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Agricultural Reform in Rwanda by Chris Huggins Pdf
International observers have lauded Rwanda as an example of an African country taking control of its own development trajectory, and as a market-friendly destination for investment. A key component of this narrative has been an ambitious programme of agricultural reform, involving private firms, NGOs, and international charities. The Rwandan government claims these reforms have been a resounding success, tripling crop yields and helping to combat hunger. Chris Huggins argues, however, that Rwanda's liberal, modernising image sits poorly with the regime's continuing authoritarian tendencies. Featuring in-depth case studies of the effects of agricultural reform in three different regions, and drawing on hundreds of interviews, Huggins shows that the much-vaunted 'liberalization' of agriculture has in fact depended on the coercion of Rwandan farmers, and in many cases has had a detrimental impact on their livelihoods. With the Kagame regime now coming under increasing international scrutiny, this work provides a timely look at the impact of 'market friendly authoritarianism' in contemporary Africa, making essential reading for students and scholars of development in the fields of sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics.
Public investment prioritization for Rwanda’s inclusive agricultural transformation: Evidence from rural investment and policy analysis modeling by Aragie, Emerta,Diao, Xinshen,Spielman, David J.,Thurlow, James,Mugabo, Serge,Rosenbach, Gracie,Benimana, Gilberthe Pdf
As Rwanda is expected to return to its rapid growth trajectory following the COVID-19 pandemic, agriculture will continue to play a central role in the structural transformation of the entire economy. To this end, the Government of Rwanda continues to invest in the agricultural sector by building on Strategic Plans for the Transformation of Agriculture (PSTAs) that began in the early 2000s. The challenging question is how to prioritize public expenditures across a broad portfolio of policies and programs. Ambitious plans, whether in the short or long term, require difficult decisions. The prioritization of public investment becomes even more complex as Rwanda’s structural transformation advances and as new investments—beyond the farm—become critically important for the agricultural sector. The structural transformation process itself means that as agriculture becomes more integrated with the rest of the economy, public resource allocations need to address a wider range of issues across the entire food system; these include nutrition-sensitive food production systems, inclusive value chain development, nonfarm rural enterprise development, and climate-resilient sustainable intensification of both crops and livestock. This study provides evidence that is designed to assist the Government of Rwanda in its selection of agricultural policy, investment, and expenditure portfolios that reflect the country’s broad focus on its food system and structural transformation. This process of prioritization will need to incorporate multiple public investments targeting multiple development outcomes and will need to be grounded in the costeffective use of public resources in a largely market-led transformation process. This data-driven and evidence-based approach must critically underpin an informed investment prioritization process that helps achieve ambitious targets in an environment constrained by limited public resources. The study uses the Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide model developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), with contributions from colleagues at the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) and the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). The study draws on data from multiple sources as well as expert insights to inform the application of RIAPA’s Agricultural Investment for Data Analyzer (AIDA) module as a tool to measure the impacts of alternative public expenditure options on multiple development outcomes. Using this integrated modeling framework, the study links agricultural and rural development spending to four specific outcomes: economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality improvement; at the same time, it considers the synergies and tradeoffs associated with the different investment options in the transformation process. The paper first assesses the contribution of public expenditures to agricultural and rural development under the fourth Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation (PSTA 4) that extends between 2018 and 2024. These findings are important, given the fact that since the beginning of PSTA 4, the budget allocated to MINAGRI (measured in constant prices) has stagnated. Our results suggest that increased spending on agriculture is well justified and that such spending is essential if the Government of Rwanda is to achieve its long-term development goals.
Agricultural Growth and Investment Options for Poverty Reduction in Rwanda by Xinshen Diao,Shenggen Fan,Sam Kanyarukiga,Bingxin Yu Pdf
Although Rwanda has made considerable progress in recovering politically and economically from the devastating effects of the 1994 genocide, the poverty rate is still higher and the gross domestic product lower than before the genocide. Poverty reduction and economic growth would receive much-needed support from increased agricultural growth. This study assesses alternative agricultural development strategies, identifying areas in which policy reforms, together with public and private investment, can best promote Rwandan agriculture. The authors evaluate the potential of several different agricultural subsectors-grains, root crops, livestock, and others-to contribute to national agricultural growth and poverty reduction. They conclude that growth in staple crops, particularly root crops such as cassava and potatoes, has the greatest potential to encourage economywide growth and poverty reduction. Promoting the necessary staple crop growth will require the allocation of public resources to the agricultural sector to increase significantly, reaching 10 percent of the total government budget. It will also require rethinking Rwanda's earlier emphasis on promoting export crop growth, which has proved inadequate in encouraging poverty reduction while also posing environmental problems. This study makes an important contribution to the debate over the most effective development strategies for Rwanda and other Sub-Saharan African nations.Show More Show Less
Synopsis: Public investment prioritization for Rwanda's agricultural transformation: Benefits of an increase in public spending on agriculture under PSTA4 by Aragie, Emerta,Diao, Xinshen,Spielman, David J.,Thurlow, James,Mugabo, Serge,Rosenbach, Gracie,Benimana, Gilberthe Pdf
Although public spending under the fourth Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture 2018– 2021 (PSTA 4) is generally well structured and cost-effective, funding has been largely stagnant— and even declining, when measured in constant prices—during PSTA’s first four years. This note summarizes the effects of a modest reallocation of public spending under PSTA 4 towards greater cost-effectiveness, as well as a modest increase in PSTA 4 spending. Results draw on an economywide modeling tool designed to prioritize public resources around four key development goals: economic growth, employment creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality improvement.
Rwanda's journey towards sustainable food systems by Wigboldus, S., Guijt, J., Garcia-Campos, P. Pdf
Governments and other food system actors from the private sector, civil society, research and education institutions are being called upon to work together to enhance the sustainability, resilience and inclusiveness of food systems. This appraisal presents key lessons from food, agriculture and environment-related institutional mechanisms, programmes and policies in Rwanda, considered against the backdrop of the country’s agroecological conditions and relevant social, economic and political history. It also provides insights into trade-offs and tensions which involve a balancing act between strong leadership and meaningful participation, securing local food sovereignty and outward connectivity, intensifying and diversifying the (agricultural) economy, creating room for private sector entrepreneurship and providing central coordination – as well as a mindset focused on what is needed and possible.
Commercialization of Agriculture Under Population Pressure by Joachim Von Braun,Hartwig de Haen,Juergen Blanken Pdf
The integration of traditional agriculture into local, national, and international markets is part of a development strategy oriented toward growth. Crop specialization and market integration are seen to hold the promise of wider employment opportunities, larger incomes, and improved consumption and nutrition for the rural poor. Such agricultural development also leads to the emergence of a rural service sector that provides additional employment. But whether the poor obtain a fair share, directly or indirectly, of the gains from commercialization of agriculture is largely determined by the policies and programs adopted. In Commercialization of Agriculture Under Population Pressure: Effects on Production, Consumption, and Nutrition in Rwanda, Research Report 85, Joachim von Braun, Hartwig de Haen, and Juergen Blanken examine the driving forces and the effects of commercialization in a study site in Rwanda, one of the most densely populated areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. This study represents part of IFPRI's continuing research on ensuring food security and alleviating poverty through agricultural commercialization. The present study assesses the interaction of increased commercialization with population growth and the results for production, household real income, family food consumption, expenditures for nonfood goods and services, and the nutritional status of the sample population. It also develops a long-term perspective for agricultural, employment, and nutrition policies.
The role of agriculture in the fast-growing Rwandan Economy by Diao, Xinshen,Bahiigwa, Godfrey,Pradesha, Angga Pdf
This study assesses the future growth prospects of Rwanda. The report first focuses on broad economic growth using a rather aggregated 18-sector dynamic general equilibrium model to display the trade-off between rapid growth and structural change. The analysis shows that with the current investment pattern, rapid growth is possible but structural transformation is slow. With an overvalued exchange rate, growth in the tradable sector slows down and its share in the economy stays small. The importance of agriculture thus should be considered in the broad development strategy, for its role not only in poverty reduction but also in economic growth.
The Land Governance Assessment Framework by Klaus Deininger,Harris Selod,Anthony Burns Pdf
Increased global demand for land posits the need for well-designed country-level land policies to protect long-held rights, facilitate land access and address any constraints that land policy may pose for broader growth. While the implementation of land reforms can be a lengthy process, the need to swiftly identify key land policy challenges and devise responses that allow the monitoring of progress, in a way that minimizes conflicts and supports broader development goals, is clear. The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) makes a substantive contribution to the land sector by providing a quick and innovative tool to monitor land governance at the country level. The LGAF offers a comprehensive diagnostic tool that covers five main areas for policy intervention: Legal and institutional framework; Land use planning, management and taxation; Management of public land; Public provision of land information; and Dispute resolution and conflict management. The LGAF assesses these areas through a set of detailed indicators that are rated on a scale of pre-coded statements (from lack of good governance to good practice). While land governance can be highly technical in nature and tends to be addressed in a partial and sporadic manner, the LGAF posits a tool for a comprehensive assessment, taking into account the broad range of issues that land governance encompasses, while enabling those unfamiliar with land to grasp its full complexity. The LGAF will make it possible for policymakers to make sense of the technical levels of the land sector, benchmark governance, identify areas that require further attention and monitor progress. It is intended to assist countries in prioritizing reforms in the land sector by providing a holistic diagnostic review that can inform policy dialogue in a clear and targeted manner. In addition to presenting the LGAF tool, this book includes detailed case studies on its implementation in five selected countries: Peru, the Kyrgyz Republic, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Tanzania.
Rwanda's Land Tenure Reform by Thierry Hoza Ngoga Pdf
This book is a detailed real account of all the key phases of the land tenure reform (LTR) programme in Rwanda and the critical factors that defined the outcomes and requirements for sustaining the process. In addition, the book provides an account of the impact of the programme, its challenges and lessons learned. Beyond LTR, this book also provides insights into emerging issues post-land tenure reform and what efforts are being undertaken to ensure sustainable land administration and land governance. The book draws on various types of secondary data, including relevant laws, policies, operational manuals and published studies, as well as consultants' reports. It also uses primary data comprising mainly interviews with policy makers, land professionals, academics, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), donor organizations and the general public. This book is in four parts, with nine chapters. Part 1 provides the relevant context of the book and contains two chapters (chapters 1 and 2). Chapter 1 is the introduction and explains why land is so important; it discusses some of the issues land resources currently face, especially, in developing countries and why it should be managed and governed properly; it outlines why there is an urgent need for an improved land governance and land administration system or land tenure reform where this is not taking place, and it provides a summary of the importance of documenting Rwanda's LTR programme and explains why this book is timely and different from existing literature on land tenure reform. In chapter 2, the historical context of land tenure systems in Africa is summarized. Part 2 deals with the preparatory work that was carried out for land tenure reform and has one chapter (chapter 3). The chapter describes the key exercises that were undertaken as part of preparing the ground for the land tenure reform programme. Part 3 concentrates on implementation of the LTR programme and contains four chapters (chapters 4 to 7). Chapter 4 focuses on how the policy and regulatory frameworks were established which supported the LTR programme. Chapter 5 details the institutional framework that was developed to guide the LTR programme implementation, defining each institution's mandate and how they interacted with each other as well as how the capacity of these institutions was built to apportion responsibilities accordingly. Chapter 6 explains the whole process of rolling out the land tenure regularization process countrywide and the key steps that were involved, as well as the implementation process. In chapter 7, the key ingredients required to ensure that what has been achieved by the LTR would be properly maintained are assessed. The last part of the book (Part 4) assesses the impact of the LTR programme by discussing the socioeconomic benefits in chapter 8 where testimonies from various stakeholders and LTR beneficiaries are also presented. Chapter 9 concludes the book and a set of key success factors and lessons are also outlined for other countries wishing to follow a similar route as Rwanda in terms of land tenure reform.
African commitments for agricultural development goals and milestones for Rwanda by Mitik, Lulit,Fofana, Ismaël,Diallo, Mariam Amadou Pdf
The study developed a results framework to analyze Rwanda’s progress towards selected CAADP/Malabo, SDGs and Agenda 2063 goals. A Computable General Equilibrium model linked to an income distribution Micro-Simulation model were used to identify priority investment areas for accelerated agricultural growth, poverty and inequality reduction. The current investment trend simulated in the baseline scenario would leave Rwanda off-track to meet these objectives. The analysis of alternative agricultural investment scenarios shows that enhancing the role of the private sector in agriculture will be critical in curbing supply side constraints. The government plays a central role by creating an environment and making the sector more attractive to private investors. Developments outside of the agricultural sector and social protection will be critical to further reduce poverty. Productivity remains one of the major challenges but also one of the most effective solutions for accelerated agricultural growth in Rwanda. Agricultural investments should be designed considering the agricultural value-chain.
Land consolidation, specialization, and household diets: Evidence from Rwanda by del Prete, Davide,Ghins, Leopold,Magrini, Emiliano,Pauw, Karl Pdf
Despite rapid population growth, increasing land pressure and urbanization, farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa have not intensified their production in a sustainable manner and farming systems remain predominantly subsistence-oriented. Unsurprisingly, developing countries are directing large shares of their agricultural budgets to programs that actively promote crop intensification and the development of more commercially-oriented agricultural systems. Rwanda’s Crop Intensification Program (CIP), launched in 2007, is one such example. However, despite its apparent success in raising production of several priority crops, there are legitimate concerns about the food and nutrition security implications for households that are encouraged to consolidate their land, specialize in their production, and increasingly rely on markets for their food needs. Using recent household survey data and a propensity score matching difference-in-differences method, we find that participation in land consolidation activities had ambiguous consumption effects: it positively impacted on consumption of roots and tubers, but had a negative effect on meat, fish and fruits consumption and the potential availability of vitamin B12 in participants’ diets. This calls for a review of CIP implementation practices to enhance the program’s food and nutrition security outcomes, with improvements in market functioning and market access being potential starting points.
Impact of Agribusiness on Poverty Reduction in Rwanda. A Statistical Analysis by Ishimwe Audace Pdf
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Mathematics - Statistics, grade: 1, University of Rwanda (University of Rwanda), course: Research project, language: English, abstract: The major aim of this study was to analyze the impact of Agribusiness on poverty reduction. The researcher used Huye and Ngoma Sector of HUYE District in southern province as case study. The intensification and commercialization of the Rwandan agricultural sector will be essential to reduce poverty and drive economic grow of Rwanda. Government of Rwanda policy-makers have identified smallholder-led agriculture as a key sector for growth and poverty reduction in the country. Responding to this aim, the government has steadily increased the budgetary allocation to agriculture, from 4.2 percent of the budget in 2008, to nearly 10 percent in 2011. In this study we look at some of the social-economic factors benefited by household farmers through the Agribusiness like Income generated from agribusiness monthly, food consumption and householder expenditure and increasing values of asset such as social and economic asset of householder. This research was a survey involving the collection of primary data from a sample of household heads in Huye and Ngoma Sector. Data collected was quantified to enable easy interpretation and analysis. The comparative approach of mean was mainly used to analyze data; views from respondents were compared to make conclusions. The findings of the study demonstrate that Agribusiness household owns in Huye and Ngoma Sector have benefited from Agribusiness. Household confirmed that householder income, food consumption and values of assets had increased due to agribusiness. The study concludes that once the Government of Rwanda the policy is made properly and fully implemented, the Agribusiness will highly enhance food self-sufficiency, income and values assets of householder farmers and agribusiness owns will be increase and improving also the livelihood of rural areas through other benefits such as infrastructure development.
Rwanda Food and Agriculture Policy Monitoring Review 2020 by Tuyishime, C., Pernechele, V., Bizimana, C., Semwaga, O. Pdf
Rwanda’s agricultural sector accounts for about 29 percent of GDP and employs about 72 percent of the population that is economically active. It is still the dominant source of income for the majority of the poor who live in rural areas and is of significant importance in achieving the national priority objectives of sustainable economic growth, food security, and poverty alleviation. The report provides quantitative evidence on how the Government of Rwanda’s policies and expenditure decisions have supported its food and agriculture sector over the past decade. More, in particular, it provides information on the extent to which producers of key food (rice and wheat) and export crops (tea and coffee) are being supported – or penalized – by the policy. Also, it sheds light on the level and composition of public expenditures on food and agriculture, and how these have been changing over time. And finally, it assesses the coherence between the Government’s agricultural policies and its overall strategic priorities and provides insight into whether these are coherent.Conclusions and recommendations are believed to provide guidance for policy decision-making and reforming of policies that constrain productivity growth – the main engine for agriculture transformation and development.
