the Iron Curtain by Klára Šabatová,Laura Dietrich,Oliver Dietrich,Anthony Harding,Viktória Kiss Pdf
Since the fall of communism, archaeological research in Central and Eastern European countries has seen a large influx of new projects and ideas, fueled by bilateral contacts, Europe-wide circulation of scholars and access to research literature. This volume is the first study which relates these issues specifically to Bronze Age Archaeology.
A Companion to Ancient Agriculture by David Hollander,Timothy Howe Pdf
The first book-length overview of agricultural development in the ancient world A Companion to Ancient Agriculture is an authoritative overview of the history and development of agriculture in the ancient world. Focusing primarily on the Near East and Mediterranean regions, this unique text explores the cultivation of the soil and rearing of animals through centuries of human civilization—from the Neolithic beginnings of agriculture to Late Antiquity. Chapters written by the leading scholars in their fields present a multidisciplinary examination of the agricultural methods and influences that have enabled humans to survive and prosper. Consisting of thirty-one chapters, the Companion presents essays on a range of topics that include economic-political, anthropological, zooarchaeological, ethnobotanical, and archaeobotanical investigation of ancient agriculture. Chronologically-organized chapters offer in-depth discussions of agriculture in Bronze Age Egypt and Mesopotamia, Hellenistic Greece and Imperial Rome, Iran and Central Asia, and other regions. Sections on comparative agricultural history discuss agriculture in the Indian subcontinent and prehistoric China while an insightful concluding section helps readers understand ancient agriculture from a modern perspective. Fills the need for a full-length biophysical and social overview of ancient agriculture Provides clear accounts of the current state of research written by experts in their respective areas Places ancient Mediterranean agriculture in conversation with contemporary practice in Eastern and Southern Asia Includes coverage of analysis of stable isotopes in ancient agricultural cultivation Offers plentiful illustrations, references, case studies, and further reading suggestions A Companion to Ancient Agriculture is a much-needed resource for advanced students, instructors, scholars, and researchers in fields such as agricultural history, ancient economics, and in broader disciplines including classics, archaeology, and ancient history.
