Reduction

Author : Raphael van Riel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2014-02-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783319041629

Get Book

The Concept of Reduction by Raphael van Riel Pdf

This volume investigates the notion of reduction. Building on the idea that philosophers employ the term ‘reduction’ to reconcile diversity and directionality with unity, without relying on elimination, the book offers a powerful explication of an “ontological”, notion of reduction the extension of which is (primarily) formed by properties, kinds, individuals, or processes. It argues that related notions of reduction, such as theory-reduction and functional reduction, should be defined in terms of this explication. Thereby, the book offers a coherent framework, which sheds light on the history of the various reduction debates in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of mind, and on related topics such as reduction and unification, the notion of a scientific level, and physicalism. The book takes its point of departure in the examination of a puzzle about reduction. To illustrate, the book takes as an example the reduction of water. If water reduces to H2O, then water is identical to H2O – thus we get unity. Unity does not come at the price of elimination – claiming that water reduces to H2O, we do not thereby claim that there is no water. But what about diversity and directionality? Intuitively, there should be a difference between water and H2O, such that we get diversity. This is required for there to be directionality: in a sense, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O is prior to, or more basic than water. At least, if water reduces to H2O, then H2O does not reduce to water. But how can this be, if water is identical to H2O? The book shows that the application of current models of reduction does not solve this puzzle, and proposes a new coherent definition, according to which unity is tied to identity, diversity is descriptive in nature, and directionality is the directionality of explanation.

Author : Les Irwig
Publisher : Judy Irwig
Page : 255 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9781905140176

Get Book

Smart Health Choices by Les Irwig Pdf

Every day we make decisions about our health - some big and some small. What we eat, how we live and even where we live can affect our health. But how can we be sure that the advice we are given about these important matters is right for us? This book will provide you with the right tools for assessing health advice.

Author : Francesco Cangemi,Meghan Clayards,Oliver Niebuhr,Barbara Schuppler,Margaret Zellers
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2018-06-25
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783110524178

Get Book

Rethinking Reduction by Francesco Cangemi,Meghan Clayards,Oliver Niebuhr,Barbara Schuppler,Margaret Zellers Pdf

Phonetically reduced forms are plentiful, theoretically interesting, and a key challenge for automatic speech recognition systems. Yet canonical forms are still central to models of production and perception. Drawing from different fields and diverse languages, this volume brings new insights to the debate on abstractions and canonical forms in linguistics: their psychological reality, descriptive adequacy, and technical implementability.

Author : John A. Lee,Michel Verleysen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2007-10-31
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780387393513

Get Book

Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction by John A. Lee,Michel Verleysen Pdf

This book describes established and advanced methods for reducing the dimensionality of numerical databases. Each description starts from intuitive ideas, develops the necessary mathematical details, and ends by outlining the algorithmic implementation. The text provides a lucid summary of facts and concepts relating to well-known methods as well as recent developments in nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Methods are all described from a unifying point of view, which helps to highlight their respective strengths and shortcomings. The presentation will appeal to statisticians, computer scientists and data analysts, and other practitioners having a basic background in statistics or computational learning.

Author : Gerald D. French,Chrys J. Harris
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 1998-08-25
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1574442155

Get Book

Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR) by Gerald D. French,Chrys J. Harris Pdf

Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR) explores a powerful regressive, repetitive, desensitization procedure becoming known in the therapeutic community as an extremely effective tool for use in the rapid resolution of virtually all trauma-related conditions. Replete with case histories and accounts of actual TIR sessions, this book provides a "camera-level" view of TIR by describing the experience of performing TIR.

Author : Pher G. Andersson,Ian J. Munslow
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 522 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2008-09-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527622122

Get Book

Modern Reduction Methods by Pher G. Andersson,Ian J. Munslow Pdf

With its comprehensive overview of modern reduction methods, this book features high quality contributions allowing readers to find reliable solutions quickly and easily. The monograph treats the reduction of carbonyles, alkenes, imines and alkynes, as well as reductive aminations and cross and heck couplings, before finishing off with sections on kinetic resolutions and hydrogenolysis. An indispensable lab companion for every chemist.

Author : Jerrold E. Marsden,Gerard Misiolek,Juan-Pablo Ortega,Matthew Perlmutter,Tudor S. Ratiu
Publisher : Springer
Page : 524 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2007-06-05
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9783540724704

Get Book

Hamiltonian Reduction by Stages by Jerrold E. Marsden,Gerard Misiolek,Juan-Pablo Ortega,Matthew Perlmutter,Tudor S. Ratiu Pdf

This volume provides a detailed account of the theory of symplectic reduction by stages, along with numerous illustrations of the theory. It gives special emphasis to group extensions, including a detailed discussion of the Euclidean group, the oscillator group, the Bott-Virasoro group and other groups of matrices. The volume also provides ample background theory on symplectic reduction and cotangent bundle reduction.

Author : James A. Inciardi,Lana D. Harrison
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 1999-10-11
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0761906886

Get Book

Harm Reduction by James A. Inciardi,Lana D. Harrison Pdf

Harm reduction programmes accept the reality of drug use while attempting to reduce its harmful consequences to individuals and society. Here, contributors discuss the philosophical basis and history of such policies and examine their outcomes.

Author : Mervyn Richardson
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 636 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2002-09-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780203482919

Get Book

Risk reduction by Mervyn Richardson Pdf

Concerned with the need to reduce chemical risks, this text also covers related biological and physical risks. Risk reduction has an important economic role, not least in developing countries. Many of the contributors are from develping countries and indicate the problems and some of the solutions their countries will need to adopt during their process of reconstruction, development and recovery. The text discusses the decision-making process involving the political, socioeconomic, engineering, and natural sciences so as to develop, analyze and compare regulatory options. It considers how such measured decision making enables the selection of optimal responses to achieve safety from perceived hazards.

Author : Kyoji Sassa,Philippo Canuti
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 638 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2008-11-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783540699705

Get Book

Landslides - Disaster Risk Reduction by Kyoji Sassa,Philippo Canuti Pdf

This book documents the First World Landslide Forum, which was jointly organized by the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL), eight UN organizations (UNESCO, WMO, FAO, UN/ISDR, UNU, UNEP, World Bank, UNDP) and four NGOs (International Council for Science, World Federation of Engineering Organizations, Kyoto Univ. and Japan Landslide Society) in Tokyo in 2008. The material consists of four parts: The Open Forum "Progress of IPL Activities; Four Thematic Lectures in the Plenary Symposium "Global Landslide Risk Reduction"; Six Keynote Lectures in the Plenary session; and the aims and overviews of eighteen parallel sessions (dealing with various aspects necessary for landslide disaster risk reduction such as: observations from space; climate change and slope instability; landslides threatening heritage sites; the economic and social impact of landslides; monitoring, prediction and early warning; and risk-management strategies in urban area, etc.) Thus it enables the reader to benefit from a wide range of research intended to reduce risk due to landslide disasters as presented in the first global multi-disciplinary meeting.

Author : Nikos B. Troullinos
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2011-10
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781612337579

Get Book

Head-Order Techniques and Other Pragmatics of Lambda Calculus Graph Reduction by Nikos B. Troullinos Pdf

Available in Paperback Available in eBook editions (PDF format) Institution: Syracuse University (Syracuse, NY, USA) Advisor(s): Prof. Klaus J. Berkling Degree: Ph.D. in Computer and Information Science Year: 1993 Book Information: 248 pages Publisher: Dissertation.com ISBN-10: 1612337570 ISBN-13: 9781612337579 View First 25 pages: (free download) Abstract The operational aspects of Lambda Calculus are studied as a fundamental basis for high-order functional computation. We consider systems having full reduction semantics, i.e., equivalence-preserving transformations of functions. The historic lineage from Eval-Apply to SECD to RTNF/RTLF culminates in the techniques of normal-order graph Head Order Reduction (HOR). By using a scalar mechanism to artificially bind relatively free variables, HOR makes it relatively effortless to reduce expressions beyond weak normal form and to allow expression-level results while exhibiting a well-behaved linear self-modifying code structure. Several variations of HOR are presented and compared to other efficient reducers, with and without sharing, including a conservative breadth-first one which mechanically takes advantage of the inherent, fine-grained parallelism of the head normal form. We include abstract machine and concrete implementations of all the reducers in pure functional code. Benchmarking comparisons are made through a combined time-space efficiency metric. The original results indicate that circa 2010 reduction rates of 10-100 million reductions per second can be achieved in software interpreters and a billion reductions per second can be achieved by a state-of-the art custom VLSI implementation.

Author : Susan N. Little,Franklin R. Ward,David Sandberg
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 8 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 1982
Category : Forest litter
ISBN : MINN:31951D029863458

Get Book

Duff Reduction Caused by Prescribed Fire on Areas Logged to Different Management Intensities by Susan N. Little,Franklin R. Ward,David Sandberg Pdf

Author : John F. Leslie,Antonio Logrieco
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2014-04-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781118832868

Get Book

Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains by John F. Leslie,Antonio Logrieco Pdf

Cereal grain safety from farm to table Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains examines the ways in which food producers, inspectors, and processors can keep our food supply safe. Providing guidance on identification, eradication, and prevention at each stop on the "grain chain, this book is an invaluable resource for anyone who works with cereal grains. Discussions include breeding and crop management, chemical control, contamination prediction, and more for maize, wheat, sorghum, rice, and other major grains. Relevant and practical in the field, the lab, and on the production floor, this book features critical guidance for every point from farm to table.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2022-07-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251360309

Get Book

Voluntary code of conduct for food loss and waste reduction by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

At its 26th Session in October 2018, the FAO Committee on Agriculture (COAG) requested FAO to take the lead to develop voluntary codes of conduct for the reduction of food loss and food waste. In response to the COAG request, FAO developed the Voluntary Code of Conduct for Food Loss and Waste Reduction, which was endorsed by the 42nd Session of the FAO Conference in June 2021. The Voluntary Code of Conduct for Food Loss and Waste Reduction sets out a generic framework of actions and guiding principles that should be followed to reduce food loss and waste (FLW) and support the transformation of agrifood systems to be more efficient, more inclusive, more resilient and more sustainable. Governments can use the framework as a basis for the development of strategies, policies and legislations, which are critical elements of intervention packages aimed at effectively and sustainably reducing FLW. The framework can also serve for the formulation of programmes on FLW reduction and for the preparation of technical guidelines for use by practitioners.

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 668 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Deficit financing
ISBN : PSU:000021726095

Get Book

President Clinton's Proposals for Public Investment and Deficit Reduction by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means Pdf