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Arsenic: Natural and Anthropogenic by Eleonora Deschamps,Jörg Matschullat Pdf
The discussion on arsenic in the environment is complex and must grasp the importance of very many, mostly unrelated works on individual aspects. This volume represents one of the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary examinations into arsenic's behaviour in air, water, soils, sediments, plants and the human body. Based on state-of-the-art inve
Global Arsenic Hazard by Nabeel Khan Niazi,Irshad Bibi,Tariq Aftab Pdf
This book provides a plethora of information about global arsenic (As) contamination and the challenges for environment. Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid that is widely distributed in water, soil, air and biota from natural and anthropogenic sources. Arsenic has been found in drinking water in over 100 countries worldwide, which caused a major public health issue including: cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and cancers of various organs - these are some of the general health effects of As exposure. Exposure of plants to As, even at very low concentrations, can cause many morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes. The recent research on As in the water-soil-plant-human systems indicates that As toxicity to plants varies with As speciation in plants, type of plant species and with other soil factors controlling As accumulation in plants. In recent years, the development of efficient green chemistry methods for detoxification of trace metal poisoning has become a major focus of researchers. It has been investigated in order to find an eco-friendly and recyclable technique for the removal of As contamination from the natural resources. Understanding the significance of As hazard and roles of sustainable or eco-friendly approaches in its mitigation, we intend to bring forth a comprehensive volume “Global Arsenic Hazard - Ecotoxicology and Remediation" highlighting the various prospects involved in current scenario. We are hopeful that this comprehensive volume will furnish the requisite of all those who are working or have interest in the proposed topic.
Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council
Author : Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 331 pages File Size : 50,6 Mb Release : 1999-06-28 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309553674
Arsenic in Drinking Water by Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council Pdf
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been considering a more stringent regulation of arsenic in water. A significant reduction in the maximum contaminant level (MCL) could increase compliance costs for water utilities. This book discusses the adequacy of the current EPA MCL for protecting human health in the context of stated EPA policy and provides an unbiased scientific basis for deriving the arsenic standard for drinking water and surface water. Arsenic in Drinking Water evaluates epidemiological data on the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects of arsenic exposure of Taiwanese populations and compares those effects with the effects of arsenic exposure demonstrated in other countriesincluding the United States. The book also reviews data on toxicokinetics, metabolism, and mechanism and mode of action of arsenic to ascertain how these data could assist in assessing human health risks from arsenic exposures. This volume recommends specific changes to improve the toxicity analyses and risk characterization. The implications of the changes for EPAs current MCL for arsenic are also described.
Arsenic in Soil and Groundwater Environment by Prosun Bhattacharya,Arun B. B. Mukherjee,Jochen Bundschuh,Ron Zevenhoven,Richard H. Loeppert Pdf
This volume presents the recent developments in the field of arsenic in soil and groundwater. Arranged into nine sections, the text emphasizes the global occurrences of arsenic in the environment, particularly on its source, pathways, behavior, and effects it has on soils, plants, water, animals, and humans. It also covers the diverse issues of arsenic in the mining environment, arsenic emanating from hydrothermal springs, and the geochemical modeling of arsenic adsorption to oxide surfaces. Finally, the text includes different cost effective removal mechanisms of arsenic from drinking water using natural red earth, solar oxidation, and arsenic oxidation by ferrrate. Written in simple English, and few technical terms, the book is designed to create interest within the countries with occurrences of arsenic in drinking water with · an update the current status of knowledge on the dynamics of natural arsenic from the aquifers through groundwater to food chain and efficient techniques for arsenic removal. · serve as a standard text book for graduate, postgraduate students and researchers in the field of Environmental Sciences and Hydrogeochemistry as well as researchers, environmental scientists and chemists, toxicologists, medical scientists and even for general public seeking an in-depth view of arsenic which had been classed as a carcinogen. · bring awareness, among administrators, policy makers and company executives, on the problem and to improve the international cooperation
In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites by Jochen Bundschuh,Hartmut M. Holländer,Lena Qiying Ma Pdf
Providing an introduction, the scientific background, case studies and future perspectives of in-situ arsenic remediation technologies for soils, soil water and groundwater at geogenic and anthropogenic contaminated sites. The case studies present in-situ technologies about natural arsenic, specifically arsenate and arsenite, but also about organic arsenic compounds. This work covers geochemical, microbiological and plant ecological solutions for arsenic remediation. It will serve as a standard textbook for (post-)graduate students and researchers in the field of Environmental Sciences and Hydrogeochemistry as well as researchers, engineers, environmental scientists and chemists, toxicologists, medical scientists and even for general public seeking an in-depth view of arsenic which had been classed as a carcinogen. This book aims to stimulate awareness among administrators, policy makers and company executives of in-situ remediation technologies at sites contamined by arsenic and to improve the international cooperation on the subject.
There are mainly two types of sources of environmental arsenic; the natural processes and the anthropogenic activities. Weathering of rocks, followed by leaching of metals, leads to the introduction of arsenic into soil and water. Two other important natural processes are the biological activity and the volcanic emissions. Humans are exposed to the toxic arsenic (As) species primarily from food and water (Figure 1). Arsenic is considered one of the most important toxic elements found in the environment. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has listed As as a human carcinogen since 1980. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on 'arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds', based on the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals and data on the chemical characteristics, metabolism and modes of action of carcinogenicity. As a result of this evaluation, As and inorganic As compounds are considered carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) and arsenobetaine and other organic arsenic compounds not metabolised in humans, are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). This book discusses several topics on arsenic which include arsenic intake and urine as a biomarker of exposure in two endemic arsenic areas in Chile; analytical detection of arsenic species in environmental and biological materials; inorganic arsenic; and the distribution and abundance of arsenic in soils and plants.
Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology by Swaran Jeet Singh Flora Pdf
Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology, Second Edition presents the latest findings on arsenic, including its chemistry, sources and effects on the environment and human health. The book discusses both acute and chronic effects, discussing many aspects of arsenic, from physical and chemical properties, exposure, epidemiology, organ toxicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Fully updated and revised, this new edition includes new topics on risk assessment, molecular mechanisms of arsenic, advances in the integrated approach to testing, assessment and development, evaluation and application of high content predictive models, and new alternative methods (NAMS) in the context of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to assess toxicology. This comprehensive resource allows readers to effectively assess the risks related to arsenic, providing them with all they need to know on arsenic exposure, toxicity and toxicity prevention. Brings together current findings on the effects of arsenic on the environment and human health Includes state-of-the-art techniques in arsenic toxicokinetics, speciation and molecular mechanisms Provides all the information needed for effective risk assessment, prevention and countermeasures
Natural Arsenic in Groundwater by J. Bundschuh,P. Bhattacharya,D. Chandrasekharam Pdf
Arsenic contamination has become a global phenomenon. With the development of advanced technological detection tools, more geographical areas have been identified. The people most affected are those in the poorer socio-economic groups. The research articles in this book have been contributed by scientists working in areas severely a
Best Practice Guide on the Control of Arsenic in Drinking Water by Prosun Bhattacharya,David Polya,Dragana Jovanovic Pdf
Arsenic in drinking water derived from groundwater is arguably the biggest environmental chemical human health risk known at the present time, with well over 100,000,000 people around the world being exposed. Monitoring the hazard, assessing exposure and health risks and implementing effective remediation are therefore key tasks for organisations and individuals with responsibilities related to the supply of safe, clean drinking water. Best Practice Guide on the Control of Arsenic in Drinking Water, covering aspects of hazard distribution, exposure, health impacts, biomonitoring and remediation, including social and economic issues, is therefore a very timely contribution to disseminating useful knowledge in this area. The volume contains 10 short reviews of key aspects of this issue, supplemented by a further 14 case studies, each of which focusses on a particular area or technological or other practice, and written by leading experts in the field. Detailed selective reference lists provide pointers to more detailed guidance on relevant practice. The volume includes coverage of (i) arsenic hazard in groundwater and exposure routes to humans, including case studies in USA, SE Asia and UK; (ii) health impacts arising from exposure to arsenic in drinking water and biomonitoring approaches; (iii) developments in the nature of regulation of arsenic in drinking water; (iv) sampling and monitoring of arsenic, including novel methodologies; (v) approaches to remediation, particularly in the context of water safety planning, and including case studies from the USA, Italy, Poland and Bangladesh; and (vi) socio-economic aspects of remediation, including non-market valuation methods and local community engagement.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : IARC Page : 540 pages File Size : 52,9 Mb Release : 2004 Category : Medical ISBN : 9283212843
Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, Including Arsenic by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
A working group of 23 experts from 13 countries met in Lyon to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenicity of arsenic (mostly naturally occurring) as a contaminant of drinking-water, and of the water-disinfectant chloramine. The working group also evaluated or re-evaluated four chlorination by-products found in drinking-water, namely chloral hydrate, di- and trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (also known as MX). High-level exposure to arsenic in drinking-water occurs in some regions such as China, Latin America, Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Working Group reviewed epidemiological studies of human cancer (mainly ecological studies in Taiwan and Chile, and several case-control and cohort studies) in relation to arsenic in drinking-water. Arsenic in drinking-water (primarily inorganic, as arsenate and to a lesser extent arsenite) was evaluated as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for an increased risk for cancer of the urinary bladder, lung and skin. Studies on inorganic arsenic in experimental animals provided limited evidence for its carcinogenicity, but sufficient evidence was found in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid (an organic form of arsenic), which produced urinary bladder tumours in rats and lung tumours in mice after oral administration.
Natural Arsenic in Groundwaters of Latin America by Jochen Bundschuh,M. A. Armienta,Peter Birkle,Prosun Bhattacharya,Jörg Matschullat,A. B. Mukherjee Pdf
Groundwater resources naturally contain high levels of arsenic in many parts of the world. Over the last two decades, the As-containing groundwater in South-East Asia has received much attention, but the situation is just as crucial in Latin America, where the number of studies is still relatively low, and the extent and severity of As-exposure in the populations has yet to be fully evaluated. This book aims to promote knowledge of the occurrence and genesis of As-rich groundwater in Latin America. It deals with constraints on the mobility of As in groundwater, As-uptake from soil and water by plants, As-propagation through the food chain, human health impacts, and As-removal technologies. Case studies are presented from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru, amongst others, and are viewed against the background of experience from other world regions. The book is a state-of-art overview of arsenic research in Latin America. It aims to create interest within the Latin American countries affected by the presence of arseniferous aquifers and to increase awareness among administrators, policy makers and company executives. It will also serve to inform the international scientific community, and improve international cooperation on arsenic in groundwater.
Managing Arsenic in the Environment by R. Naidu Pdf
Contains contributions from an international team of key researchers in the field Includes individual country reviews and recent international case studies, giving a broad perspective on the extent and severity of arsenic contamination and poisoning throughout the Asia-Pacific region, where the majority of research has occurred to date. Takes a whole of systems approach, providing a comprehensive picture of the transfer of arsenic from ground water to humans, impacts to human health and management strategies Describes recent technological advances for risk management and remediation
Arsenic Pollution by Peter Ravenscroft,Hugh Brammer,Keith Richards Pdf
Arsenic Pollution summarizes the most current research on the distribution and causes of arsenic pollution, its impact on health and agriculture, and solutions by way of water supply, treatment, and water resource management. Provides the first global and interdisciplinary account of arsenic pollution occurrences Integrates geochemistry, hydrology, agriculture, and water supply and treatment for the first time Options are highlighted for developing alternative water sources and methods for arsenic testing and removal Appeals to specialists in one discipline seeking an overview of the work being done in other disciplines
Geochemical Processes by Horst D. Schulz,Georg Teutsch Pdf
This book is a result of the Priority Programme 546 run by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. It presents the various ideas, concepts and conclusions that resulted from this Programme on the subject of geochemical processes with long-term effects in anthropogenically influenced drainage and ground water.
Toxicological Profile for DDT/DDD/DDE (Update) by Obaid Faroon Pdf
DDT is a pesticide that was once widely used to control insects. Both DDD and DDE are breakdown products of DDT. This profile includes: (1) The examination, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic info. and epidemiologic evaluations on DDT/DDD/DDE to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated chronic health effects; (2) A determination of whether adequate info. on the health effects of DDT/DDD/DDE is available to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health of chronic health effects; and (3) Identification of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans. Illus.
