The Sciences Of The Artificial Third Edition

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The Sciences of the Artificial

Herbert Alexander Simon
The Sciences of the Artificial Book PDF

Author : Herbert Alexander Simon
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 1969
Category : Science
ISBN : WISC:89033938416

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The Sciences of the Artificial by Herbert Alexander Simon Pdf

The Sciences of the Artificialreveals the design of an intellectual structure aimed at accommodating those empirical phenomena that are "artificial" rather than "natural." The goal is to show how empirical sciences of artificial systems are possible, even in the face of the contingent and teleological character of the phenomena, their attributes of choice and purpose. Developing in some detail two specific examples—human psychology and engineering design—Professor Simon describes the shape of these sciences as they are emerging from developments of the past 25 years. "Artificial" is used here in a very specific sense: to denote systems that have a given form and behavior only because they adapt (or are adapted), in reference to goals or purposes, to their environment. Thus, both man-made artifacts and man himself, in terms of his behavior, are artificial. Simon characterizes an artificial system as an interface between two environments—inner and outer. These environments lie in the province of "natural science," but the interface, linking them, is the realm of "artificial science." When an artificial system adapts successfully, its behavior shows mostly the shape of the outer environment and reveals little of the structure or mechanisms of the inner. The inner environment becomes significant for behavior only when a system reaches the limits of its rationality and adaptability, and contingency degenerates into necessity.

The Sciences of the Artificial, reissue of the third edition with a new introduction by John Laird

Herbert A. Simon
The Sciences of the Artificial reissue of the third edition with a new introduction by John Laird Book PDF

Author : Herbert A. Simon
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2019-08-13
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262537537

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The Sciences of the Artificial, reissue of the third edition with a new introduction by John Laird by Herbert A. Simon Pdf

Herbert Simon's classic work on artificial intelligence in the expanded and updated third edition from 1996, with a new introduction by John E. Laird. Herbert Simon's classic and influential The Sciences of the Artificial declares definitively that there can be a science not only of natural phenomena but also of what is artificial. Exploring the commonalities of artificial systems, including economic systems, the business firm, artificial intelligence, complex engineering projects, and social plans, Simon argues that designed systems are a valid field of study, and he proposes a science of design. For this third edition, originally published in 1996, Simon added new material that takes into account advances in cognitive psychology and the science of design while confirming and extending the book's basic thesis: that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action. Simon won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1978 for his research into the decision-making process within economic organizations and the Turing Award (considered by some the computer science equivalent to the Nobel) with Allen Newell in 1975 for contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing. The Sciences of the Artificial distills the essence of Simon's thought accessibly and coherently. This reissue of the third edition makes a pioneering work available to a new audience.

Models of My Life

Herbert A. Simon
Models of My Life Book PDF

Author : Herbert A. Simon
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 463 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 1996-10-08
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780262691857

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Models of My Life by Herbert A. Simon Pdf

In this candid and witty autobiography, Nobel laureate Herbert A. Simon looks at his distinguished and varied career, continually asking himself whether (and how) what he learned as a scientist helps to explain other aspects of his life. A brilliant polymath in an age of increasing specialization, Simon is one of those rare scholars whose work defines fields of inquiry. Crossing disciplinary lines in half a dozen fields, Simon's story encompasses an explosion in the information sciences, the transformation of psychology by the information-processing paradigm, and the use of computer simulation for modeling the behavior of highly complex systems. Simon's theory of bounded rationality led to a Nobel Prize in economics, and his work on building machines that think—based on the notion that human intelligence is the rule-governed manipulation of symbols—laid conceptual foundations for the new cognitive science. Subsequently, contrasting metaphors of the maze (Simon's view) and of the mind (neural nets) have dominated the artificial intelligence debate. There is also a warm account of his successful marriage and of an unconsummated love affair, letters to his children, columns, a short story, and political and personal intrigue in academe.

Complex Information Processing

David Klahr,Kenneth Kotovsky
Complex Information Processing Book PDF

Author : David Klahr,Kenneth Kotovsky
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 484 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2013-05-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781134739417

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Complex Information Processing by David Klahr,Kenneth Kotovsky Pdf

Here, several leading experts in the area of cognitive science summarize their current research programs, tracing Herbert A. Simon's influence on their own work -- and on the field of information processing at large. Topics covered include problem- solving, imagery, reading, writing, memory, expertise, instruction, and learning. Collectively, the chapters reveal a high degree of coherence across the various specialized disciplines within cognition -- a coherence largely attributable to the initial unity in Simon's seminal and pioneering contributions.

An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications

Ming Li,Paul Vitanyi
An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications Book PDF

Author : Ming Li,Paul Vitanyi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 655 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2013-03-09
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781475726060

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An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications by Ming Li,Paul Vitanyi Pdf

Briefly, we review the basic elements of computability theory and prob ability theory that are required. Finally, in order to place the subject in the appropriate historical and conceptual context we trace the main roots of Kolmogorov complexity. This way the stage is set for Chapters 2 and 3, where we introduce the notion of optimal effective descriptions of objects. The length of such a description (or the number of bits of information in it) is its Kolmogorov complexity. We treat all aspects of the elementary mathematical theory of Kolmogorov complexity. This body of knowledge may be called algo rithmic complexity theory. The theory of Martin-Lof tests for random ness of finite objects and infinite sequences is inextricably intertwined with the theory of Kolmogorov complexity and is completely treated. We also investigate the statistical properties of finite strings with high Kolmogorov complexity. Both of these topics are eminently useful in the applications part of the book. We also investigate the recursion theoretic properties of Kolmogorov complexity (relations with Godel's incompleteness result), and the Kolmogorov complexity version of infor mation theory, which we may call "algorithmic information theory" or "absolute information theory. " The treatment of algorithmic probability theory in Chapter 4 presup poses Sections 1. 6, 1. 11. 2, and Chapter 3 (at least Sections 3. 1 through 3. 4).

Models of a Man

Mie Augier,James G. March
Models of a Man Book PDF

Author : Mie Augier,James G. March
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 582 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-11-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780262546492

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Models of a Man by Mie Augier,James G. March Pdf

Essays that pay tribute to the wide-ranging influence of the late Herbert Simon, by friends and colleagues. Herbert Simon (1916-2001), in the course of a long and distinguished career in the social and behavioral sciences, made lasting contributions to many disciplines, including economics, psychology, computer science, and artificial intelligence. In 1978 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for his research into the decision-making process within economic organizations. His well-known book The Sciences of the Artificial addresses the implications of the decision-making and problem-solving processes for the social sciences. This book (the title is a variation on the title of Simon's autobiography, Models of My Life) is a collection of short essays, all original, by colleagues from many fields who felt Simon's influence and mourn his loss. Mixing reminiscence and analysis, the book represents "a small acknowledgment of a large debt." Each of the more than forty contributors was asked to write about the one work by Simon that he or she had found most influential. The editors then grouped the essays into four sections: "Modeling Man," "Organizations and Administration," "Modeling Systems," and "Minds and Machines." The contributors include such prominent figures as Kenneth Arrow, William Baumol, William Cooper, Gerd Gigerenzer, Daniel Kahneman, David Klahr, Franco Modigliani, Paul Samuelson, and Vernon Smith. Although they consider topics as disparate as "Is Bounded Rationality Unboundedly Rational?" and "Personal Recollections from 15 Years of Monthly Meetings," each essay is a testament to the legacy of Herbert Simon—to see the unity rather than the divergences among disciplines.

Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning

Norbert M. Seel
Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Book PDF

Author : Norbert M. Seel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 3643 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2011-10-05
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781441914279

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Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning by Norbert M. Seel Pdf

Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.

Reason in Human Affairs

Herbert Simon
Reason in Human Affairs Book PDF

Author : Herbert Simon
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 130 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 1990-07-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780804766685

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Reason in Human Affairs by Herbert Simon Pdf

What can reason (or more broadly, thinking) do for us and what can't it do? This is the question examined by Herbert A. Simon, who received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences "for his pioneering work on decision-making processes in economic organizations." The ability to apply reason to the choice of actions is supposed to be one of the defining characteristics of our species. In the first two chapters, the author explores the nature and limits of human reason, comparing and evaluating the major theoretical frameworks that have been erected to explain reasoning processes. He also discusses the interaction of thinking and emotion in the choice of our actions. In the third and final chapter, the author applies the theory of bounded rationality to social institutions and human behavior, and points out the problems created by limited attention span human inability to deal with more than one difficult problem at a time. He concludes that we must recognize the limitations on our capabilities for rational choice and pursue goals that, in their tentativeness and flexibility, are compatible with those limits.

Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts

Anna Visvizi,Marek Bodziany
Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts Book PDF

Author : Anna Visvizi,Marek Bodziany
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2021-11-27
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9783030889722

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Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts by Anna Visvizi,Marek Bodziany Pdf

This book offers a comprehensive approach to the question of how artificial intelligence (AI) impacts politics, economy, and the society today. In this view, it is quintessential for understanding the complex nature of AI and its role in today’s world. The book has been divided into three parts. Part one is devoted to the question of how AI will be used for security and defense purposes, including combat in war zones. Part two looks at the value added of AI and machine learning for decision-making in the fields of politics and business. Part three consists of case studies—covering the EU, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, and Poland—that discuss how AI is being used in the realms of politics, security and defense. The discussion in the book opens with the question of the nature of AI, as well as of ethics and the use of AI in combat. Subsequently, the argument covers issues as diverse as the militarization of AI, the use of AI in strategic studies and military strategy design. These topics are followed by an insight into AI and strategic communication (StratCom), including disinformation, as well as into AI and finance. The case-studies included in part 3 of the book offer a captivating overview of how AI is being employed to stimulate growth and development, to promote data- and evidence-driven policy-making, to enable efficient and inclusive digital transformation and other related issues. Written by academics and practitioners in an academically sound, yet approachable manner, this volume queries issues and topics that form the thrust of processes that transform world politics, economics and society. As such, this volume will serve as the primer for students, researchers, lectures and other professionals who seek to understand and engage with the variety of issues AI implicates.

Organizations

James G. March,Herbert A. Simon
Organizations Book PDF

Author : James G. March,Herbert A. Simon
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1993-05-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780631186311

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Organizations by James G. March,Herbert A. Simon Pdf

Everything you ever wanted to know about growing grapes March and Simon's Organizations has become a classic in the field of organizational management for its broad scope and depth of information. Written by two of the most prominent experts in the field, this book offers invaluable insight on all aspects of organizational culture through deep discussion of organization theory. The definitive reference for topics including bounded rationality, satisficing, inducement/contribution balances, attention focus, uncertainty absorption and more, this seminal text offers authoritative insight with a practical grounding in the field.

Introduction to Artificial Life

Christoph Adami
Introduction to Artificial Life Book PDF

Author : Christoph Adami
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 402 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Computers
ISBN : 0387946462

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Introduction to Artificial Life by Christoph Adami Pdf

For students, researchers and professional scientist eager to gain insight into the emerging frontiers of Artifical Life, Chris Adami's work provides the basic underpinnings for properly understanding this interdisciplinary research area. The CD-ROM accompanying the book invites readers to actively experience artificial evolution in "real time" by using a proprietary simulation software program, AVIDA, which is contained on the CD.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Wolfgang Ertel
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Book PDF

Author : Wolfgang Ertel
Publisher : Springer
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2018-01-18
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9783319584874

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence by Wolfgang Ertel Pdf

This accessible and engaging textbook presents a concise introduction to the exciting field of artificial intelligence (AI). The broad-ranging discussion covers the key subdisciplines within the field, describing practical algorithms and concrete applications in the areas of agents, logic, search, reasoning under uncertainty, machine learning, neural networks, and reinforcement learning. Fully revised and updated, this much-anticipated second edition also includes new material on deep learning. Topics and features: presents an application-focused and hands-on approach to learning, with supplementary teaching resources provided at an associated website; contains numerous study exercises and solutions, highlighted examples, definitions, theorems, and illustrative cartoons; includes chapters on predicate logic, PROLOG, heuristic search, probabilistic reasoning, machine learning and data mining, neural networks and reinforcement learning; reports on developments in deep learning, including applications of neural networks to generate creative content such as text, music and art (NEW); examines performance evaluation of clustering algorithms, and presents two practical examples explaining Bayes’ theorem and its relevance in everyday life (NEW); discusses search algorithms, analyzing the cycle check, explaining route planning for car navigation systems, and introducing Monte Carlo Tree Search (NEW); includes a section in the introduction on AI and society, discussing the implications of AI on topics such as employment and transportation (NEW). Ideal for foundation courses or modules on AI, this easy-to-read textbook offers an excellent overview of the field for students of computer science and other technical disciplines, requiring no more than a high-school level of knowledge of mathematics to understand the material.

Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds

Antonio Lieto
Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds Book PDF

Author : Antonio Lieto
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 133 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2021-03-31
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781315460512

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Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds by Antonio Lieto Pdf

Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds explains the crucial role that human cognition research plays in the design and realization of artificial intelligence systems, illustrating the steps necessary for the design of artificial models of cognition. It bridges the gap between the theoretical, experimental, and technological issues addressed in the context of AI of cognitive inspiration and computational cognitive science. Beginning with an overview of the historical, methodological, and technical issues in the field of cognitively inspired artificial intelligence, Lieto illustrates how the cognitive design approach has an important role to play in the development of intelligent AI technologies and plausible computational models of cognition. Introducing a unique perspective that draws upon Cybernetics and early AI principles, Lieto emphasizes the need for an equivalence between cognitive processes and implemented AI procedures, in order to realize biologically and cognitively inspired artificial minds. He also introduces the Minimal Cognitive Grid, a pragmatic method to rank the different degrees of biological and cognitive accuracy of artificial systems in order to project and predict their explanatory power with respect to the natural systems taken as a source of inspiration. Providing a comprehensive overview of cognitive design principles in constructing artificial minds, this text will be essential reading for students and researchers of artificial intelligence and cognitive science.

Art in the Age of Technoscience

Ingeborg Reichle
Art in the Age of Technoscience Book PDF

Author : Ingeborg Reichle
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2009-08-21
Category : Art
ISBN : UCSD:31822037475852

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Art in the Age of Technoscience by Ingeborg Reichle Pdf

Art, the Life Sciences, and the Humanities: In Search ofa Relationship Robert Ztuijnenberg Over the last decades there has been a distinctive effort in the arts to engage with science through participation in the actual practice of science. ' Exchange proj ects between artists and scientists, such as artist-in-lab projects, have become common and a large number oforganizations have emerged that stimulate and initiate collaboration between artists andscientists. ' Research funding organiza tions in thehumanities,such asthe British Arts and Humanities Research Coun cil (AHRC) and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), have also initiated all sorts of research programs that explore and support inter actions between art and science. ' Asa result, artists have grown more involved with scientific concerns and practices, and their increased interactions with scientists have also become a subject of study within the humanities. Why do artists openly seek to gain access to the domain of the sciences? And why do scholars in the humanities value collaboration between artists and scientists so much that theyare willing to spend research time and money on it? This interest in science, I argue in this preface for Ingeborg Reichle's bookArt in theAge of Tecbnoscience,' underscores that the arts and the humanities are searching to establish a new relationship with the natural sciences as well as with each other. Art and Science T he relationship between thearts and thesciences hasbeen subject to permanent change over the past two centuries.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business

Steven Finlay
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business Book PDF

Author : Steven Finlay
Publisher : Relativistic
Page : 194 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2018-07
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1999730348

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Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business by Steven Finlay Pdf

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning are now mainstream business tools. They are being applied across many industries to increase profits, reduce costs, save lives and improve customer experiences. Organizations which understand these tools and know how to use them are benefiting at the expense of their rivals. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business cuts through the hype and technical jargon that is often associated with these subjects. It delivers a simple and concise introduction for managers and business people. The focus is very much on practical application and how to work with technical specialists (data scientists) to maximize the benefits of these technologies. This third edition has been substantially revised and updated. It contains several new chapters and covers a broader set of topics than before, but retains the no-nonsense style of the original.