A Revision Of The Australasian Ground Spiders Of The Family Prodidomidae Araneae Gnaphosoidea
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A Revision of the Australasian Ground Spiders of the Family Prodidomidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea) by Norman I. Platnick,Barbara Baehr Pdf
The Australasian ground spiders belonging to the family Prodidomidae are monographed; although only ten species were previously known from the region, the fauna is extraordinarily diverse, encompassing at least seven genera and 138 species. Two generic names are newly synonymized: Hyltonia Birabén with Prodidomus Hentz, and Honunius Simon with Molycria Simon. The type species of the family, Prodidomus rufus Hentz, although originally described from Alabama, is apparently synanthropic and hence widespread; Prodidomus gulosus (Simon) from New Caledonia, Prodidomus imaidzumii Kishida from Japan, and Hyltonia scottae Birabén from Argentina are newly synonymized with P. rufus, and the species is newly recorded from Chile and St. Helena. Seven new species of Prodidomus are described from Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. The females of Molycria mammosa (O. P.-Cambridge) and Molycria quadricauda (Simon) are described for the first time, and 34 new species of Molycria are described. The new genus Wydundra is described for 40 new Australian species, and Molycria voc Deeleman-Reinhold, from Malaysia and the Moluccas, is transferred to Wydundra. Molycria splendida Simon is transferred to the new genus Wesmaldra, its male is described for the first time, and 13 new species of Wesmaldra are described from Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Molycria flavipes Simon is transferred to the new genus Nomindra, its male is newly described, Molycria alboplagiata Simon is newly synonymized with that name, and 15 new species of Nomindra are described. The male of Cryptoerithus occultus Rainbow is described for the first time, and 18 new species are assigned to Cryptoerithus. Adult males and females of Myandra cambridgei Simon are described for the first time, as are two new species of Myandra.
A Revision of the Australasian Ground Spiders of the Families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) by Anonim Pdf
A Relimitation and Revision of the Australasian Ground Spider Family Lamponidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) by Norman I. Platnick Pdf
The ground spider family Lamponidae Simon, previously construed to include only the type genus Lampona Thorell, is relimited to encompass 190 species of Australasian gnaphosoids, most of which have been either undescribed or misplaced in the families Corinnidae and Gnaphosidae. Three subfamilies are recognized: the Lamponinae Simon (including nine genera totalling 81 species), the Centrothelinae, new subfamily (type genus Centrothele L. Koch, including 11 genera, totalling 89 species), and the Pseudolamponinae, new subfamily (type genus Pseudolampona, new genus, including two genera, totalling 20 species). Putative synapomorphies for the family, as relimited, include two newly noted characters: a pair of oval, invaginated abdominal sclerites situated just behind the epigastric furrow, and a highly modified promarginal seta originating near the base of the cheliceral fang. As relimited, the lamponids are exclusively Australasian, and are hypothesized to represent the sister group of the worldwide families Gnaphosidae plus Prodidomidae. The most commonly encountered lamponids are large, synanthropic, and occasionally medically important spiders that have generally been identified as Lampona cylindrata (L. Koch) but actually constitute a group of three closely related species: L. cylindrata, L. murina L. Koch, and L. papua, new species. Of these three species, only L. cylindrata has been found in Western and South Australia and in Tasmania, and that species is also common in Victoria and New South Wales, extends north into south-central Queensland, and has apparently been introduced into the South Island of New Zealand. In contrast, only L. murina has been found in eastern Queensland, and that species also occurs south to Victoria and has apparently been introduced into Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, the North Island of New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands; L. papua is known only from New Guinea. Lampona pseudocylindrata Strand is newly synonymized with L. cylindrata; L. formicaria (Urquhart) is removed from the synonymy of L. cylindrata and placed as a junior synonym of L. murina. Three other specific names are newly synonymized within Lampona: L. subaquila Urquhart with L. ruida L. Koch, and L. obnubila Simon and L. paupercula Simon, both with L. brevipes L. Koch. The female of L. quiqueplagiata Simon and the males of L. flavipes L. Koch, L. macilenta L. Koch, L. pusilla L. Koch, L. ruida L. Koch, L. punctigera Simon, and L. foliifera Simon are described for the first time; 47 new species of Lampona are described. The subgenus Lamponina Strand is elevated to generic level. Lampona scutata Strand and Lampona asperrima Hickman are transferred to Lamponina; the male of the former species and the female of the latter are described for the first time. Four new species of Lamponina are described. Seven new genera of lamponines are described: Lamponoides, Lamponata, Lamponova, Lamponicta, and Lamponusa, each for one new species; Lamponega, for three new species; and Lamponella, for 10 new species that are hypothesized to represent the sister group of all other lamponines. Four genera (Aristerus Simon, Asadipus Simon, Centrothele L. Koch, and Stratius Simon) are transferred from the Corinnidae to the Centrothelinae; Prionosternum Dunn is transferred from the Gnaphosidae to the Centrothelinae. Aristerus is placed as a junior synonym of Asadipus, and 18 new species of Asadipus are described. Stratius is placed as a junior synonym of Centrothele; the males of C. lorata L. Koch and C. mutica (Simon) are described for the first time, and eight new species of Centrothele are described. Asadipus lifoui Berland is transferred to the new genus Centrocalia, its female is newly described, and two new species of Centrocalia are described; the genus appears to be endemic to New Caledonia. Asadipus nitidiceps Simon is transferred to Prionosternum and its male is newly described; males previously associated with its newly designated female lectotype belong to P. scutatum Dunn, the female of which is newly described; one new species of Prionosternum is described. Seven other new centrotheline genera are described: Centrina, for 11 new species; Centsymplia, for 1 new species; Longepi, for 8 new species; Queenvic, for 4 new species; Bigenditia, for 2 new species; Graycassis, for 10 new species; and Notsodipus, for 17 new species. The Pseudolamponinae contains two new genera: Pseudolampona, described for 12 new species, and Paralampona, described for 8 new species. Pseudolamponines are hypothesized to represent the sister group of lamponines plus centrothelines. Hypothesized lamponine synapomorphies include a uniquely even endite shape and tubular pedicel sclerites; putative centrotheline synapomorphies include a highly tuberculate carapace, an anterior abdominal scutum in females, an anteriorly truncated ventral pedicel segment, a weakly sclerotized spot on the anterior surface of the chelicerae, and a longitudinal row of three highly modified cylindrical gland spigots on the posterior median spinnerets. Lamponines and centrothelines are united by a deep and sharply demarcated median groove on the palpal endites.
A Revision of the Australasian Ground Spiders of the Families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) by Norman I. Platnick Pdf
The Australasian ground spiders belonging to the "lower gnaphosoid" families (i.e., those gnaphosoids that retain a plesiomorphic, complete distal article on the anterior lateral spinnerets) are monographed. The families Ammoxenidae and Cithaeronidae are newly recorded from Australia, and the Australian fauna of the family Gallieniellidae is documented for the first time. Australia is thus the only continent known to house members of all seven currently recognized gnaphosoid families. Ammoxenids, previously known only from southern Africa, are represented in Australia by the new genera Austrammo (described for four new species) and Barrowammo (described for one new species). Cithaeronids are represented by the widespread type species, Cithaeron praedonius O.P.-Cambridge, newly recorded from the Northern Territory. The Australian gallieniellid fauna consists of five genera: Meedo Main, here transferred from the Clubionidae, and four new genera: Neato (described for seven new species), Oreo (described for six new species), and Peeto and Questo (each described for one new species). The male of Meedo houstoni Main is described for the first time, as are 12 new species of that genus. The world trochanteriid fauna consists of 18 genera, of which 15 occur in Australasia; the 18 genera are newly assigned to subfamilies (the relimited Trochanteriinae plus the new subfamilies Trachycosminae and Morebilinae). Within the Trochanteriinae, Corimaethes Simon is newly synonymized with Platyoides O.P.-Cambridge, and its Western Australian type species, C. campestratus Simon, is placed as a junior synonym of the African species P. walteri (Karsch); the species is presumed to have been introduced into Australia prior to 1905 but seems not to have become established. The genus Olin Deeleman-Reinhold, recently described for a species from Sulawesi, is newly recorded from an Australian Indian Ocean territory, Christmas Island. The new genera Tinytrema and Desognaphosa are described for five and 26 new species, respectively. Tinytrema is known only from Australia (including Tasmania); Desognaphosa species occur primarily in northern Queensland, but one extends into New South Wales and one is described from the Solomon Islands. The subfamily Trachycosminae includes the Australian genera Trachycosmus Simon and Trachytrema Simon, both newly transferred from the Gnaphosidae, plus the new genus Trachyspina (described for seven new species). The male of Trachytrema castaneum Simon is newly described, as are one new species of that genus and three of Trachycosmus. The subfamily Morebilinae includes four described and four new genera. Hemicloeina Simon and Pyrnus Simon are transferred to the Morebilinae from the Gnaphosidae, and Fissarena Henschel, Davies, and Dickman is transferred from the Liocranidae. Hemicloea plagusia (Walckenaer), H. fumosa L. Koch, H. cineracea L. Koch, Rebilus diversus (L. Koch), R. praesignus (L. Koch), and R. swarbrecki Dunn and Dunn are transferred to the new genus Morebilus; M. cineraceus and M. praesignis are placed as junior synonyms of M. fumosus and M. diversus, respectively; and nine new species of Morebilus are described. Hemicloea insidiosa Simon is transferred to the new genus Longrita, its male is described for the first time, and eight new species of Longrita are described. Hemicloea plana L. Koch and Rebilus obscurus Berland are transferred to Pyrnus; six new species of Pyrnus are described from Australia, Lord Howe Island, and New Caledonia. Pyrnus flavitarsis (L. Koch) is transferred to the new genus Platorish, its male is described for the first time, and four new species of Platorish are described. Rebilus castaneus Simon and Hemicloea longipes Hogg are transferred to Fissarena, and the male of the former species is described for the first time, as are six new species of Fissarena and 16 new species of Rebilus Simon (which is newly assigned to the Morebilinae). The genus Boolathana is described for two new species from Western Australia. Adults of Hemicloeina somersetensis (Thorell) are described for the first time, and seven new species from Australia and New Guinea are assigned to Hemicloeina. The lamponid generic name Centrina Platnick is preoccupied and is replaced by Centroina. A supplement adds new records for many species, as well as descriptions of the new species Trachyspina daunton and Longrita nathan and of the first known male of Morebilus blackdown, new species.
This volume merges all geographical and paleogeographical data on all groups of the arachnofauna. The book features topics such as the ecological factors, climate and other barriers that influence the distribution of arachnida. It also elaborates on the characteristics of the distribution such as arachnida at high altitude (e.g. Himalaya), in caves, in polar regions and highlights differences between the arachnofauna of e.g. Mediterranean regions vs Central Europe, West African vs Indomalayan and more. Furthermore, amongst other topics the volume also includes chapters on the systems of arachnida, fossil orders, dispersal and dispersion, endemics and relicts, regional arachnogeography, cave and high altitude arachnida.
Field Guide to the Spiders of California and the Pacific Coast States by Richard J. Adams Pdf
With over 40,000 described species, spiders have adapted to nearly every terrestrial environment across the globe. Over half of the world’s spider families live within the three contiguous Pacific Coast states—not surprising considering the wide variety of habitats, from mountain meadows and desert dunes to redwood forests and massive urban centers. This beautifully illustrated, accessible guide covers all of the families and many of the genera found along the Pacific Coast, including introduced species and common garden spiders. The author provides readers with tools for identifying many of the region’s spiders to family, and when possible, genus and species. He discusses taxonomy, distribution, and natural history as well as what is known of the habits of the spiders, the characters of families, and references to taxonomic revisions of the pertinent genera. Full-color plates for each family bring to life the incredible diversity of this ancient arachnid order.
Forest Spiders of South East Asia by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold Pdf
Forest Spiders of South East Asia offers the first comprehensive systematic account of all sac and ground spiders of South East Asia, which together constitute an estimated 12% of all spiders in the region. All ten subfamilies, 57 genera and numerous species of the region are defined, described, and illustrated. One new subfamily and a large number of new genera and species are described and named. Several hundreds additional, described and new, species are referred to. Distribution of all species covered in this volume is shown in 50 maps. More than a thousand line drawings and 16 colour photographs are used to illustrate the descriptions of the species, of which the great majority has never been illustrated before. The book provides a modern revision of all sac and ground spiders with clear illustrated diagnosis and descriptions of all known members of this group and many new species and genera. Identification of all 47 families occurring in the region is illustrated in beautiful and detailed drawings.
The spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneoidea): a relimitation and revision at the generic level by Mihael G. Rix,Mark S. Harvey Pdf
The Micropholcommatidae are a family of tiny, distinctive araneoid spiders, known from southern-temperate habitats throughout Australasia and Chile. The greatest abundance of individuals and the largest diversity of taxa occur in the cool-temperate rainforests of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, where micropholcommatid spiders can be very common within moss and leaf litter microhabitats. Although poorly studied biologically and largely neglected taxonomically, the Micropholcommatidae are a diverse lineage, with a significantÿ The monograph in this volume presents a complete generic-level revision of the spider family Micropholcommatidae. The phylogenetic position and internal phylogeny of the family are tested with two separate morphological cladistic analyses, the results of which inform a comprehensive generic-level classification. In total, 26 new species, 12 new genera, one new tribe and two new subfamilies are described, taking the total documented micropholcommatid fauna to 58 species. The distribution and Gondwanan biogeography of the family are also discussed, and natural history information is provided where known. Most importantly, the results of this paper present a taxonomic framework and a phylogenetic foundation for all future research on the Micropholcommatidae; a template by which new species can be described and existing species can be identified, and a valuable dataset for exploring phylogenetic hypotheses.
A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia by Robert Whyte,Greg Anderson Pdf
Australians have a love–hate relationship with spiders. Some spiders, such as the Redback and the Sydney Funnelweb, inspire fear. Yet Peacock Spiders, with their colourful fan-spreading courtship dances, have won rapturous appreciation worldwide. A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia uses photographs of living animals to help people identify many of the spiders they encounter. Featuring over 1300 colour photographs, it is the most comprehensive account of Australian spiders ever published. With more than two-thirds of Australian spiders yet to be scientifically described, this book sets the scene for future explorations of our extraordinary Australian fauna. This field guide will be enjoyed by naturalists and anyone with an interest in learning more about Australia's incredible arachnids.
A Revision of the Temperate South American and Australasian Spiders of the Family Anapidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) by Norman I. Platnick,Raymond R. Forster Pdf
"The anapid spiders known from Chile and Argentina, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Australia are revised. The family is newly recorded from temperate South America, where it is represented by six new genera (Crassanapis, Sheranapis, Elanapis, Sofanapis, Pecanapis, and Minanapis) including 15 new species. The New Zealand anapids are assigned to three new genera: Zealanapis, for Chasmocephalon armatum Forster, C. australis Forster (which is removed from the synonymy of C. armatum), Risdonius conicus (Forster), and seven new species; Novanapis, for Pseudanapis spinipes (Forster); and Paranapis, for Pseudanapis insula (Forster) and one new species. The two previously known New Caledonian anapids, Anapogonia insolita (Berland) and A. pilupilu Brignoli, are assigned to the new genus Caledanapis and the female of the latter species is described for the first time; six additional New Caledonian species are assigned to Caledanapis and two other new genera (Montanapis and Mandanapis). Of the genera previously described from Australia, Acrobleps Hickman is transferred to the Mysmenidae and Olgania Hickman is transferred to the Micropholcommatidae. Pseudanapis aloha Forster, previously known from Hawaii and Yap, is newly recorded from Queensland; seven previously described and 30 new endemic Australian species are assigned to Risdonius Hickman, Chasmocephalon O.P.-Cambridge, and eight new genera (Tasmanapis, Victanapis, Queenslanapis, Hickmanapis, Nortanapis, Maxanapis, Octanapis, and Spinanapis). Chasmocephalon minutum Hickman is transferred to Hickmanapis; Anapogonia crassifemoralis (Wunderlich) and A. burra (Forster) are transferred to Maxanapis, and the female of the former species is described for the first time; Risdonius octoculus (Forster) is transferred to Octanapis; Anapogonia darlingtoni (Forster) is transferred to Spinanapis; and Pseudanapis grossa Forster, from New Guinea, is transferred to Conoculus Komatsu. Anapid morphology, monophyly, and relationships are reviewed. Both the labral spur and glandular openings at the anterolateral corners of the carapace may be synapomorphic for the family; most (perhaps all) species have haplogyne female genitalia"--Page 3
This book introduces the Australian spider fauna and includes many species that are well known to Australian biologists, naturalists, gardeners and pest controllers. Spiders of Australia provides for the first time information on a vast spectrum of the Australian spider fauna and illustrates and describes over 150 species in some detail. Many other species are mentioned and discussed and a thorough summary of spider morphology, biology and classification is also provided. All representative families are described in some detail and the numbers of each family are listed on Australian and World levels. Most of the major genera of each family are described and representative species illustrated and described. Most of the spiders illustrated are photographed alive in their natural settings while approx. 30 species are represented by paintings of living specimens. The illustrations and descriptions make it easy for the layperson to identify many common spiders and provides also for the first time, an up to date reference list of hundreds of old and more recent scientific papers, books and other articles on Australian and related spider species. This list is organized into families and will prove to be an indispensable tool for serious workers on Arachnida. Much of the information provided for many of the species is new, based on the authors own field observations.The book is aimed for the scientist, naturalist, student and layperson both in Australia and overseas.
