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Africa's Connection to the Drug Trade by Peyton E. Daniels Pdf
Africa has historically held a peripheral role in the transnational illicit drug trade, but in recent years has increasingly become a focus for drug trafficking, particularly of cocaine. Africa's emergence as a trafficking nexus appears to have resulted from structural shifts in international drug trafficking patterns. This book examines how best to balance short-term and long-term counter-narcotics goals and strategies in Africa, how various U.S. civilian and military and international agency counter-narcotics roles and responsibilities in Africa should be defined and what types and levels of resources these efforts may require.
Africa and the War on Drugs by Neil Carrier,Gernot Klantschnig Pdf
Nigerian drug lords in UK prisons, khat-chewing Somali pirates hijacking Western ships, crystal meth-smoking gangs controlling South Africa's streets, and narco-traffickers corrupting the state in Guinea-Bissau: these are some of the vivid images surrounding drugs in Africa which have alarmed policymakers, academics and the general public in recent years. In this revealing and original book, the authors weave these aspects into a provocative argument about Africa's role in the global trade and control of drugs. In doing so, they show how foreign-inspired policies have failed to help African drug users but have strengthened the role of corrupt and brutal law enforcement officers, who are tasked with halting the export of heroin and cocaine to European and American consumer markets. A vital book on an overlooked front of the so-called war on drugs.
Author : David Edward Brown Publisher : Army War College Press Page : 108 pages File Size : 43,7 Mb Release : 2013 Category : Technology & Engineering ISBN : UOM:39015089975414
The Challenge of Drug Trafficking to Democratic Governance and Human Security in West Africa by David Edward Brown Pdf
International criminal networks mainly from Latin America and Africa -- some with links to terrorism -- are turning West Africa into a key global hub for the distribution, wholesaling, and production of illicit drugs. These groups represent an existential threat to democratic governance of already fragile states in the sub-region because they are using narco-corruption to stage coups d'état, hijack elections, and co-opt or buy political power. Besides a spike in drug-related crime, narcotics trafficking is also fraying West Africa's traditional social fabric and creating a public health crisis, with hundreds of thousands of new drug addicts. While the inflow of drug money may seem economically beneficial to West Africa in the short-term, investors will be less inclined to do business in the long-term if the sub-region is unstable. On net, drug trafficking and other illicit trade represent the most serious challenge to human security in the region since resource conflicts rocked several West African countries in the early 1990s. International aid to West Africa's "war on drugs" is only in an initial stage; progress will be have to be measured in decades or even generations, not years and also unfold in parallel with creating alternative sustainable livelihoods and addressing the longer-term challenges of human insecurity, poverty, and underdevelopment.
Author : South African Institute of International Affairs Publisher : South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House Page : 202 pages File Size : 41,6 Mb Release : 1998 Category : Drug control ISBN : STANFORD:36105073273190
Illegal Drug Trade in Africa by Liana Sun Wyler Pdf
In recent years Africa has increasingly become a locus for drug trafficking (DT), particularly of cocaine. Africa's emergence as a DT nexus has resulted from shifts in internat. DT patterns, incl. heightened European demand for cocaine, internat. counter-narcotics pressure driving drug traffickers away from traditional DT routes, and the allure of low levels of law enforce. and high rates of corruption in many African countries. Contents of this report: The Rising DT Threat; Implications for U.S. Interests; DT and Use Trends in Africa; Illicit Drug Use Trends in Africa; Focus on West Africa as a Global Cocaine Transit Hub; U.S. Policy; Multilateral and Regional Efforts to Combat DT in Africa; Congressional Role. Map and tables. A print on demand report.
Crime, Drugs and the State in Afric by Gernot Klantschnig Pdf
History of International Relations, Diplomacy and Intelligence, 19 (History of International Relations Library, 30) Based on previously classified government information and interviews with key officials and drug market insiders in Nigeria, this book is the first ever in-depth analysis of the international and domestic origins of illegal drug control in Africa, exploring the formulation and implementation of Nigerian drug policy between 1985 and 2010. During this period, the country came to be seen as a hub in the global drug trade and the domestic policy set in motion to tackle this perception escalated into Africa's most repressive and long-lasting anti-drug campaign. The book provocatively argues that Nigeria's drug war was not driven by an understanding of the country's drug problems but rather by political calculations made in Nigeria, the US and at the UN. This meticulously researched and wonderfully lucid book is the first thorough study of Africa's complex drugs trades in a national context. The findings are startling. Nigeria's drugs connections are vividly described, but so too is the rhetoric and hype of the international crime control agencies. ... As Klantschnig reveals in this path-breaking book, the winners and losers in Nigeria's war on drugs are not what they may seem. - David M. Anderson, University of Oxford - Crime, Drugs and the State in Africa is an extraordinarily timely study. Appearing at a moment when drug cartels and drug markets are expanding very aggressively in Africa, this book is the first thorough examination of the drugs trade on the continent from a historical perspective. ... This is an essential book for those interested in both contemporary African politics and the global drugs trade. - Charles Ambler, University of Texas at El Paso - Table of Contents List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables Acknowledgements Abbreviations Map of Nigeria Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Nigeria in the global drug trade Chapter 3 The UN drug control system and Nigeria Chapter 4 The African front in the US war on drugs Chapter 5 The domestic politics of drug control Chapter 6 The rhetoric of drug law enforcement and its practice Chapter 7 The limited roles of civil society Chapter 8 Conclusions Appendices Bibliography About the Author Gernot Klantschnig, D.Phil. (2008) in Politics, University of Oxford, is an Assistant Professor of International Studies at the University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China. His publications have focussed on drugs, crime and law enforcement in Africa as well as on the international crime control system.
Why Has West Africa Become a Nexus for the International Traffickers? by Yahya H. Affinnih Pdf
This book is undoubtedly rich in different diverse sources and literature that are put together into a coherent whole instead of dispersed copious literature on the genesis of West African countries' integration into the world political economy and geopolitics of the drug trade. To the author's best knowledge, there is no similar book that has focused on the recent West Africa drug connection. The book is well-researched and documented. It fills the missing void in the discourse of West Africa drug trade arrangements. This book is one of its kind in the annals of West Africa's drug trade history. This thrust and the thesis of the book is to provide a plausible and sufficient explanation as to why West Africa has become international traffickers' transshipments and transits hubs and cocaine distribution and repackage centers for cocaine en route to Europe. This book is informative for a wide variety of readers such as students, social analysts from different social sciences disciplines, drug policy makers in West African countries, and elsewhere in the world. The book's subject matter is a global-wide problem that concerns all modern human societies worldwide. There are no human societies that are immune to the dynamics of the global drug trade industries that pose threat to human, national, and global security in its wake.
Countering the Drug Trade in West Africa by Cristina Webster Pdf
In recent years, West Africa has played an increasing role in the global drug trade. In the early 2000s, drug traffickers searching for new routes and markets began shipping South American cocaine to Europe through West Africa. Criminal groups have now expanded their operations in the region to include heroin trafficking and methamphetamine production. While cocaine trafficked through West Africa typically reaches Europe rather than the United States, illicit activities surrounding the West African drug trade jeopardize U.S. goals in the region. The drug trade destabilizes governments and funds terrorist organizations, including Hezbollah and Al Qaeda in the Land of the Islamic Maghreb. In 2011, the State Department launched the West Africa Cooperative Security Initiative to coordinate the U.S. response to these threats. This has been a positive start, but the Caucus believes more must be done. This book provides eight recommendations on how the United States can better assist our partners in West Africa.
Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control by Anita Kalunta-Crumpton Pdf
Popular ’war on drugs’ rhetoric postulates drug use in the West as the product of the drug production and trafficking roles of non-western societies and non-western peoples within and outside the West. In such rhetoric, African societies and people of African descent in Africa and in Diaspora have received criticisms for their respective roles in drug production and drug trafficking, including the position of many African countries as transit routes for drugs exported to the West. By contrast, the abuse of drugs by populations of African origin around the globe and the harmful consequences of the drug trade and drug abuse on these populations has been little studied. Drawing on contributions from seven countries in Africa; two countries in Europe; and seven countries in the Americas, this volume examines the relationships between drug use, drug trafficking, drug controls and the black population of a given society. Each chapter examines the nature and pattern of drug use or abuse; the effects of drug use or abuse (illegal or/and legal) on other areas such as health and crime; the nature, pattern, and perpetration of trafficking and sale of illegal or/and legal drugs; and past and current policies and control of illegal and /or legal drugs. It will be essential reading for all students, academics and policy-makers working in the area of drug control.
The Challenge of Drug Trafficking to Democratic Governance and Human Security in by U S Army War College Pdf
West Africa is under attack from international criminal networks that are using the subregion as a key global hub for the distribution, wholesale, and increased production of illicit drugs. Most drug trade in West Africa involves cocaine sold in Europe, although heroin is also trafficked to the United States, and the subregion is becoming an export base for amphetamines and their precursors, mainly for East Asian markets and, increasingly, the United States. The most important of these criminal networks are drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) from Latin America-primarily from Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico-partnering with West African criminals. These criminals, particularly Nigerians and Ghanaians, have been involved in the global drug trade for several decades, first with cannabis and later with heroin. The problem has worsened to the point that these networks represent an existential threat to the viability of already fragile states in West Africa as independent, rule of law based entities. As part of this new Latin America- West Africa criminal nexus, Guinea-Bissau is generally recognized as a narco-state where state-capture by traffickers has already occurred. There is also increasingly strong evidence linking terrorist organizations or state sponsors of terrorism to the West Africa drug trade, including Colombia's Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Hezbollah (allied with elements in the Lebanese diaspora), Venezuela, and Iran. These criminal and terrorist groups are also a threat to U.S. national security, because the illicit profits earned by Latin American drug cartels operating in West Africa strengthen the same crimi nal elements that traffic drugs to North America, and the same North African and Middle Eastern terrorist groups and nations that target the United States. The link to AQIM takes on particular significance in light of this terrorist organization's recent takeover of a vast sector of ungoverned space in northern Mali, along with Touareg allies. West Africa's geographical location between Latin America and Europe made it an ideal transit zone for exploitation by powerful drug cartels and terrorist organizations-much as the Caribbean and Central America had long suffered for being placed between South America's cocaine producers and North America's cocaine users. West Africa's primary operational allure to traffickers is not actually geography, however, but rather its low standards of governance, low levels of law enforcement capacity, and high rates of corruption. Latin American traffickers recently relocated a share of their wholesale distribution from the Western Hemisphere to West Africa, with the subregion moving from being merely a short-term transit point to becoming a storage and staging area for wholesale repackaging, re-routing and sometimes (re-)sale of drugs.
World Drug Report 2019 (Set of 5 Booklets) by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Pdf
The 2019 World Drug Report will include an updated overview of recent trends on production, trafficking and consumption of key illicit drugs. The Report contains a global overview of the baseline data and estimates on drug demand and supply and provides the reference point for information on the drug situation worldwide.
Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific by Anonim Pdf
Human trafficking and smuggling of migrants: Four of the 12 illicit flows reviewed in this report involve human beings. The first two concern movement between the countries of the region, one for general labour and one for sexual exploitation. The third concerns the smuggling of migrants from the region to the rich countries of the West, and the last focuses on migrants smuggled through the region from the poor and conflicted countries of South and Southwest Asia. Drug trafficking: The production and use of opiates has a long history in the region, but the main opiate problem in the 21st century involves the more refined form of the drug: heroin. In addition, methamphetamine has been a threat in parts of East Asia for decades (in the form of yaba tablets), but crystal methamphetamine has recently grown greatly in popularity. Virtually every country in the region has some crystal methamphetamine users, and some populations consume at very high levels.Resources: Resource-related crimes include those related to both extractive industries, such as the illegal harvesting of wildlife and timber, and other crimes that have a negative impact on the environment, such as the dumping of e-waste and the trade in ozone-depleting substances. In all cases, the threat goes beyond borders, jeopardizing the global environmental heritage. These are therefore crimes of inherent international significance, though they are frequently dealt with lightly under local legislation.Counterfeit goods: The trade in counterfeit goods is often perceived as a "soft" form of crime, but can have dangerous consequences for public health and safety. Fraudulent medicines in particular pose a threat to public health, and their use can foster the growth of treatment resistant pathogens.
