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As bridges spans get longer, lighter and more slender, aerodynamic loads become a matter of serious study. This volume of proceedings reflect the co-operation between civil and mechanical engineering and meteorology in this field.
Theory of Bridge Aerodynamics by Einar Strømmen Pdf
In this second edition a new chapter has been added covering the buffeting theory in a finite element format. The motivation for this has been that a finite element format is becoming more and more dominant in all areas of structural mechanics. It is streamlined for computer programming, and it facilitates the use of general purpose routines that are applicable in several types of structural engineering problems. In this book the finite element formulation of the problem of dynamic response calculations follows the general principle of virtual work, a general principle which may be found in many other text books. While the buffeting wind load itself has with no trouble been included in a finite element format, the main challenge has been to obtain a consistent formulation that includes all the relevant motion induced forces. This has been important, because, while many structures (e.g. long-span suspension bridges) may suffer greatly and become unstable at high wind velocities, the same structures may also benefit from these effects at the design wind velocity. It is well known that motion induced forces will change the stiffness and damping properties of the combined structure and flow system. If calculations are performed for a suitably close set of increasing mean wind velocities and the changing mechanical properties (stiffness and damping) are updated from one velocity to the next, then the response of the system may be followed up to wind velocities close to the stability limit, i.e. up to response values that are perceived as unduly large. Finite element calculations may be performed in time domain, in frequency domain or converted into a modal format. All these options have been included. Pursuing a time domain solution strategy requires the use of the so-called indicial functions. The theory behind such a formulation is also covered, and the determination of these functions from aerodynamic derivatives has been included in a separate appendix.
Cable Supported Bridges by Niels J. Gimsing,Christos T. Georgakis Pdf
Fourteen years on from its last edition, Cable Supported Bridges: Concept and Design, Third Edition, has been significantly updated with new material and brand new imagery throughout. Since the appearance of the second edition, the focus on the dynamic response of cable supported bridges has increased, and this development is recognised with two new chapters, covering bridge aerodynamics and other dynamic topics such as pedestrian-induced vibrations and bridge monitoring. This book concentrates on the synthesis of cable supported bridges, suspension as well as cable stayed, covering both design and construction aspects. The emphasis is on the conceptual design phase where the main features of the bridge will be determined. Based on comparative analyses with relatively simple mathematical expressions, the different structural forms are quantified and preliminary optimization demonstrated. This provides a first estimate on dimensions of the main load carrying elements to give in an initial input for mathematical computer models used in the detailed design phase. Key features: Describes evolution and trends within the design and construction of cable supported bridges Describes the response of structures to dynamic actions that have attracted growing attention in recent years Highlights features of the different structural components and their interaction in the entire structural system Presents simple mathematical expressions to give a first estimate on dimensions of the load carrying elements to be used in an initial computer input This comprehensive coverage of the design and construction of cable supported bridges provides an invaluable, tried and tested resource for academics and engineers.
Long-Span Bridges and Aerodynamics by Toshio Miyata,Nobumitsu Fijisawa,Hitoshi Yamada Pdf
The completion of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge connecting the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku is a milestone in the history of bridge engineering and wind-resistant design. With a main span of 1900 meters, it is the longest suspension bridge in the world. As the April 1998 inauguration of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge approached, the International Seminar on Long-Span Bridge Aerodynamics Perspective 8 was held in Kobe, Japan, where engineers and researchers from Japan and Europe met to discuss the next generation of long-span bridges and their aerodynamics. In the seminar's papers compiled in this volume, a major topic is long-span bridge projects, including perspectives from Europe and the East Asia, a discussion of high-strength, high-performance steels, and a look at the challenges of the future. A second major topic is structural and aerodynamic design, including technical details of the wind-resistant design of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge and other long-span bridges in the world.
Wind Effects on Cable-Supported Bridges by You-Lin Xu Pdf
As an in-depth guide to understanding wind effects on cable-supported bridges, this book uses analytical, numerical and experimental methods to give readers a fundamental and practical understanding of the subject matter. It is structured to systemically move from introductory areas through to advanced topics currently being developed from research work. The author concludes with the application of the theory covered to real-world examples, enabling readers to apply their knowledge. The author provides background material, covering areas such as wind climate, cable-supported bridges, wind-induced damage, and the history of bridge wind engineering. Wind characteristics in atmospheric boundary layer, mean wind load and aerostatic instability, wind-induced vibration and aerodynamic instability, and wind tunnel testing are then described as the fundamentals of the subject. State-of-the-art contributions include rain-wind-induced cable vibration, wind-vehicle-bridge interaction, wind-induced vibration control, wind and structural health monitoring, fatigue analysis, reliability analysis, typhoon wind simulation, non-stationary and nonlinear buffeting response. Lastly, the theory is applied to the actual long-span cable-supported bridges. Structured in an easy-to-follow way, covering the topic from the fundamentals right through to the state-of-the-art Describes advanced topics such as wind and structural health monitoring and non-stationary and nonlinear buffeting response Gives a comprehensive description of various methods including CFD simulations of bridge and vehicle loading Uses two projects with which the author has worked extensively, Stonecutters cable-stayed bridge and Tsing Ma suspension bridge, as worked examples, giving readers a practical understanding
Physical Models by Bill Addis,Karl-Eugen Kurrer,Werner Lorenz Pdf
Physical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been non-existent or inadequate, and in any other situation when the engineer has needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available. The book covers the history of using of physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including bridges in the mid-18th century, William Fairbairn?s Britannia bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s, concrete dams in the 1920s, thin concrete shell roofs and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings in earthquakes from the 1930s, tidal flow in estuaries and the acoustics of concert halls from the 1950s, and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s. Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced scale models have played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated. The book concludes with reviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example, in boundary layer wind tunnels, room acoustics, seismic engineering, hydrology, and air flow in buildings.
Bridging the gap between wind and structural engineering, Wind Loading of Structures demonstrates the application of wind engineering principles to ensure maximum safety in a variety of structures. This book will assist the practising engineer in understanding the principles of wind engineering, and provide guidance on the successful design of structures for wind loading by gales, hurricanes, typhoons, thunderstorm downdrafts and tornados. The principles of meteorology, statistics and probability, aerodynamics and structural dynamics are covered in the first half of the book. The second half describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the nature of wind loads on all types of structures, including low-rise and tall buildings, large stadium roofs, towers and chimneys, bridges, transmission lines, free-standing walls and roofs, and antennae. Special features include coverage of extreme winds in tropical and sub-tropical climates, wind-tunnel testing techniques, a summary of the wind climates of over sixty countries, and detailed coverage of internal as well as external wind pressures on buildings. A comparison is made of the provisions for wind loads in six major national and international codes and standards. Examples and case studies are given in each chapter that make the book suitable for supporting university graduate courses in wind loading and response.
Theory of Bridge Aerodynamics by Einar N. Strømmen Pdf
This textbook is intended for studies in structural dynamics or wind engineering, with special focus on the stochastic theory of wind induced dynamic response calculations for slender bridges or other line- like civil engineering type of structures. It contains the background assumptions and hypothesis as well as the development of the computational theory that is necessary for the prediction of wind induced fluctuating displacements and cross sectional forces. The book contains detailed and complete examples of relevant cases that are useful for the understanding and the practical application of the theory. The text is at an advanced level in the sense that it requires some knowledge of basic structural dynamics, particularly of solution procedures in a modal format.
Bridge Aeroelasticity by J. A. Jurado,José Ángel Jurado Albarracín Pdf
This book is dedicated to the study of an aeroelastic phenomenon of cable supported long span bridges known as flutter, and proposes very innovative design methodologies, such as sensitivity analysis and optimization techniques, already utilized successfully in automobile and aerospace industries. The topic of long-span suspension and cable-stayed bridges is currently of great importance. These types of bridge pose great technical difficulties due to their slenderness and often great dimension. Therefore, these bridges tend to have problems caused by natural forces such as wind loads, some of which we have witnessed in our history, and we are currently seeing a very high incidence of bridge construction to overcome geographical obstacles such as bays, straits, or great estuaries. Therefore, it seems very appropriate to write a book showing the current capability of analysis and design, when up until now, the information could only be found partially in technical articles. This book will be useful for bridge design engineers as well as researchers working in the field. This book only requires previous knowledge of structural finite element models and dynamics, and it is advisable to have some previous knowledge in bridge engineering. Nevertheless, this book is very self-contained in such a way that all the information necessary to understand the theoretical developments is presented without the need of additional bibliography.
Aeroelastic Phenomena and Pedestrian-structure Dynamic Interaction on Non-conventional Bridges and Footbridges by Claudio Borri,Claudio Mannini Pdf
Fluid-structure and pedestrian-structure interaction phenomena are extremely important for non-conventional bridges. The results presented in this volume concern: simplified formulas for flutter assessment; innovative structural solutions to increase the aeroelastic stability of long-span bridges; numerical simulations of the flow around a benchmark rectangular cylinder; examples of designs of large structures assisted by wind-tunnel tests; analytical, computational and experimental investigation of the synchronisation mechanisms between pedestrians and footbridge structures. The present book is addressed to a wide audience including professionals, doctoral students and researchers, aiming to increase their know-how in the field of wind engineering, bluff-body aerodynamics and bridge dynamics.
