Advanced Control Of Doubly Fed Induction Generator For Wind Power Systems

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Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems

Dehong Xu,Frede Blaabjerg,Wenjie Chen,Nan Zhu
Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems Book PDF

Author : Dehong Xu,Frede Blaabjerg,Wenjie Chen,Nan Zhu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 486 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2018-08-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119172062

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Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems by Dehong Xu,Frede Blaabjerg,Wenjie Chen,Nan Zhu Pdf

Covers the fundamental concepts and advanced modelling techniques of Doubly Fed Induction Generators accompanied by analyses and simulation results Filled with illustrations, problems, models, analyses, case studies, selected simulation and experimental results, Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems provides the basic concepts for modelling and controlling of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power systems and their power converters. It explores both the challenges and concerns of DFIG under a non-ideal grid and introduces the control strategies and effective operations performance options of DFIG under a non-ideal grid. Other topics of this book include thermal analysis of DFIG wind power converters under grid faults; implications of the DFIG test bench; advanced control of DFIG under harmonic distorted grid voltage, including multiple-loop and resonant control; modeling of DFIG and GSC under unbalanced grid voltage; the LFRT of DFIG, including the recurring faults ride through of DFIG; and more. In addition, this resource: Explores the challenges and concerns of Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) under non-ideal grid Discusses basic concepts of DFIG wind power system and vector control schemes of DFIG Introduces control strategies under a non-ideal grid Includes case studies and simulation and experimental results Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems is an ideal book for graduate students studying renewable energy and power electronics as well as for research and development engineers working with wind power converters.

Advanced Controls for Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generators

Mahmoud K. Abdelhamid,Mahmoud A. Mossa,Ahmed A. Hassan
Advanced Controls for Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generators Book PDF

Author : Mahmoud K. Abdelhamid,Mahmoud A. Mossa,Ahmed A. Hassan
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2023-12-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781003832157

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Advanced Controls for Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generators by Mahmoud K. Abdelhamid,Mahmoud A. Mossa,Ahmed A. Hassan Pdf

Advanced Controls for Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generators discusses the most advanced control algorithms used for enhancing the dynamics of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) operating at fixed and variable speeds, and which are used for different utilization purposes (standalone and grid connection). Extensive generator performance analysis has been introduced using various control topologies. Features: Presents modeling of wind energy conversion systems (WECS), including a wind turbine as a prime mover, a DFIG as a generation unit for electrical energy, and a three-phase induction motor as an isolated load Explores a detailed description for the presented control algorithms in order to visualize the base principle of each method Introduces a comprehensive performance analysis for the DFIG using the formulated predictive voltage control scheme and other control techniques under different operating conditions Examines the formulation of new control approaches which overcome the shortages present in previous DFIG control schemes Presents a detailed comparison between different control topologies for the DFIG to outline the most effective procedure in terms of dynamic response, structure simplicity, ripples, total harmonic distortion, and computational burdens The book is written for researchers and academics working on advanced control systems and those interested in areas such as machine drives, renewable energy systems, 'adaptive control', modeling of WECS, and optimization theory.

Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power

Qiuwei Wu,Yuanzhang Sun
Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power Book PDF

Author : Qiuwei Wu,Yuanzhang Sun
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 281 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2018-02-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119236269

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Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power by Qiuwei Wu,Yuanzhang Sun Pdf

An essential reference to the modeling techniques of wind turbine systems for the application of advanced control methods This book covers the modeling of wind power and application of modern control methods to the wind power control—specifically the models of type 3 and type 4 wind turbines. The modeling aspects will help readers to streamline the wind turbine and wind power plant modeling, and reduce the burden of power system simulations to investigate the impact of wind power on power systems. The use of modern control methods will help technology development, especially from the perspective of manufactures. Chapter coverage includes: status of wind power development, grid code requirements for wind power integration; modeling and control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine generator (WTG); optimal control strategy for load reduction of full scale converter (FSC) WTG; clustering based WTG model linearization; adaptive control of wind turbines for maximum power point tracking (MPPT); distributed model predictive active power control of wind power plants and energy storage systems; model predictive voltage control of wind power plants; control of wind power plant clusters; and fault ride-through capability enhancement of VSC HVDC connected offshore wind power plants. Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power also features tables, illustrations, case studies, and an appendix showing a selection of typical test systems and the code of adaptive and distributed model predictive control. Analyzes the developments in control methods for wind turbines (focusing on type 3 and type 4 wind turbines) Provides an overview of the latest changes in grid code requirements for wind power integration Reviews the operation characteristics of the FSC and DFIG WTG Presents production efficiency improvement of WTG under uncertainties and disturbances with adaptive control Deals with model predictive active and reactive power control of wind power plants Describes enhanced control of VSC HVDC connected offshore wind power plants Modeling and Modern Control of Wind Power is ideal for PhD students and researchers studying the field, but is also highly beneficial to engineers and transmission system operators (TSOs), wind turbine manufacturers, and consulting companies.

Doubly Fed Induction Machine

Gonzalo Abad,Jesus Lopez,Miguel Rodriguez,Luis Marroyo,Grzegorz Iwanski
Doubly Fed Induction Machine Book PDF

Author : Gonzalo Abad,Jesus Lopez,Miguel Rodriguez,Luis Marroyo,Grzegorz Iwanski
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 578 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2011-09-28
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781118104958

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Doubly Fed Induction Machine by Gonzalo Abad,Jesus Lopez,Miguel Rodriguez,Luis Marroyo,Grzegorz Iwanski Pdf

This book will be focused on the modeling and control of the DFIM based wind turbines. In the first part of the book, the mathematical description of different basic dynamic models of the DFIM will be carried out. It will be accompanied by a detailed steady-state analysis of the machine. After that, a more sophisticated model of the machine that considers grid disturbances, such as voltage dips and unbalances will be also studied. The second part of the book surveys the most relevant control strategies used for the DFIM when it operates at the wind energy generation application. The control techniques studied, range from standard solutions used by wind turbine manufacturers, to the last developments oriented to improve the behavior of high power wind turbines, as well as control and hardware based solutions to address different faulty scenarios of the grid. In addition, the standalone DFIM generation system will be also analyzed.

Doubly Fed Induction Machine

Gonzalo Abad,Jesús López,Miguel Rodríguez,Luis Marroyo,Grzegorz Iwanski
Doubly Fed Induction Machine Book PDF

Author : Gonzalo Abad,Jesús López,Miguel Rodríguez,Luis Marroyo,Grzegorz Iwanski
Publisher : Wiley-IEEE Press
Page : 640 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2011-11-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0470768657

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Doubly Fed Induction Machine by Gonzalo Abad,Jesús López,Miguel Rodríguez,Luis Marroyo,Grzegorz Iwanski Pdf

This book will be focused on the modeling and control of the DFIM based wind turbines. In the first part of the book, the mathematical description of different basic dynamic models of the DFIM will be carried out. It will be accompanied by a detailed steady-state analysis of the machine. After that, a more sophisticated model of the machine that considers grid disturbances, such as voltage dips and unbalances will be also studied. The second part of the book surveys the most relevant control strategies used for the DFIM when it operates at the wind energy generation application. The control techniques studied, range from standard solutions used by wind turbine manufacturers, to the last developments oriented to improve the behavior of high power wind turbines, as well as control and hardware based solutions to address different faulty scenarios of the grid. In addition, the standalone DFIM generation system will be also analyzed.

Doubly Fed Induction Generators

Edgar N. Sanchez,Riemann Ruiz-Cruz
Doubly Fed Induction Generators Book PDF

Author : Edgar N. Sanchez,Riemann Ruiz-Cruz
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 133 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2016-08-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781315351735

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Doubly Fed Induction Generators by Edgar N. Sanchez,Riemann Ruiz-Cruz Pdf

Doubly Fed Induction Generators: Control for Wind Energy provides a detailed source of information on the modeling and design of controllers for the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used in wind energy applications. Focusing on the use of nonlinear control techniques, this book: Discusses the main features and advantages of the DFIG Describes key theoretical fundamentals and the DFIG mathematical model Develops controllers using inverse optimal control, sliding modes, and neural networks Devises an improvement to add robustness in the presence of parametric variations Details the results of real-time implementations All controllers presented in the book are tested in a laboratory prototype. Comparisons between the controllers are made by analyzing statistical measures applied to the control objectives.

Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator

Adel Abdelbaset,Yehia S. Mohamed,Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed,Alaa Eldin Hussein Abozeid Ahmed
Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator Book PDF

Author : Adel Abdelbaset,Yehia S. Mohamed,Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed,Alaa Eldin Hussein Abozeid Ahmed
Publisher : Springer
Page : 96 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2017-10-30
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319701080

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Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator by Adel Abdelbaset,Yehia S. Mohamed,Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed,Alaa Eldin Hussein Abozeid Ahmed Pdf

This book presents a modified model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer for sensorless vector control of a wind driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). A mathematical model of the DFIG as influenced by core loss and main flux saturation is developed. The authors describe and evaluate grid synchronization enhancement of a wind driven DFIG using adaptive sliding mode control (SMC). Besides, grid synchronization of a wind driven DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage is also fully covered in this book.

Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems

Dehong Xu,Frede Blaabjerg,Wenjie Chen,Nan Zhu
Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems Book PDF

Author : Dehong Xu,Frede Blaabjerg,Wenjie Chen,Nan Zhu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2018-07-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119172086

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Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems by Dehong Xu,Frede Blaabjerg,Wenjie Chen,Nan Zhu Pdf

Covers the fundamental concepts and advanced modelling techniques of Doubly Fed Induction Generators accompanied by analyses and simulation results Filled with illustrations, problems, models, analyses, case studies, selected simulation and experimental results, Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems provides the basic concepts for modelling and controlling of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power systems and their power converters. It explores both the challenges and concerns of DFIG under a non-ideal grid and introduces the control strategies and effective operations performance options of DFIG under a non-ideal grid. Other topics of this book include thermal analysis of DFIG wind power converters under grid faults; implications of the DFIG test bench; advanced control of DFIG under harmonic distorted grid voltage, including multiple-loop and resonant control; modeling of DFIG and GSC under unbalanced grid voltage; the LFRT of DFIG, including the recurring faults ride through of DFIG; and more. In addition, this resource: Explores the challenges and concerns of Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) under non-ideal grid Discusses basic concepts of DFIG wind power system and vector control schemes of DFIG Introduces control strategies under a non-ideal grid Includes case studies and simulation and experimental results Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems is an ideal book for graduate students studying renewable energy and power electronics as well as for research and development engineers working with wind power converters.

Analysis of Sub-synchronous Resonance (SSR) in Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-Based Wind Farms

Hossein Ali Mohammadpour,Enrico Santi
Analysis of Sub synchronous Resonance SSR in Doubly fed Induction Generator DFIG Based Wind Farms Book PDF

Author : Hossein Ali Mohammadpour,Enrico Santi
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031025013

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Analysis of Sub-synchronous Resonance (SSR) in Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-Based Wind Farms by Hossein Ali Mohammadpour,Enrico Santi Pdf

Wind power penetration is rapidly increasing in today's energy generation industry. In particular, the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) has become a very popular option in wind farms, due to its cost advantage compared with fully rated converter-based systems. Wind farms are frequently located in remote areas, far from the bulk of electric power users, and require long transmission lines to connect to the grid. Series capacitive compensation of DFIG-based wind farm is an economical way to increase the power transfer capability of the transmission line connecting the wind farm to the grid. For example, a study performed by ABB reveals that increasing the power transfer capability of an existing transmission line from 1300 MW to 2000 MW using series compensation is 90% less expensive than building a new transmission line. However, a factor hindering the extensive use of series capacitive compensation is the potential risk of subsynchronous resonance (SSR). The SSR is a condition where the wind farm exchanges energy with the electric network, to which it is connected, at one or more natural frequencies of the electric or mechanical part of the combined system, comprising the wind farm and the network, and the frequency of the exchanged energy is below the fundamental frequency of the system. This oscillatory phenomenon may cause severe damage in the wind farm, if not prevented. Therefore, this book studies the SSR phenomenon in a capacitive series compensated wind farm. A DFIG-based wind farm, which is connected to a series compensated transmission line, is considered as a case study. The book consists of two main parts: Small-signal modeling of DFIG for SSR analysis: This part presents a step-by-step tutorial on modal analysis of a DFIG-based series compensated wind farm using Matlab/Simulink. The model of the system includes wind turbine aerodynamics, a 6th order induction generator, a 2nd order two-mass shaft system, a 4th order series compensated transmission line, a 4th order rotor-side converter (RSC) controller and a 4th order grid-side converter (GSC) controller, and a 1st order DC-link model. The relevant modes are identified using participation factor analysis. Definition of the SSR in DFIG-based wind farms: This part mainly focuses on the identification and definition of the main types of SSR that occur in DFIG wind farms, namely: (1) induction generator effect (SSIGE), (2) torsional interactions (SSTI), and (3) control interactions (SSCI).

Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems

Bin Wu,Yongqiang Lang,Navid Zargari,Samir Kouro
Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems Book PDF

Author : Bin Wu,Yongqiang Lang,Navid Zargari,Samir Kouro
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 480 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2011-08-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780470593653

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Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems by Bin Wu,Yongqiang Lang,Navid Zargari,Samir Kouro Pdf

The book presents the latest power conversion and control technology in modern wind energy systems. It has nine chapters, covering technology overview and market survey, electric generators and modeling, power converters and modulation techniques, wind turbine characteristics and configurations, and control schemes for fixed- and variable-speed wind energy systems. The book also provides in-depth steady-state and dynamic analysis of squirrel cage induction generator, doubly fed induction generator, and synchronous generator based wind energy systems. To illustrate the key concepts and help the reader tackle real-world issues, the book contains more than 30 case studies and 100 solved problems in addition to simulations and experiments. The book serves as a comprehensive reference for academic researchers and practicing engineers. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate students and final year undergraduate students.

Improved Indirect Power Control (IDPC) of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)

Fayssal Amrane,Azeddine Chaiba
Improved Indirect Power Control IDPC of Wind Energy Conversion Systems WECS Book PDF

Author : Fayssal Amrane,Azeddine Chaiba
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-26
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789811412660

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Improved Indirect Power Control (IDPC) of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) by Fayssal Amrane,Azeddine Chaiba Pdf

Wind power capacity in the world has been increased by more than 30% over the last decade in countries which have prominent installations. Wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) based on the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) have dominated the wind power generation sector due to the outstanding advantages they provide, including small converter ratings (around 30% of the generator rating) and lower converter costs. Due to the non-linearity of wind power systems, the DFIG power control setup presents a big challenge especially under conditions of high variance in wind-speed and parameter sensing. To overcome these major problems, an improved IDPC (Indirect Power Control) system based on PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller, has been proposed instead of the conventional power inverters. This handbook covers information about IDPC based WECS. The book starts with a general introduction to wind power system basics. Subsequent chapters provide additional knowledge about robustness tests and adaptive / intelligent control systems employed in wind energy systems. The new concept of direct and quadrature current control (Ird & Irq) under MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) strategy is also explained along with novel fuzzy logic type control systems. The authors have included detailed diagrams and an appendix of WECS parameters, making this handbook a useful primer for engineering students working towards completing licenses, Masters degrees and Post-graduation programs in advanced wind power energy systems.

Wind Power in Power Systems

Thomas Ackermann
Wind Power in Power Systems Book PDF

Author : Thomas Ackermann
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 1132 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2012-04-23
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119942085

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Wind Power in Power Systems by Thomas Ackermann Pdf

The second edition of the highly acclaimed Wind Power in Power Systems has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the latest challenges associated with increasing wind power penetration levels. Since its first release, practical experiences with high wind power penetration levels have significantly increased. This book presents an overview of the lessons learned in integrating wind power into power systems and provides an outlook of the relevant issues and solutions to allow even higher wind power penetration levels. This includes the development of standard wind turbine simulation models. This extensive update has 23 brand new chapters in cutting-edge areas including offshore wind farms and storage options, performance validation and certification for grid codes, and the provision of reactive power and voltage control from wind power plants. Key features: Offers an international perspective on integrating a high penetration of wind power into the power system, from basic network interconnection to industry deregulation; Outlines the methodology and results of European and North American large-scale grid integration studies; Extensive practical experience from wind power and power system experts and transmission systems operators in Germany, Denmark, Spain, UK, Ireland, USA, China and New Zealand; Presents various wind turbine designs from the electrical perspective and models for their simulation, and discusses industry standards and world-wide grid codes, along with power quality issues; Considers concepts to increase penetration of wind power in power systems, from wind turbine, power plant and power system redesign to smart grid and storage solutions. Carefully edited for a highly coherent structure, this work remains an essential reference for power system engineers, transmission and distribution network operator and planner, wind turbine designers, wind project developers and wind energy consultants dealing with the integration of wind power into the distribution or transmission network. Up-to-date and comprehensive, it is also useful for graduate students, researchers, regulation authorities, and policy makers who work in the area of wind power and need to understand the relevant power system integration issues.

Advances in Control Technologies for Brushless Doubly-fed Induction Generators

Yi Liu,Wei Xu
Advances in Control Technologies for Brushless Doubly fed Induction Generators Book PDF

Author : Yi Liu,Wei Xu
Publisher : Springer
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2023-03-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 981190426X

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Advances in Control Technologies for Brushless Doubly-fed Induction Generators by Yi Liu,Wei Xu Pdf

This book presents advances in control technologies for efficient operation of the brushless doubly-fed induction generator (BDFIG). For robust and low-cost operation of BDFIGs, it is required to keep high-quality output voltage and eliminate the speed/position encoder under different loads and operation conditions. Some advanced control technologies, from the authors’ latest work on these topics, are presented to achieve this goal with simple and accurate texts, illustrations, and tables. The qualified outcomes obtained from this book assure the high-performance operation of BDFIGs and also give the readers a straight insight toward challenges in this research area in the future.

Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Venkata Yaramasu,Bin Wu
Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Book PDF

Author : Venkata Yaramasu,Bin Wu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 516 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2016-12-19
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781118988589

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Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems by Venkata Yaramasu,Bin Wu Pdf

Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems addresses the predicative control strategy that has emerged as a promising digital control tool within the field of power electronics, variable-speed motor drives, and energy conversion systems. The authors provide a comprehensive analysis on the model predictive control of power converters employed in a wide variety of variable-speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The contents of this book includes an overview of wind energy system configurations, power converters for variable-speed WECS, digital control techniques, MPC, modeling of power converters and wind generators for MPC design. Other topics include the mapping of continuous-time models to discrete-time models by various exact, approximate, and quasi-exact discretization methods, modeling and control of wind turbine grid-side two-level and multilevel voltage source converters. The authors also focus on the MPC of several power converter configurations for full variable-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator based WECS, squirrel-cage induction generator based WECS, and semi-variable-speed doubly fed induction generator based WECS. Furthermore, this book: Analyzes a wide variety of practical WECS, illustrating important concepts with case studies, simulations, and experimental results Provides a step-by-step design procedure for the development of predictive control schemes for various WECS configurations Describes continuous- and discrete-time modeling of wind generators and power converters, weighting factor selection, discretization methods, and extrapolation techniques Presents useful material for other power electronic applications such as variable-speed motor drives, power quality conditioners, electric vehicles, photovoltaic energy systems, distributed generation, and high-voltage direct current transmission. Explores S-Function Builder programming in MATLAB environment to implement various MPC strategies through the companion website Reflecting the latest technologies in the field, Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems is a valuable reference for academic researchers, practicing engineers, and other professionals. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate-level and advanced undergraduate courses.

Neural Control of Renewable Electrical Power Systems

Edgar N. Sánchez,Larbi Djilali
Neural Control of Renewable Electrical Power Systems Book PDF

Author : Edgar N. Sánchez,Larbi Djilali
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 206 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2020-05-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783030474430

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Neural Control of Renewable Electrical Power Systems by Edgar N. Sánchez,Larbi Djilali Pdf

This book presents advanced control techniques that use neural networks to deal with grid disturbances in the context renewable energy sources, and to enhance low-voltage ride-through capacity, which is a vital in terms of ensuring that the integration of distributed energy resources into the electrical power network. It presents modern control algorithms based on neural identification for different renewable energy sources, such as wind power, which uses doubly-fed induction generators, solar power, and battery banks for storage. It then discusses the use of the proposed controllers to track doubly-fed induction generator dynamics references: DC voltage, grid power factor, and stator active and reactive power, and the use of simulations to validate their performance. Further, it addresses methods of testing low-voltage ride-through capacity enhancement in the presence of grid disturbances, as well as the experimental validation of the controllers under both normal and abnormal grid conditions. The book then describes how the proposed control schemes are extended to control a grid-connected microgrid, and the use of an IEEE 9-bus system to evaluate their performance and response in the presence of grid disturbances. Lastly, it examines the real-time simulation of the entire system under normal and abnormal conditions using an Opal-RT simulator.