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Ancient Computing Technology by Mary B. Woods,Michael Woods Pdf
Did you know . . . • Ancient cultures measured time accurately with water clocks? • An engineer in the first century B.C. designed an odometer to calculate distance traveled? • People computed the first values of pi about four thousand years ago? Computing technology is as old as human society itself. The first humans on Earth used basic computing skills. They counted by carving tally marks in bone. They used body parts and basic tools to measure. Over the centuries, ancient peoples learned more about computing. People in the ancient Middle East used scales to measure goods for trading. The ancient Egyptians wrote textbooks including multiplication and division problems. The ancient Chinese developed an abacus for speedy calculations. Ancient Greeks made advances in geometry. What kinds of tools and techniques did ancient mathematicians use? Which of their inventions and discoveries have stood the test of time? And how did the ancients set the stage for our own modern computing? Learn more in Ancient Computing Technology.
Ancient Computing Technology by Michael Woods,Mary B. Woods Pdf
Describes the mathematical technology used by ancient societies, covering techniques used for counting, measurements, weights, time, and calculations, including the ancient civilizations of China, Greece, Rome, India, and the Middle East.
A History of Computing Technology by Michael R. Williams Pdf
This revised edition of the popular reference and textbook outlines the historical developments in computing technology. It explains and describes historical aspects of calculation with an emphasis on the physical devices used in different times to aid people in their attempts at automating the process of arithmetic.
Introduction to the History of Computing by Gerard O'Regan Pdf
Tracing the story of computing from Babylonian counting boards to smartphones, this inspiring textbook provides a concise overview of the key events in the history of computing, together with discussion exercises to stimulate deeper investigation into this fascinating area. Features: provides chapter introductions, summaries, key topics, and review questions; includes an introduction to analogue and digital computers, and to the foundations of computing; examines the contributions of ancient civilisations to the field of computing; covers the first digital computers, and the earliest commercial computers, mainframes and minicomputers; describes the early development of the integrated circuit and the microprocessor; reviews the emergence of home computers; discusses the creation of the Internet, the invention of the smartphone, and the rise of social media; presents a short history of telecommunications, programming languages, operating systems, software engineering, artificial intelligence, and databases.
A Brief History of Computing by Gerard O'Regan Pdf
This lively and fascinating text traces the key developments in computation – from 3000 B.C. to the present day – in an easy-to-follow and concise manner. Topics and features: ideal for self-study, offering many pedagogical features such as chapter-opening key topics, chapter introductions and summaries, exercises, and a glossary; presents detailed information on major figures in computing, such as Boole, Babbage, Shannon, Turing, Zuse and Von Neumann; discusses the earliest computers developed in the United States, Germany and Britain; discusses the development of the IBM 360 family of computers and its importance; discusses the invention of the transistor and integrated circuit; discusses the birth of the software industry and the evolution of human-computer interaction; reviews the history of programming languages, operating systems and software engineering; discusses the progress of artificial intelligence; discusses the invention of the microprocessor and the development of home and personal computers; examines the impact on society of the introduction of the personal computer, the World Wide Web, and the development of mobile phone technology; discusses smart phones and social media and the challenge of fake news; reviews a miscellany of innovations in the computing field such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and Quantum Computing; discusses legal aspects of computing and the professional responsibilities of computer professionals.
A great technological and scientific innovation of the last half of the 20th century, the computer has revolutionised how we organise information, how we communicate with each other, and the way we think about the human mind. This book offers a short history of this dynamic technology, covering its central themes since ancient times.
Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IX by Daoliang Li,Zhenbo Li Pdf
The two volumes IFIP AICT 478 and 479 constitute the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 5.14 International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture, CCTA 2015, held in Beijing, China, in September 2015. The 122 revised papers included in this volume were carefully selected from 237 submissions. They cover a wide range of interesting theories and applications of information technology in agriculture, including intelligent sensing, monitoring and automatic control technology; key technology and models of the Internet of things; intelligent technology for agricultural equipment; computer vision; computer graphics and virtual reality; computer simulation, optimization and modeling; cloud computing and agricultural applications; agricultural big data; decision support systems and expert systems; 3s technology and precision agriculture; quality and safety of agricultural products; detection and tracing technology; and agricultural electronic commerce technology.
The Computer Book by Simson L Garfinkel,Rachel H. Grunspan Pdf
An illustrated journey through 250 milestones in computer science, from the ancient abacus to Boolean algebra, GPS, and social media. With 250 illustrated landmark inventions, publications, and events—encompassing everything from ancient record-keeping devices to the latest computing technologies—The Computer Book takes a chronological journey through the history and future of computer science. Two expert authors, with decades of experience working in computer research and innovation, explore topics including: the Sumerian abacus * the first spam message * Morse code * cryptography * early computers * Isaac Asimov’s laws of robotics * UNIX and early programming languages * movies * video games * mainframes * minis and micros * hacking * virtual reality * and more “What a delight! A fast trip through the computing landscape in the company of friendly tour guides who know the history.” —Harry Lewis, Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science, Harvard University
Fundamentals of Optical Computing Technology by Xiujian Li,Zhengzheng Shao,Mengjun Zhu,Junbo Yang Pdf
This book presents the principles, experimental technologies, up-to-date research findings and applications of various optical-computing technologies and devices. It also discusses semiconductor multiple quantum well (MQW) photoelectronic devices, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), lasers, micro optical elements and diffractive optical elements, optical storage, optical parallel interconnections, and optical-buffer technology as the main technologies for optical computing. Furthermore, it explores the potential of optical-computing technology. It offers those involved in optical design, photonics, and photoelectronic research and related industries insights into the fundamentals and theories of optical computing, enabling them and to extend and develop the functions of fundamental elements to meet the requirement of optical-computing systems.
Computing by Yoshihide Igarashi,Tom Altman,Mariko Funada Pdf
Exploring a vast array of topics related to computation, Computing: A Historical and Technical Perspective covers the historical and technical foundation of ancient and modern-day computing. The book starts with the earliest references to counting by humans, introduces various number systems, and discusses mathematics in early civilizations. It guides readers all the way through the latest advances in computer science, such as the design and analysis of computer algorithms. Through historical accounts, brief technical explanations, and examples, the book answers a host of questions, including: Why do humans count differently from the way current electronic computers do? Why are there 24 hours in a day, 60 minutes in an hour, etc.? Who invented numbers, when were they invented, and why are there different kinds? How do secret writings and cryptography date back to ancient civilizations? Innumerable individuals from many cultures have contributed their talents and creativity to formulate what has become our mathematical and computing heritage. By bringing together the historical and technical aspects of computing, this book enables readers to gain a deep appreciation of the long evolutionary processes of the field developed over thousands of years. Suitable as a supplement in undergraduate courses, it provides a self-contained historical reference source for anyone interested in this important and evolving field.
Changes in the present challenge us to reinterpret the past, but historians have not yet come to grips with the convergence of computing, media, and communications technology. Today these things are inextricably intertwined, in technologies such as the smartphone and internet, in convergent industries, and in social practices. Yet they remain three distinct historical subfields, tilled by different groups of scholars using different tools. We often call this conglomeration “the digital,” recognizing its deep connection to the technology of digital computing. Unfortunately, interdisciplinary studies of digital practices, digital methods, or digital humanities have rarely been informed by deep engagement with the history of computing.Contributors to this volume have come together to reexamine an apparently familiar era in the history of computing through new lenses, exploring early digital computing and engineering practice as digital phenomena rather than as engines of mathematics and logic. Most focus on the period 1945 to 1960, the era in which the first electronic digital computers were created and the computer industry began to develop. Because digitality is first and foremost a way of reading objects and encoding information within them, we are foregrounding topics that have until now been viewed as peripheral in the history of computing: betting odds calculators, card file systems, program and data storage, programmable calculators, and digital circuit design practices. Reconceptualizing the “history of computing” as study of the “early digital” decenters the stored program computer, repositioning it as one of many digital technologies.
Computing by Yoshihide Igarashi,Tom Altman,Mariko Funada,Barbara Kamiyama Pdf
Exploring a vast array of topics related to computation, Computing: A Historical and Technical Perspective covers the historical and technical foundation of ancient and modern-day computing. The book starts with the earliest references to counting by humans, introduces various number systems, and discusses mathematics in early civilizations. It guides readers all the way through the latest advances in computer science, such as the design and analysis of computer algorithms. Through historical accounts, brief technical explanations, and examples, the book answers a host of questions, including: Why do humans count differently from the way current electronic computers do? Why are there 24 hours in a day, 60 minutes in an hour, etc.? Who invented numbers, when were they invented, and why are there different kinds? How do secret writings and cryptography date back to ancient civilizations? Innumerable individuals from many cultures have contributed their talents and creativity to formulate what has become our mathematical and computing heritage. By bringing together the historical and technical aspects of computing, this book enables readers to gain a deep appreciation of the long evolutionary processes of the field developed over thousands of years. Suitable as a supplement in undergraduate courses, it provides a self-contained historical reference source for anyone interested in this important and evolving field.
Ancient Computers, Part I - Rediscovery, Edition 2 by Stephen Kent Stephenson Pdf
Ancient Computers is an excellent introduction to the calculating methods of diverse cultures across time. A mixture of history and practical techniques for understanding and using these ancient devices brings the tools of these long-forgotten civilizations to a wide audience. Stephenson writes in an easy-to-understand and accessible manner and the use of diagrams is extensive. Want know how to use an abacus or where it came from? This is the book for you! The book is appropriate for high school audiences and above. Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Mountain View, CA ===== The author ... makes two points that deserve wider dissemination. The first is that he sees the central dividing line of the Salamis Tablet as allowing an additive side and a subtractive side ... and notes that this approach, 'reduces the number of pebbles needed tremendously'. It also makes many calculations easier. One cannot argue with his claims of increased efficiency and this point deserves further investigation. The author's second substantive point is that in attempting to understand ancient mathematics, historians need to pay more attention to the available tools, technology, notation, and terminology to see how particular algorithms may have been performed. The author has a video of himself computing the square root of 2 using a set of Salamis Tablets following Heron's method. It takes him 25 minutes [to achieve the four sexagesimal digit precision of Yale tablet YBC 7289]. His argument is that [making and] using only [mathematical reference] tables and writing intermediate [cuneiform] results on clay would take a lot longer. From review by Prof. Duncan Melville, http: //www.stlawu.edu/user/348, in Aestimatio, http: //www.ircps.org/aestimatio/9/294-297. ===== People, especially historians, have long struggled to appreciate and understand how Ancient Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Babylonians, et al, were able to do their arithmetic calculations. Many say the Ancients "probably" used line abacuses or abaci, a.k.a. counting boards. But most then trivialize the possible impact that use would have on the Ancient cultures because they really don't think those abaci would be very powerful and that they would be extremely hard to use. The (re-)discovery this book documents and explores materialized from the author's experiences in engineering, with a knowledge that design compromises often have to be made; computer programming, especially the different number bases used; the hobby use of a Japanese abacus called the Soroban; and study of the Ancients' numbers and culture. The bottom line is that the Ancients had a powerful and lightning fast computer; powerful and fast compared to any other calculation method available to them in their time. Features included: - multi-base number modes: e.g., sexagesimal, decimal, duodecimal, or nonary; - operating on those numbers in two parts: a signed fraction of the base and a signed exponent of the base, equivalent to scientific notation; - easy and low-cost expandability; and - built-in error checking! On the "standard" Ancient line abacus doing base-10 calculations, the fraction could have 10 significant digits and the exponent 4. Certainly enough for most modern engineering or scientific problems. If you need more, though, just scribe a few more lines on the abacus and add a few more pebbles to your pouch! By the way, 170 small pebbles will suffice for any problem on the "standard" line abacus. They fit in a pouch that can be easily and comfortably carried in a man's trouser pocket. I hope you find Ancient Computers interesting and useful, -Steve Stephenson, July 15, 2010 ===== Edition 2 adds two appendices: N: Nonary Abacus as Candidate for Modern Electronic Implementation; and V: Visualizing the Basis of Abacus Arithmetic (Using Colored Chip Models). -Steve Stephenson, July 2013
