Urbanization And Romanization In Roman Baetica C 50 B C 150 A D
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Rome and Baetica : Urbanization in Southern Spain c.50 BC-AD 150 by A. T. Fear Pdf
This book examines the development of urban units and their relationship to the adoption of Roman cultural forms in the province of Baetica (roughly modern Andalusia) in the Early Imperial period. Its starting point is a general examination of the notion of `Romanization' followed by a discussion of whether a positivistic interpretation of this concept can be inferred from the development of various sorts of towns found in the province. The nature, implications, extent, and results of Vespasian's Latinitas in the Iberian peninsula are discussed in depth in this respect. The material remains of the province are also examined to see what light they can cast on the problem of `Romanization'. Finally, the degree to which non-Roman cultural forms persisted in the province is discussed with the implications that this may have for the cultural dynamics of the region. The conclusions attempt to draw together the results of these analyses and suggest that Roman Imperialism is best seen through a model which envisages the creation of new synthetic cultural forms rather than through the traditional model of Romanization and resistance.
Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa by Dr. David Cherry Pdf
Analysing the cultural, social, and economic consequences of the Roman occupation of North Africa (c.50 BC-AD 250), this book offers a fresh look at the development and purpose of the north African frontier-system.
The City in the Roman West, c.250 BC–c.AD 250 by Ray Laurence,Simon Esmonde Cleary,Gareth Sears Pdf
The city is widely regarded as the most characteristic expression of the social, cultural and economic formations of the Roman Empire. This was especially true in the Latin-speaking West, where urbanism was much less deeply ingrained than in the Greek-speaking East but where networks of cities grew up during the centuries following conquest and occupation. This well-illustrated synthesis provides students and specialists with an overview of the development of the city in Italy, Gaul, Britain, Germany, Spain and North Africa, whether their interests lie in ancient history, Roman archaeology or the wider history of urbanism. It accounts not only for the city's geographical and temporal spread and its associated monuments (such as amphitheatres and baths), but also for its importance to the rulers of the Empire as well as the provincials and locals.
Romanization in the Time of Augustus by Ramsay MacMullen Pdf
During the lifetime of Augustus (from 63 B.C. to A.D. 14), Roman civilization spread at a remarkable rate throughout the ancient world, influencing such areas as art and architecture, religion, law, local speech, city design, clothing, and leisure and family activities. In his newest book, Ramsay MacMullen investigates why the adoption of Roman ways was so prevalent during this period.Drawing largely on archaeological sources, MacMullen discovers that during this period more than half a million Roman veterans were resettled in colonies overseas, and an additional hundred or more urban centers in the provinces took on normal Italian-Roman town constitutions. Great sums of expendable wealth came into the hands of ambitious Roman and local notables, some of which was spent in establishing and advertising Roman ways. MacMullen argues that acculturation of the ancient world was due not to cultural imperialism on the part of the conquerors but to eagerness of imitation among the conquered, and that the Romans were able to respond with surprisingly effective techniques of mass production and standardization.
Integration in Rome and in the Roman World by G. de Kleijn,Stéphane Benoist Pdf
Integration in the empire under the political control of the city of Rome, her princeps, and the different authorities in the provinces includes processes of inclusion and exclusion. They are explored from juridical, political, social and religious points of view.
Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces by Christopher Howgego,Volker Heuchert,Andrew Burnett Pdf
Coins were the most deliberate of all symbols of public communal identities, yet the Roman historian will look in vain for any good introduction to, or systematic treatment of, the subject. Sixteen leading international scholars have sought to address this need by producing this authoritative collection of essays, which ranges over the whole Roman world from Britain to Egypt, from 200 BC to AD 300. The subject is approached through surveys of the broad geographical and chronological structure of the evidence, through chapters which focus on ways of expressing identity, and through regional studies which place the numismatic evidence in local context.
A Companion to the Neronian Age by Emma Buckley,Martin Dinter Pdf
An authoritative overview and helpful resource for students and scholars of Roman history and Latin literature during the reign of Nero. The first book of its kind to treat this era, which has gained in popularity in recent years Makes much important research available in English for the first time Features a balance of new research with established critical lines Offers an unusual breadth and range of material, including substantial treatments of politics, administration, the imperial court, art, archaeology, literature and reception studies Includes a mix of established scholars and groundbreaking new voices Includes detailed maps and illustrations
Shows the intimate relationship between Egypt and Hispania archaeologically, historically, culturally, ethnologically, linguistically, etc. This book reveals the Ancient Egyptian roots of the Romany (Gypsies) and how they brought about the civilization and orientalization of Hispania, over the past 6,000 years. The book also shows the intimate relationship between Egypt and Hispania archaeologically, historically, culturally, ethnologically, linguistically, etc., as a result of the immigration of the Egyptian Romany (Gypsies) to Iberia. This Expanded Version of the book consists of 14 chapters: Chapter one, The Romany (Gypsy) Essence of Hispania, sorts through the subject of the Gypsies and differentiates the Egyptian Romany from non-Egyptian nomadic groups. It highlights their Egyptian characteristics and their different related groups. Chapter two, Our Heavenly Mother, shows how Ancient Egypt and Iberia share the intense love for the Virgin Mother (known in Ancient Egypt as Isis and in Christianity as Mary/Maria). A shortened version of the story of Isis and Osiris is presented, so as to draw parallels between the Ancient Egyptian Isis and the Virgin Mary. The role of Mary/Auset formed the basis for the matrilineal/matriarchal societal framework. This chapter also shows the role of the bull in Ancient Egypt and Iberia, and that the practices of bullfights and running of the bulls in Iberia can only be found in Ancient Egypt, since at least 5,000 years ago. Chapter three, Out of Egypt, gives an overview of the major pitfalls in the common theories about the history of Iberia. It highlights the false chronology and dating in most references. It also highlights the incredible silence in most references about the role of the most populous, wealthiest, and prominent civilization in the ancient world—namely Egypt. It provides the accounts of early Egyptian immigration to other countries, and accounts of some of their early settlements in Asia and Europe. It also provides the general consensus on the population characteristics in Iberia and how the Ancient Egyptians (of all nations in the world) match these characteristics exactly. Chapter four, The Egyptian-Hispanic Alloys, describes the Ancient Egyptian knowledge of metallurgy, and their ability to make numerous metallic alloys. It will show how Ancient Egypt lacked certain minerals to make specific alloys (such as electrum, copper, and bronze), the high demand for metals in Egypt, and how the fluctuation in the production of such goods in Ancient Egypt correlated to the rise and fall of mining activities in Iberia. It also shows the Ancient Egyptian history of organization and management of large mining sites, settlement fortifications, etc. Chapter five, In the Beginning—Almeria, highlights the archaeological findings at the early settlements in several Iberian regions—beginning at Almeria, and correlates these activities in Iberia with Ancient Egypt—to show unique similarities and affinities between Ancient Egypt (in pre- and early dynastic times) and Iberia, in all aspects of religion, architecture, farming, metalworking, etc. Chapter six, Masters of the Seas, shows the supremacy of the Ancient Egypt ships, their sizes, types, and functions. It provides an overview of the Egyptian goods that were sought worldwide. It identifies the patrons (deities) of travel and how they were adopted 100% by others, such as the Phoenicians. Chapter seven, Merchants of the Seas, evaluates the common theory about the role of the Phoenicians/Punics in the history of Iberia, by describing the archaeological and historical evidence in the Phoenicians’ homeland. The evidence is overwhelming that Phoenicia was a vassal of Ancient Egypt and that the Phoenicians copied all aspects of the Ancient Egyptian culture. It shows that Phoenicians were experienced seafarers and traders and nothing else. The Phoenicians did not have the number of people (or the talent) for the farming, art, industry, and building skills necessary to establish new settlements in Iberia or elsewhere. Chapter eight, Canopus and Cádiz: A Tale of Two Harbors, provides a clear history of Cádiz and its role as the western gateway to western Iberia, northern Europe, and the African continent. It shows that the reported fishing and salting techniques as well as its famed dancers were duplicates of the same in Ancient Egypt. It highlights the significance of the Canopus harbors (Alexandria before Alexander), as the center of commerce in the whole world, for thousands of years. It describes the role of the (Egyptian) Hercules/Herakles at Egyptian harbors and how other countries imitated Egypt in this regard. It shows the similarities between the Cádiz harbor with its temples and the harbor at Canopus with its temples. Chapter nine, The Assyrian Devastation and Aftershocks, correlates the rise of power of the Assyrians (and later the Persians), to the waves of mass migration from Ancient Egypt, which coincided with the increase in population and the number of settlements in Iberia. Chapter ten, Romanticizing the Romans, addresses the lack of merit of Romans’ influence in Iberia—in all aspects of Iberian life, such as culture, government, religion, language, society, buildings, etc. Chapter eleven, The Moors and the Egyptians, addresses the falsehoods of credits given to the Moors/Moslems/Arabs. It identifies the true origin of these invaders and how they were removed from the civilized aspects in Iberia, such as farming, housing, gardens, arts, crafts, etc., and how all these aspects and activities were only found in Egypt, before they appeared in Iberia. It also shows the huge number of Egyptian settlers in the areas that are the best farmed in Iberia, such as Algarve and Murcia. Chapter twelve, The Origin of the Hispanic Languages/Dialects, defines the role of the Ancient Egypt language as the mother of all Semitic languages, as well as all other languages/dialects in the Mediterranean Basin and beyond. Chapter thirteen, The Animated Religious Traditions, shows how the people of both Egypt and the Iberian Peninsula share the same concept of Animism, the power of saints, religious pilgrimages, festivals, etc. It also describes the role of Ancient Egypt in Priscillianism, which was (and continues to be) widespread. It also relates the fate of Priscillian to the pilgrimage and traditions at Santiago de Compostela. It shows that the history and practices of confraternities in Catholic-ruled Iberia (and southern Italy) coincide exactly with “Sufi” Orders in Islamized countries, and that the fundamentals and practices of these mystical groups under Islamic and Christian rules are of Ancient Egyptian origin. Chapter fourteen, The Egyptian-Hispanic Musical Heritage, shows the intimacy between the Egyptians and Iberian heritage as it relates to music, poetry, song, and dance. It shows that the Ancient Egyptians—not the Moors—are the source of music, singing, dancing, and poetry in the Iberian Peninsula. It highlights the role of the (Egyptian) Romany as the performers of these activities in the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the major celebratory musical activities in both Egypt and the Iberian Peninsula.
The Government of the Roman Empire by Dr Barbara Levick,Barbara Levick Pdf
This book reveals how an empire that stretched from Glasgow to Aswan in Egypt could be ruled from a single city and still survive more than a thousand years. The Government of the Roman Empire is the only sourcebook to concentrate on the administration of the empire, using the evidence of contemporary writers and historians. Specifically designed for students, with extensive cross-referencing, bibliographies and introductions and explanations for each item, this new edition brings the book right up-to-date, and makes it the ideal resource for students of the subject.
Index to Theses with Abstracts Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland and the Council for National Academic Awards by Anonim Pdf
Theses on any subject submitted by the academic libraries in the UK and Ireland.
The Ancient Egyptian Universal Writing Modes by Moustafa Gadalla Pdf
The Egyptian Alphabetical language is the MOTHER and origin of all languages; and how it was diffused to become other 'languages' throughout the world. This book will show how the Egyptians had various modes of writings for various purposes , and how the Egyptian modes were falsely designated as "separate languages" belonging to others. ;the falsehood of having different languages on the Rosetta (and numerous other like) Stone; evaluation of the "hieratic' and "demotic" forms of writing. The book will also highlight how the Egyptian Alphabetical language is the MOTHER and origin of all languages (as confirmed by all writers of antiquities); and how this one original language came to be called Greek, Hebrew, Arabic and other 'languages' throughout the world—through deterioration of sound values via 'sound shifts', as well as foreign degradation of the original Egyptian writing forms. The book is divided into seven parts with a total of 24 chapters, as follows: Part I. Denial, Distortion and Diversion has 3 chapters—Chapters 1 to 3: Chapter 1: The Archetypal Primacy of The Egyptian Alphabet will show the role and remote history of alphabetical letter-forms writing in Ancient Egypt prior to any other place on earth. Chapter 2: The Concealment of The Supreme Egyptian Alphabet will show the incredible western academia scheme to conceal the Ancient Egyptian alphabetical letter-forms from its prominent position in the history of writing. Chapter 3: The Diversion of A Proto-Sinaitic "Phoenician Connection" will uncover all the facts about having "Phoenicians" as the inventor of alphabets on an Egyptian soil! Part II. Formation and Forms of Egyptian Alphabetic Writings has 6 chapters—Chapters 4 to 9: Chapter 4: Genesis of Egyptian Alphabetic Letters/Writing will refute the unfounded obsession that alphabetical letter-forms were derived from pictures; and the differences between ideograms, signs and alphabetical writing. Chapter 5: The Egyptian Sound Organization of Letters will cover the primary three vowels as the originators of all vowel sounds and associated consonants. Chapter 6: The Egyptian Alphabetic Writing Styles will sort out present common confusion of Ancient Egyptian styles of writing and set the two primary styles as uncials and cursive. Chapter 7: The Profession of Egyptian Scribes will cover the range of Egyptian writings; the profession of scribes; writing surfaces & instruments; and documentations of official missions by Egyptian scribes. Chapter 8: Multiple Writing Forms of a Single Document will cover the commonality of have several styles of same language on a single document; and examples of multiple writing forms on Egyptian magical divination papyri as well as on Egyptian stelae. Chapter 9: Multiple Writing Forms of The Rosetta Stone will expose the total misrepresentation of the three Egyptian writing forms on the Rosetta Stone as incorrectly being Egyptian and "Greek"! Part III. How The One World Language Became The Many has five chapters—Chapters 10 to 14: Chapter 10: The Beacon of the Ancient World will cover Egyptian settlements throughout the world; Ancient Egypt and The Seven Seas; Ancient Egypt as the World economic engine; the dominant Egyptian language; and the Egyptian Mother language of all language families. Chapter 11: Common Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Alphabetic Writing System will detail such characteristics. Chapter 12: Letter-forms Divergence of World Alphabets From Its Egyptian Origin will cover the apparent variations of alphabetical letter-forms in world alphabets from its Egyptian origin; as well as an overview of the archetypal 28 Egyptian alphabetical letter-forms and their divergence into other regions of the world. Chapter 13: Sound Divergence of World Alphabets From Its Egyptian Origin will cover the systematic sound variations; as well as causes and effects of sound divergence from its Egyptian origin into other world alphabets. Chapter 14: Cavalier Designations of New Languages will cover how a new language has been awarded as a symbol of identity for winners of wars and new religions; as well as how "new" languages were fabricated from Egyptian scripts. Part IV. The Primary Linguistic Characteristics of The Egyptian Language has one chapter—Chapter 15: Chapter 15: The Primary Linguistic Characteristics of The Egyptian Language will cover the four pillars of a language; as well as an overview of the Egyptian prototypal interconnected lexicon, grammar and syntax. Part V. Out of Egypt—Diffusion Patterns To Asia and Africa has 5 chapters—Chapters 16 to 20: Chapter 16: Hebrew and Moses of Egypt will show the Egyptian origin of Hebrew and the absence of any linguistic distinction between Hebrew and the Ancient Egyptian language. Chapter 17: The Ancient Egyptian Hegemony of Asiatic Neighbors will discuss the found scripts in North and South Arabia; and clear up all apparent differences between them and the Ancient Egyptian writing system. Chapter 18: The African Connections will discuss the history and details of the Ethiopic language(s) and clear up all apparent differences between them and the Ancient Egyptian writing system. Chapter 19: From Egypt To India and Beyond will cover the two primary inscription styles in the Indian Sub-Continent; and clear up all apparent differences between them and the Ancient Egyptian writing system. Chapter 20: From Egypt to The Black Sea Basin [Georgia & Armenia] will cover affinities of languages from Central Asia To the Black Sea Basin; Ancient Egyptian settlements in the Black Sea Basin; Pre-existence of "Armenian/Georgian" alphabets in Ancient Egypt; and sameness of Ancient Egyptian alphabetical writing system in later "Georgian & Armenian Languages". Part VI. Out of Egypt—Diffusion Patterns To Europe has two chapters—Chapters 21 & 22: Chapter 21: Greek: A Shameless Linguistic Heist will cover role of Greeks in Ancient Egypt as hired security guards; pre-existence of the proclaimed "Greek" alphabetical letter-forms in the Ancient Egyptian system; robbing and postdating Egyptian scripts to rename them as "Greek"; and the absence of any linguistic distinction between Greek and the Ancient Egyptian language. Chapter 22: The European Languages will cover Etruscan, Latin and Hispanic languages; and the absence of any linguistic distinction between them and the Ancient Egyptian language. Part VII. The Ancient Future of The Universal Language has two chapters—Chapters 23 & 24: Chapter 23: Egyptian Alphabetical Vocalic Language [Past, Present & Future] will cover the state of the vocalic and written language in Egypt and the minor changes that occurred over thousands of years. Chapter 24: Renaissance & Seeking the Universal Language—The Ancient Future will cover an overview of the English language's inconsistent phonetic writing system; Renaissance search for a Universal Language; and how such a language, by all accounts is the [Ancient] Egyptian Language.
The transformation of Rome from a small central Italian city-state into the sole Mediterranean superpower has long proved fascinating and controversial. At its height the Roman Empire extended from Britain in the North to Libya in the South and from Spain in the West to Syria in the East. It has impressed not only by its extent but also by its longevity. Andrew Erskine examines the course and nature of Roman expansion, focusing on explanations, ancient and modern, the impact of Roman rule on the subject and the effect of empire on the imperial power. All these topics have created a tremendous amount of discussion among scholars, not least because the study of Roman imperialism has always been informed by contemporary perceptions of international power relations. The book is divided into two halves. Part I treats some of the main issues in modern debates about Roman imperialism, while Part II offers a selection of the most important source material allowing readers to enter these debates themselves
Richard Hingley here asks the questions: What is Romanization? Was Rome the first global culture? Romanization has been represented as a simple progression from barbarism to civilization. Roman forms in architecture, coinage, language and literature came to dominate the world from Britain to Syria. Hingley argues for a more complex and nuanced view in which Roman models provided the means for provincial elites to articulate their own concerns. Inhabitants of the Roman provinces were able to develop identities they never knew they had until Rome gave them the language to express them. Hingley draws together the threads of diverse and separate study, in one sophisticated theoretical framework that spans the whole Roman Empire. Students of Rome and those with an interest in classical cultural studies will find this an invaluable mine of information.
Serve the Community of the Church by Andrew D. Clarke Pdf
This volume explores the nature of leadership in the Christian community, especially as it was variously taught by Paul and practiced in the congregations of the first century. Exploring valuable ancient source material as well as the New Testament texts, Andrew Clarke describes the theories and practices of organization and leadership in key areas of first-century society-the city, the colony, associations, Jewish synagogues, the family-and discusses the extent to which these models influenced the first-century Christians as they sought to define the parameters and distinctives of their own communities.