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This volume brings together papers on Indian ascetical institutions and ideologies published by Patrick Olivelle over a span of about thirty years. Asceticism represents a major strand in the religious and cultural history of India, providing some of the most creative elements within Indian religions and philosophies. Most of the major religions, such as Buddhism and Jainism, and religious philosophies both within these new religions and in the Brahmanical tradition, were created by world-renouncing ascetics. Yet ascetical institutions and ideologies developed in a creative tension with other religious institutions that stressed the centrality of family, procreation and society. It is this tension that has articulated many of the central features of Indian religion and culture. The papers collected in this volume seek to locate Indian ascetical traditions within their historical, political and ideological contexts.
Author : Patrick Olivelle Publisher : State University of New York Press Page : 478 pages File Size : 43,9 Mb Release : 1994-10-28 Category : Religion ISBN : 9781438414997
Rules and Regulations of Brahmanical Asceticism by Patrick Olivelle Pdf
Rules and Regulations of Brahmanical Asceticism is the critical edition and translation of a twelfth-century Sanskrit text written by Yadava Prakasaa, whose life and activities are of historical interest because, according to tradition, he was the teacher of the great Vais'n'ava theologian Ramanuja. This text is the oldest and most comprehensive example of medieval Sanskrit literature devoted to examining the duties of ascetics. Yadava Prakasaa is the only one who explicitly examines the thorny question of whether asceticism is a legitimate way of life for Brahmins. His topics include the people qualified to become ascetics; the rite for becoming an ascetic; the clothes and belongings of an ascetic; techniques of meditation; daily routines such as bathing, divine worship, and begging; proper conduct and etiquette; the manner of wandering; residence during the rains; expiatory penances; and the funeral. In his introduction, Patrick Olivelle examines the place of Yadava's text within the literary and institutional history of Brahman'ical asceticism. He discusses the origins of asceticism in India; its incorporation into the Brahman'ical mainstream; and its variations within Hindu sects, as well as in Buddhist and Jain traditions.
The Connected Discourses of the Buddha by Anonim Pdf
This volume offers a complete translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, the third of the four great collections in the Sutta Pitaka of the Pali Canon. The Samyutta Nikaya consists of fifty-six chapters, each governed by a unifying theme that binds together the Buddha's suttas or discourses. The chapters are organized into five major parts. The first, The Book with Verses, is a compilation of suttas composed largely in verse. This book ranks as one of the most inspiring compilations in the Buddhist canon, showing the Buddha in his full grandeur as the peerless "teacher of gods and humans." The other four books deal in depth with the philosophical principles and meditative structures of early Buddhism. They combine into orderly chapters all the important short discourses of the Buddha on such major topics as dependent origination, the five aggregates, the six sense bases, the seven factors of enlightenment, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the Four Noble Truths. Among the four large Nikayas belonging to the Pali Canon, the Samyutta Nikaya serves as the repository for the many shorter suttas of the Buddha where he discloses his radical insights into the nature of reality and his unique path to spiritual emancipation. This collection, it seems, was directed mainly at those disciples who were capable of grasping the deepest dimensions of wisdom and of clarifying them for others, and also provided guidance to meditators intent on consummating their efforts with the direct realization of the ultimate truth. The present work begins with an insightful general introduction to the Samyutta Nikaya as a whole. Each of the five parts is also provided with its own introduction, intended to guide the reader through this vast, ocean-like collection of suttas. To further assist the reader, the translator has provided an extensive body of notes clarifying various problems concerning both the language and the mean
MN1 - Intermediate Speech Collection by Tomás Morales y Durán Pdf
The Majjhima Nikāya (abbreviated MN) or Collection of the Buddha's Intermediate Discourses is a collection of 152 discourses in the Pāli canon. The word "intermediate" refers to the length of each individual discourse. It contains a wide variety of teachings presented as narratives between the Buddha and a wide range of his contemporaries. The collection parallels the Madhyamāgama (MA) of the Sarvāstivāda school, which survives as a translation in the Chinese canon. The Collection of the Buddha's Intermediate Discourses is the best known collection among the four Nikāyas containing original suttas. This popularity may be due to the fact that it mixes biographical anecdotes with very superficial doctrinal content as opposed to the Saṁyutta Nikāya. This Intermediate Collection contains scattered and undisguised apocryphal suttas of petty intentionality, introduced very late, which detracts from its luster and credibility. However, it is interesting to note the value of the biographical references for the sake of contextualizing the Buddha in the world in which he lived. This first sub-collection, called The First Fifty, contains fifty suttas and is divided into five chapters: the Chapter on the Root of All Things, the Chapter on the Roar of the Lion, the Chapter on Similes, the Chapter on Pairs and the Minor Chapter on Pairs. We can highlight in this subcollection the suttas, MN 4 Fear and Awe, MN 26 The Noble Quest and MN 36 Great Discourse with Saccaka, which refer to the way in which the Buddha became enlightened, as well as autobiographical indications about his origin, who he was and the reasons why he forbade being called by his name. Also relevant are MN 10 The Four Instructions of Practice, MN 16 Mental Obstructions and MN 17 The Thickness of the Jungle. On the spurious side, MN 20 How to Stop Thinking, which exposes a false technique and also highlights the suttas MN43 and MN 44 which are anachronistic catechisms that seem to be made to explain doctrine in the form of questions and answers.
Reading the Buddha's Discourses in Pali by Bhikkhu Bodhi Pdf
Renowned scholar-monk and bestselling translator Bhikkhu Bodhi’s definitive, practical guide on how to read ancient Buddhist texts in the original language. Bhikkhu Bodhi’s sophisticated and practical instructions on how to read the Pali of the Buddha’s discourses will acquaint students of Early Buddhism with the language and idiom of these sacred texts. Here the renowned English translator of the Pali Canon opens a window into key suttas from the Sa?yutta Nikaya, giving a literal translation of each sentence followed by a more natural English rendering, then explaining the grammatical forms involved. In this way, students can determine the meaning of each word and phrase and gain an intimate familiarity with the distinctive style of the Pali suttas—with the words, and world, of the earliest Buddhist texts. Ven. Bodhi’s meticulously selected anthology of suttas provides a systematic overview of the Buddha’s teachings, mirroring the four noble truths, the most concise formulation of the Buddha’s guide to liberation. Reading the Buddha’s Discourses in Pali shares with readers not only exceptional language instruction but also a nuanced study of the substance, style, and method of the early Buddhist discourses.
The Buddha and Religious Diversity by J. Abraham Velez de Cea Pdf
Providing a rigorous analysis of Buddhist ways of understanding religious diversity, this book develops a new foundation for cross-cultural understanding of religious diversity in our time. Examining the complexity and uniqueness of Buddha’s approach to religious pluralism using four main categories – namely exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralistic-inclusivism and pluralism – the book proposes a cross-cultural and interreligious interpretation of each category, thus avoiding the accusation of intellectual colonialism. The key argument is that, unlike the Buddha, most Buddhist traditions today, including Theravāda Buddhism and even the Dalai Lama, consider liberation and the highest stages of spiritual development exclusive to Buddhism. The book suggests that the Buddha rejects many doctrines and practices found in other traditions, and that, for him, there are nonnegotiable ethical and doctrinal standards that correspond to the Dharma. This argument is controversial and likely to ignite a debate among Buddhists from different traditions, especially between conservative and progressive Buddhists. The book fruitfully contributes to the literature on inter-religious dialogue, and is of use to students and scholars of Asian Studies, World Religion and Eastern Philosophy.
SN5 - Collection of Interlaced Speeches by Tomás Morales y Durán Pdf
The Great Book deals in depth with the fourth noble truth, the path that leads to liberation from suffering. It is not a path that appears difficult, let alone impossible, although as we shall see, it is easy to get lost and become irretrievably bound to unbearable conditionality. We start with the correct belief. It is evident that if we start from wrong axioms, everything that comes later will be wrong and there, from the beginning, we will be lost. The erroneous beliefs are so many and so varied that we can say that they are all of them, except the correct one, which is only one. It is an incorrect belief that all paths lead to liberation. The correct one is that all paths but one bind to Samsara and within it, even to hell. Right belief is an accurate conceptual understanding, based on listening to the teachings and logical reflection on their meaning that leads to the right disposition, to putting the conditions in place to carry out the effort, which is the second factor. It is of little use to have the right belief if there is no disposition. Lack of disposition or incorrect disposition is another way of getting lost. Right belief subjected to right thinking leads to right speech, right action and right conduct. Right speech is essentially not lying. To lie is to kick an uncomfortable situation forward, which you will always find yourself back to again corrected and augmented sooner rather than later, so it is unwise to tell lies. The right action is to avoid evil, because every bad action brings a bad consequence. But right action is not doing good, not least because good actions often have even worse results than bad actions. Right action carefully evaluates the outcome of actions so that the results are not harmful. Right conduct consists in avoiding acting out of any of the three underlying tendencies, craving, aversion or ignorance. Right conduct properly applied is the way to behaviorally eliminate the roots of suffering. This path is laborious and requires great effort on several levels, applying it to the correct remembrance of the instructions of the practice leads to right contemplation. Not making an effort leads to getting lost. But also the misdirection is a consequence of not knowing or misunderstanding the instructions of the practice. If one has a wrong idea of the instructions of the practice, the effort applied will forcefully push away from the direct path to failure. However, applying the right effort to execute the right instructions of the practice leads to right contemplation. And with contemplation we gain access to gnosis, to the paranormal abilities and therefore to the episteme that constitute right wisdom and this to right liberation. And not only that, right contemplation transforms, endowing the practitioner with ethics. He will no longer do anything moved by underlying tendencies, nor will he lie, and he will correctly assess his actions by limiting the consequences. Thus the sumum bonum of the teaching, Nibbāna, is achieved by being able to uproot the factors of clinging to existence and abandoning the bondage of Samsara. No less important are the Discourses intertwined with the Factors of Enlightenment containing 184 discourses on the seven factors of enlightenment which are the qualities that lead the meditator to enlightenment. The Discourses Intertwined with the Practice Instructions contains 104 discourses on the four kinds of practice instructions, explaining clearly and simply how the practice on the breath addresses them all. The Discourses intertwined with the Faculties contains 178 discourses on the five faculties of faith, effort, practice, contemplation and episteme. This booklet is expanded with discourses on 22 other faculties. This book also addresses Right Efforts, the Five Powers, the basics of Paranormal Abilities, and psychic powers and jhānas. The Ānāpāna Saṃyutta or Discourses Intertwined with the Practice Instructions on Breathing contains 20 discourses on breathing meditation. This development fulfills the four practice instructions and the seven factors of enlightenment. Finally, the Great Book deals with the Entry into the Stream and the Four Noble Truths: Suffering, its origin, its cessation and the Noble Eightfold Path. These formed the main theme of the Buddha's first discourse at Benares.
The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha by Anonim Pdf
Like the River Ganges flowing down from the Himalayas, the entire Buddhist tradition flows down to us from the teachings and deeds of the historical Buddha, who lived and taught in India during the fifth century B.C.E. To ensure that his legacy would survive the ravages of time, his direct disciples compiled records of the Buddha's teachings soon after his passing. In the Theravada Buddhist tradition, which prevails in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, these records are regarded as the definitive "word of the Buddha." Preserved in Pali, an ancient Indian language closely related to the language that the Buddha spoke, this full compilation of texts is known as the Pali Canon. At the heart of the Buddha's teaching were the suttas (Sanskrit sutras), his discourses and dialogues. If we want to find out what the Buddha himself actually said, these are the most ancient sources available to us. The suttas were compiled into collections called "Nikayas," of which there are four, each organized according to a different principle. The Digha Nikaya consists of longer discourses; the Majjhima Nikaya of middle-length discourses; the Samyutta Nikaya of thematically connected discourses; and the Anguttara Nikaya of numerically patterned discourses. The present volume, which continues Wisdom's famous Teachings of the Buddha series, contains a full translation of the Anguttara Nikaya. The Anguttara arranges the Buddha's discourses in accordance with a numerical scheme intended to promote retention and easy comprehension. In an age when writing was still in its infancy, this proved to be the most effective way to ensure that the disciples could grasp and replicate the structure of a teaching.
Middle Discourses by Bhikkhu Sujato,SuttaCentral Pdf
SuttaCentral has published an entirely new translation of the four Pali nikāyas by Bhikkhu Sujato, which is the first complete and consistent English translation of these core texts. This is an ebook version of Bhikkhu Sujato's translation of the Majjhima Nikāya, which can also be read at SuttaCentral website. The Middle Discourses (Majjhima Nikāya, abbreviated MN) is a collection of 152 discourses in the Pali canon (Tipiṭaka) of the Theravada school of Buddhism. The word “middle” refers to the length of the individual discourses. This is perhaps the most popular collection of early discourses. It contains a wide variety of teachings, many of them presented as narratives between the Buddha and a diverse range of his contemporaries. The collection parallels the Madhyamāgama (MA) of the Sarvāstivāda school, which survives as a translation in the Chinese canon. This translation of Majjhima Nikāya was updated on March 6th, 2023.
Linked Discourses by Bhikkhu Sujato,SuttaCentral Pdf
SuttaCentral has published an entirely new translation of the four Pali nikāyas by Bhikkhu Sujato, which is the first complete and consistent English translation of these core texts. This is an ebook version of Bhikkhu Sujato's translation of the Saṁyutta Nikāya, which can also be read at SuttaCentral website. The “Linked” or “Connected” Discourses (Saṁyutta Nikāya, abbreviated SN) is a collection of over a thousand short discourses in the Pali canon. The word “linked” refers to the fact that the texts are collected and organized by topic. In most cases the organizing principle is a particular theme of Dhamma, for example, the five aggregates, dependent origination, the noble eightfold path, mindfulness meditation, or the four noble truths. This collection contains the most extensive range of texts on these core themes. In other cases chapters are organized according to the person or kind of person who speaks. This collection has a full parallel in the Saṁyuktāgama (SA) of the Sarvāstivāda school in Chinese translation. In addition, there are two partial collections in Chinese (SA-2 and SA-3) as well as a number of miscellaneous or fragmentary texts in Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. Much of the organizational structure of SN is shared with SA, suggesting that this structure preceded the split between these two collections. This translation of Saṁyutta Nikāya was updated on March 8th, 2023.
Numbered Discourses by Bhikkhu Sujato,SuttaCentral Pdf
SuttaCentral has published an entirely new translation of the four Pali Nikāyas by Bhikkhu Sujato, which is the first complete and consistent English translation of these core texts. This is an ebook version of Bhikkhu Sujato's translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya, which can also be read at SuttaCentral website. The “Numbered” or “Numerical” Discourses are usually known as Aṅguttara Nikāya in Pali, abbreviated AN. However, the Pali tradition also knows the form Ekottara (“one-up” or “incremental”), and this is the form usually found in the northern collections. These collections organize texts in numbered sets, from one to eleven. Compared to the other nikāyas, they are more oriented to the lay community. The Ekottarikāgama (EA) in Chinese is a highly unusual text, which features a range of variations within itself when it comes even to basic doctrines. It shares considerably less in common with the Pali Aṅguttara than the other collections do with their counterparts. In addition, there is a partial Ekottarikāgama in Chinese, as well as a variety of individual discourses and fragments in Chinese and Sanskrit. This translation of Aṅguttara Nikāya was updated on March 6th, 2023
AN5 - Collection of Numbered Speeches by Tomás Morales y Durán Pdf
The fifth book of the Aṅguttara Nikāya, the Collection of the Numbered Discourses of the Buddha, collects 1152 suttas or discourses whose subject matter is centered on groups of five topics. It should be remembered that the nikāyas were composed to be transmitted orally at a time when no writing system had yet been reintroduced in India. By that time, the ancient scripts of the archaic Harappan civilization had lost their meaning no less than fifteen centuries earlier and are still undecipherable to this day. Remembering was the key and redundancy was the guarantee for successful transmission. All suttas fit into complex mnemonic systems designed to be tolerant to errors and even loss of data. This not only served in its day for correct transmission, but becomes the most powerful tool for supporting the reconstruction of the message. This is especially important for The Book of Fives. This book contains suttas to be read, except for the final Mātikās contained in the last chapter. The contents do not enhance the interest of its predecessors in the numbered collection, and in no way displace the main work, the Saṃyutta Nikaya. In the section of anecdotal suttas, he returns to the nefariousness of the rulers, in the line of the previous ones. In this case, the legitimate and meritorious defense of one's own wealth against the scourge of the rulers in AN 5.41 and AN 5.148 is included. AN 5.104 reflects their corrupt behavior. We can highlight the suttas in which the Buddha denounces false bhikkhus who pretend to be bhikkhus in order to make a living by propagating false doctrines. In AN 5.80 and AN 5.167 he speaks of those false bhikkhus who live in houses or who are ordained as a bastard means of earning a living. Messages that are very topical today. On the side of the false suttas marked with double asterisk (**), we find this time only two false suttas. AN 5.229: Poisonous black snakes (I), the Buddha supposedly confers on women epithets such as these: "She is disgusting, stinking, cowardly, frightening and treacherous. These are the five drawbacks of a woman." AN 5.230: Poisonous black snakes (II). If the above was not enough, and so that there is no doubt about the misogynistic message that hangs on the Buddha, the sutta finishes off the woman like this: "She is irritable, hostile, venomous, biting and treacherous. This is the poison of a woman: she is usually very lustful. This is the forked tongue of a woman: she usually speaks divisively. This is the treachery of a woman: she is usually an adulteress." In short, we are still engaged in an arduous and exhaustive work of research and reconstruction in comparative linguistics to unravel some texts of little interest.
