An Introduction To Causal Inference

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An Introduction to Causal Inference

Judea Pearl
An Introduction to Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Judea Pearl
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Causation
ISBN : 1507894295

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An Introduction to Causal Inference by Judea Pearl Pdf

This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both. The tools are demonstrated in the analyses of mediation, causes of effects, and probabilities of causation. -- p. 1.

Fundamentals of Causal Inference

Babette A. Brumback
Fundamentals of Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Babette A. Brumback
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-10
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781000470307

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Fundamentals of Causal Inference by Babette A. Brumback Pdf

One of the primary motivations for clinical trials and observational studies of humans is to infer cause and effect. Disentangling causation from confounding is of utmost importance. Fundamentals of Causal Inference explains and relates different methods of confounding adjustment in terms of potential outcomes and graphical models, including standardization, difference-in-differences estimation, the front-door method, instrumental variables estimation, and propensity score methods. It also covers effect-measure modification, precision variables, mediation analyses, and time-dependent confounding. Several real data examples, simulation studies, and analyses using R motivate the methods throughout. The book assumes familiarity with basic statistics and probability, regression, and R and is suitable for seniors or graduate students in statistics, biostatistics, and data science as well as PhD students in a wide variety of other disciplines, including epidemiology, pharmacy, the health sciences, education, and the social, economic, and behavioral sciences. Beginning with a brief history and a review of essential elements of probability and statistics, a unique feature of the book is its focus on real and simulated datasets with all binary variables to reduce complex methods down to their fundamentals. Calculus is not required, but a willingness to tackle mathematical notation, difficult concepts, and intricate logical arguments is essential. While many real data examples are included, the book also features the Double What-If Study, based on simulated data with known causal mechanisms, in the belief that the methods are best understood in circumstances where they are known to either succeed or fail. Datasets, R code, and solutions to odd-numbered exercises are available at www.routledge.com.

Observation and Experiment

Paul Rosenbaum
Observation and Experiment Book PDF

Author : Paul Rosenbaum
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 395 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2017-08-14
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780674975576

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Observation and Experiment by Paul Rosenbaum Pdf

In the face of conflicting claims about some treatments, behaviors, and policies, the question arises: What is the most scientifically rigorous way to draw conclusions about cause and effect in the study of humans? In this introduction to causal inference, Paul Rosenbaum explains key concepts and methods through real-world examples.

Elements of Causal Inference

Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Elements of Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2017-11-29
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262037310

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Elements of Causal Inference by Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf Pdf

A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.

Causal Inference

Scott Cunningham
Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Scott Cunningham
Publisher : Yale University Press
Page : 585 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2021-01-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780300251685

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Causal Inference by Scott Cunningham Pdf

An accessible, contemporary introduction to the methods for determining cause and effect in the social sciences "Causation versus correlation has been the basis of arguments--economic and otherwise--since the beginning of time. Causal Inference: The Mixtape uses legit real-world examples that I found genuinely thought-provoking. It's rare that a book prompts readers to expand their outlook; this one did for me."--Marvin Young (Young MC) Causal inference encompasses the tools that allow social scientists to determine what causes what. In a messy world, causal inference is what helps establish the causes and effects of the actions being studied--for example, the impact (or lack thereof) of increases in the minimum wage on employment, the effects of early childhood education on incarceration later in life, or the influence on economic growth of introducing malaria nets in developing regions. Scott Cunningham introduces students and practitioners to the methods necessary to arrive at meaningful answers to the questions of causation, using a range of modeling techniques and coding instructions for both the R and the Stata programming languages.

Causal Inference

Miquel A. Hernan,James M. Robins
Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Miquel A. Hernan,James M. Robins
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-07
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1420076167

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Causal Inference by Miquel A. Hernan,James M. Robins Pdf

The application of causal inference methods is growing exponentially in fields that deal with observational data. Written by pioneers in the field, this practical book presents an authoritative yet accessible overview of the methods and applications of causal inference. With a wide range of detailed, worked examples using real epidemiologic data as well as software for replicating the analyses, the text provides a thorough introduction to the basics of the theory for non-time-varying treatments and the generalization to complex longitudinal data.

Causal Inference in Statistics

Judea Pearl,Madelyn Glymour,Nicholas P. Jewell
Causal Inference in Statistics Book PDF

Author : Judea Pearl,Madelyn Glymour,Nicholas P. Jewell
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2016-01-25
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781119186861

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Causal Inference in Statistics by Judea Pearl,Madelyn Glymour,Nicholas P. Jewell Pdf

CAUSAL INFERENCE IN STATISTICS A Primer Causality is central to the understanding and use of data. Without an understanding of cause–effect relationships, we cannot use data to answer questions as basic as "Does this treatment harm or help patients?" But though hundreds of introductory texts are available on statistical methods of data analysis, until now, no beginner-level book has been written about the exploding arsenal of methods that can tease causal information from data. Causal Inference in Statistics fills that gap. Using simple examples and plain language, the book lays out how to define causal parameters; the assumptions necessary to estimate causal parameters in a variety of situations; how to express those assumptions mathematically; whether those assumptions have testable implications; how to predict the effects of interventions; and how to reason counterfactually. These are the foundational tools that any student of statistics needs to acquire in order to use statistical methods to answer causal questions of interest. This book is accessible to anyone with an interest in interpreting data, from undergraduates, professors, researchers, or to the interested layperson. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of fields, including medicine, public policy, and law; a brief introduction to probability and statistics is provided for the uninitiated; and each chapter comes with study questions to reinforce the readers understanding.

Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences

Guido W. Imbens,Donald B. Rubin
Causal Inference in Statistics Social and Biomedical Sciences Book PDF

Author : Guido W. Imbens,Donald B. Rubin
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 647 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2015-04-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780521885881

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Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences by Guido W. Imbens,Donald B. Rubin Pdf

This text presents statistical methods for studying causal effects and discusses how readers can assess such effects in simple randomized experiments.

Causality

Judea Pearl
Causality Book PDF

Author : Judea Pearl
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 487 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2009-09-14
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780521895606

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Causality by Judea Pearl Pdf

Causality offers the first comprehensive coverage of causal analysis in many sciences, including recent advances using graphical methods. Pearl presents a unified account of the probabilistic, manipulative, counterfactual and structural approaches to causation, and devises simple mathematical tools for analyzing the relationships between causal connections, statistical associations, actions and observations. The book will open the way for including causal analysis in the standard curriculum of statistics, artificial intelligence ...

An Introduction to Causal Inference

Anonim
An Introduction to Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 69 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:574420969

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An Introduction to Causal Inference by Anonim Pdf

This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both.

Explanation in Causal Inference

Tyler J. VanderWeele,Tyler VanderWeele
Explanation in Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Tyler J. VanderWeele,Tyler VanderWeele
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 729 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199325870

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Explanation in Causal Inference by Tyler J. VanderWeele,Tyler VanderWeele Pdf

The book begins with a comprehensive introduction to mediation analysis, including chapters on concepts for mediation, regression-based methods, sensitivity analysis, time-to-event outcomes, methods for multiple mediators, methods for time-varying mediation and longitudinal data, and relations between mediation and other concepts involving intermediates such as surrogates, principal stratification, instrumental variables, and Mendelian randomization. The second part of the book concerns interaction or "moderation," including concepts for interaction, statistical interaction, confounding and interaction, mechanistic interaction, bias analysis for interaction, interaction in genetic studies, and power and sample-size calculation for interaction. The final part of the book provides comprehensive discussion about the relationships between mediation and interaction and unites these concepts within a single framework.

The Book of Why

Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie
The Book of Why Book PDF

Author : Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie
Publisher : Basic Books
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2018-05-15
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780465097616

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The Book of Why by Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie Pdf

A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence "Correlation is not causation." This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality -- the study of cause and effect -- on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl's work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.

Statistical Models and Causal Inference

David A. Freedman
Statistical Models and Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : David A. Freedman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780521195003

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Statistical Models and Causal Inference by David A. Freedman Pdf

David A. Freedman presents a definitive synthesis of his approach to statistical modeling and causal inference in the social sciences.

Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research

Stephen L. Morgan
Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research Book PDF

Author : Stephen L. Morgan
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 423 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2013-04-22
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789400760943

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Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research by Stephen L. Morgan Pdf

What constitutes a causal explanation, and must an explanation be causal? What warrants a causal inference, as opposed to a descriptive regularity? What techniques are available to detect when causal effects are present, and when can these techniques be used to identify the relative importance of these effects? What complications do the interactions of individuals create for these techniques? When can mixed methods of analysis be used to deepen causal accounts? Must causal claims include generative mechanisms, and how effective are empirical methods designed to discover them? The Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research tackles these questions with nineteen chapters from leading scholars in sociology, statistics, public health, computer science, and human development.

Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health

Roger Detels,Martin Gulliford,Quarraisha Abdool Karim,Chorh Chuan Tan
Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health Book PDF

Author : Roger Detels,Martin Gulliford,Quarraisha Abdool Karim,Chorh Chuan Tan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 1717 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780198810131

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Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health by Roger Detels,Martin Gulliford,Quarraisha Abdool Karim,Chorh Chuan Tan Pdf

Sixth edition of the hugely successful, internationally recognised textbook on global public health and epidemiology, with 3 volumes comprehensively covering the scope, methods, and practice of the discipline