Behavioral And Physiological Bases Of Attentional Biases Paradigms Participants And Stimuli

Author : Daniela M. Pfabigan,Ulrich S. Tran
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2015-08-21
Category : Behavioural studies
ISBN : 9782889196401

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Behavioral and Physiological Bases of Attentional Biases: Paradigms, Participants, and Stimuli by Daniela M. Pfabigan,Ulrich S. Tran Pdf

Attentional biases (ABs) play a prominent role in the development and maintenance of clinically relevant symptoms of, for example, anxiety and depression. In particular, increased attentional orienting and preoccupation with biologically relevant and mood-congruent stimuli has been observed, suggesting that the visual-attentional system is overly sensitive towards threat cues and avoidant of cues of reward in these disorders. First, several experimental paradigms have been used to assess ABs, e.g., the dot probe task, the emotional stroop task, and the spatial cueing task amongst others. Yet, these paradigms are based on different theoretical backgrounds and target different stages of the attentional process. Thus, different paradigms provided converging as well as diverging evidence with regard to ABs. However, it is often not entirely clear to what extent this reflects real differences and commonalities, or is caused by differences in methodology. For example, behavioral reaction time data can only provide a snapshot of selective attention. Measuring event-related potentials, eye movements, or functional brain imaging data enables exploring the exact temporal and spatial dynamics of attentional processes. Moreover, neuroimaging data reveal specific cortical networks involved in directing attention toward a stimulus or disengaging from it. Second, ABs have been mainly discussed as symptoms of psychopathology, while results in healthy participants are still scarce; previous studies mostly compared extreme groups. However, a comprehensive theoretical and empirical account of ABs in psychopathology also requires a thorough account of ABs in the general healthy population. Moreover, the effect of gender, as an important contributing factor in processing of emotional stimuli, has also not been considered systematically in previous research. Third, a variety of stimuli has been used in the assessment of ABs. So far, mostly facial or word stimuli have been applied. However, in everyday life not only facial emotion recognition but also a fast evaluation of complex social situations is important to be effective in social interactions. Recent research started using more complex stimuli to raise ecological validity. However, the use of ecologically valid stimuli poses some methodological challenges and needs to be applied more systematically. The aim of this research topic is to integrate different paradigms and stimuli, addressing individuals from the whole range of the population continuum, and to apply different methodological approaches. It is intended to bring together expertise in stimulus selection, timing and implementing issues, advancing and broadening the overall understanding of ABs.

Author : Arti Chandani,Rajiv Divekar, Mita Mehta
Publisher : European Alliance for Innovation
Page : 501 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2019-02-09
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781631901911

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SIMSARC 2018 by Arti Chandani,Rajiv Divekar, Mita Mehta Pdf

4C’s; Communication, Commerce, Connectivity and Culture are the building blocks of an economy. How well an economy will grow or perform will depend on how strong these four pillars are. Communication leads to sharing of information among individuals. It is important for any business to have the right kind of communication channel. Commerce, provides goods and services for the society and its people. Connectivity provides the right infrastructure and system for those goods and services to reach the market. Lastly, culture helps to retain the indigenous value in those. SIMSARC 2018, organised by Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, focussed on the aforementioned idea and invited eminent speakers from academia and industry, all over the world, to share their views on the importance of the 4Cs; Communication, Commerce, Connectivity and Culture for businesses and society. The conference had 4 sub-themes viz. Communication, Commerce, Connectivity and Culture which were the plenary sessions for the conference. The highlight of the “communication: Role of AI, Big Data and IoT in Business” track was the papers which were from broad range of Internet of things (IoT), big data, role of technology, Artificial Intelligence among other aspects of communication. The panel speakers gave insight as to how communication is important for business not only for across boundaries but within a country as well. Another session was on “Culture: An indigenous way” where speakers deliberated on the cultures prevailing in different organisations, countries and societies. From a ‘we together’ attitude in some country to a ‘me first’ attitude in the other, cultural similarities and dissimilarities across nations were discussed in this track. The session witnessed some relevant questions from the audience on issues of language barriers and its effect on businesses. Language and cultural barriers are something which are inevitable but one needs to be adoptive and should learn languages to mitigate these barriers. “Connectivity: Backbone for development” was another plenary discussion where increase in connectivity through various social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp was discussed and deliberated where the focus was whether human beings are still emotionally connected or not. The critical role of technology was emphasized along with importance of human to human interaction. No matter how much technology comes in play, human connections will never die as this was concluded by speakers as Technolgoy may not be able to take away the emotional connect. Another track, “Commerce: Fuel for economy” where the panellist spoke about growth, price discrimination, financial markets, inequality etc. Investor’s education is one of the most important aspect to take the investors to level where they understand financial market and this will help in investment activity in the market. Sustainability was another concern highlighted by the speakers and they pointed that policies should work towards attaining sustainability in the market and try to bridge the gap between skills and jobs available in the country. Researchers from all over the country, belonging to academic institutes and industry, presented their research ideas on the 4C’s. These research works ranged from digital transformation, IOT, team dynamics and organisation culture to infrastructural issues, e-commerce, banking and corporate governance, the research works presented covered a plethora of policy issues where each one of them is the need of the hour. The deliberations from renowned academicians who came from different parts of the world along with top industrialist, bureaucrats, entrepreneurs, NGOs immensely contributed to the existing bodies of work. They emphasized on the importance of right policies to promote communication, connectivity, facilitating commerce and preserving culture among societies. Overall, the conference witnessed a brainstorming session with scholars and experts and it surely did pave the way for future research.

Author : Tatjana Aue,Hadas Okon-Singer
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2020-02-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128166611

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Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders by Tatjana Aue,Hadas Okon-Singer Pdf

Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders: Neurophysiological Foundations focuses on the neurophysiological basis of biases in attention, interpretation, expectancy and memory. Each chapter includes a review of each specific bias, including both positive and negative information in both healthy individuals and psychiatric populations. This book provides readers with major theories, methods used in investigating biases, brain regions associated with the related bias, and autonomic responses to specific biases. Its end goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the neural, autonomic and cognitive mechanisms related to processing biases. Outlines neurophysiological research on diverse types of information processing bias, including attention bias, expectancy bias, interpretation bias, and memory bias Discusses both normal and pathological forms of each cognitive biases Provides specific examples on how to translate research on cognitive biases to clinical applications

Author : Joseph Henrich
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Page : 420 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2020-09-08
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780374710453

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The WEIRDest People in the World by Joseph Henrich Pdf

A New York Times Notable Book of 2020 A Bloomberg Best Non-Fiction Book of 2020 A Behavioral Scientist Notable Book of 2020 A Human Behavior & Evolution Society Must-Read Popular Evolution Book of 2020 A bold, epic account of how the co-evolution of psychology and culture created the peculiar Western mind that has profoundly shaped the modern world. Perhaps you are WEIRD: raised in a society that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. If so, you’re rather psychologically peculiar. Unlike much of the world today, and most people who have ever lived, WEIRD people are highly individualistic, self-obsessed, control-oriented, nonconformist, and analytical. They focus on themselves—their attributes, accomplishments, and aspirations—over their relationships and social roles. How did WEIRD populations become so psychologically distinct? What role did these psychological differences play in the industrial revolution and the global expansion of Europe during the last few centuries? In The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich draws on cutting-edge research in anthropology, psychology, economics, and evolutionary biology to explore these questions and more. He illuminates the origins and evolution of family structures, marriage, and religion, and the profound impact these cultural transformations had on human psychology. Mapping these shifts through ancient history and late antiquity, Henrich reveals that the most fundamental institutions of kinship and marriage changed dramatically under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church. It was these changes that gave rise to the WEIRD psychology that would coevolve with impersonal markets, occupational specialization, and free competition—laying the foundation for the modern world. Provocative and engaging in both its broad scope and its surprising details, The WEIRDest People in the World explores how culture, institutions, and psychology shape one another, and explains what this means for both our most personal sense of who we are as individuals and also the large-scale social, political, and economic forces that drive human history. Includes black-and-white illustrations.

Author : Josef Zihl
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2010-11-01
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136911538

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Rehabilitation of Visual Disorders After Brain Injury by Josef Zihl Pdf

This thoroughly updated and extended edition covers the various cerebral visual disorders acquired after brain injury, as well as the rehabilitation techniques used to treat them. These are described within a brain plasticity framework, using data from single and group case studies along with follow up observation data. This original, tailor-made approach also includes the recording of eye movements for assessing scanning performance in scene perception and reading. The book gives a brief synopsis of the historical background on the subject, alongside an outline of intervention designs and methodological difficulties in the field, and goes on to discuss the mechanisms and processes that provide the foundations for recovery of function and successful adaptation in visually impaired patients. The author concludes by analyzing the importance of the procedures and outcomes of treatments to the reduction of patients’ visual handicaps. The new edition also contains an appendix with recommendations on the case histories, diagnostics and treatments. It is ideal reading for students in clinical neuropsychology, as well as professionals in the fields of neurology, visual neuroscience and rehabilitation experts.

Author : Jennifer J. Vasterling,Chris Brewin
Publisher : Guilford Press
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2005-05-20
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1593851731

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Neuropsychology of PTSD by Jennifer J. Vasterling,Chris Brewin Pdf

The emotional and behavioral symptoms associated with PTSD have been widely studied, but until recently, much less was known about neuropsychological aspects of the disorder. This volume brings together leading experts to synthesize current knowledge on how trauma affects the brain. Integrating compelling insights from neurobiology with clinical and cognitive perspectives, the book presents cutting-edge theoretical advances with major implications for assessment and treatment. Clearly written and well documented, the volume explores the emergence of neuropsychological dysfunction in specific trauma populations: children, adults, older adults, and victims of closed-head injury. Coverage encompasses a range of chronic problems with memory, attention, and information processing, including biases in the ways that PTSD sufferers attend to and remember emotionally relevant information, as well as how they encode and retrieve trauma-related memories. Throughout, authors back up their arguments with salient empirical research, highlighting key findings from functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology. Methodological dilemmas and controversies are also addressed, such as the challenges of studying a disorder with frequent psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Timely and authoritative, this comprehensive work provides vital knowledge for trauma specialists and other researchers and clinicians, including neuropsychologists, clinical psychologists, and psychiatrists. It will also be of interest to advanced students in these areas.

Author : Allison G. Harvey,Edward Watkins,Warren Mansell
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0198528884

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Cognitive Behavioural Processes Across Psychological Disorders by Allison G. Harvey,Edward Watkins,Warren Mansell Pdf

Readership: Academics, clinical psychologists and psychiatrists, cognitive behavioural therapists, and undergraduate and postgraduate students in clinical psychology

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 958 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2013-05-17
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780123983619

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Principles of Addiction by Anonim Pdf

Principles of Addiction provides a solid understanding of the definitional and diagnostic differences between use, abuse, and disorder. It describes in great detail the characteristics of these syndromes and various etiological models. The book's three main sections examine the nature of addiction, including epidemiology, symptoms, and course; alcohol and drug use among adolescents and college students; and detailed descriptions of a wide variety of addictive behaviors and disorders, encompassing not only drugs and alcohol, but caffeine, food, gambling, exercise, sex, work, social networking, and many other areas. This volume is especially important in providing a basic introduction to the field as well as an in-depth review of our current understanding of the nature and process of addictive behaviors. Principles of Addiction is one of three volumes comprising the 2,500-page series, Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders. This series provides the most complete collection of current knowledge on addictive behaviors and disorders to date. In short, it is the definitive reference work on addictions. Each article provides glossary, full references, suggested readings, and a list of web resources Edited and authored by the leaders in the field around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available Encompasses types of addiction, as well as personality and environmental influences on addiction

Author : Valtteri Arstila,Dan Lloyd
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 687 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780262544757

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Subjective Time by Valtteri Arstila,Dan Lloyd Pdf

Interdisciplinary perspectives on the feature of conscious life that scaffolds every act of cognition: subjective time. Our awareness of time and temporal properties is a constant feature of conscious life. Subjective temporality structures and guides every aspect of behavior and cognition, distinguishing memory, perception, and anticipation. This milestone volume brings together research on temporality from leading scholars in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience, defining a new field of interdisciplinary research. The book's thirty chapters include selections from classic texts by William James and Edmund Husserl and new essays setting them in historical context; contemporary philosophical accounts of lived time; and current empirical studies of psychological time. These last chapters, the larger part of the book, cover such topics as the basic psychophysics of psychological time, its neural foundations, its interaction with the body, and its distortion in illness and altered states of consciousness. Contributors Melissa J. Allman, Holly Andersen, Valtteri Arstila, Yan Bao, Dean V. Buonomano, Niko A. Busch, Barry Dainton, Sylvie Droit-Volet, Christine M. Falter, Thomas Fraps, Shaun Gallagher, Alex O. Holcombe, Edmund Husserl, William James, Piotr Jaśkowski, Jeremie Jozefowiez, Ryota Kanai, Allison N. Kurti, Dan Lloyd, Armando Machado, Matthew S. Matell, Warren H. Meck, James Mensch, Bruno Mölder, Catharine Montgomery, Konstantinos Moutoussis, Peter Naish, Valdas Noreika, Sukhvinder S. Obhi, Ruth Ogden, Alan o'Donoghue, Georgios Papadelis, Ian B. Phillips, Ernst Pöppel, John E. R. Staddon, Dale N. Swanton, Rufin VanRullen, Argiro Vatakis, Till M. Wagner, John Wearden, Marc Wittmann, Agnieszka Wykowska, Kielan Yarrow, Bin Yin, Dan Zahavi

Author : Jack van Honk
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 187 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Threat (Psychology)
ISBN : 9039322449

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Selective Attention to Threat by Jack van Honk Pdf

Author : Michael Eysenck
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2014-01-21
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317775034

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Anxiety and Cognition by Michael Eysenck Pdf

It is argued in this book that there are three major approaches to anxiety. First, there is anxiety as an emotional state. Second, there is trait anxiety as a dimension of personality. Third, there is anxiety as a set of anxiety disorders. What is attempted is to produce a unified theory of anxiety which integrates all these major approaches. According to this unified theory, there are four sources of information which influence the level of experienced anxiety: (1) experimental stimulation; (2) internal physiological activity; (3) internal cognitions, (e.g., worries); and (4) one's own behaviour. The unified theory is essentially based on a cognitive approach. More specifically, it is assumed that individual differences in experienced anxiety between those high and low in trait anxiety depend largely on cognitive biases. It is also assumed that the various anxiety disorders depend on cognitive biases, and that the main anxiety disorders differ in terms of the source of information most affected by such biases (e.g., social phobics have biased interpretation of their own behaviour). In sum, this book presents a general theory of anxiety from the cognitive perspective. It is intended that this theory will influence theory and research on emotion, personality, and the anxiety disorders. Correction notice: Christos Halkiopoulos should have been credited for his role as the inventor of the Dot Probe Paradigm and for the design and execution of the experiment discussed in C. D. Spielberger, I. G. Sarason, Z. Kulczar, and J. Van Heck (Eds.), Stress and Emotion, Vol. 14. London: Hemisphere.

Author : Jan de Houwer,Dirk Hermans
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 520 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2010-05-09
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136980947

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Cognition and Emotion by Jan de Houwer,Dirk Hermans Pdf

Emotions are complex and multifaceted phenomena. Although they have been examined from a variety of perspectives, the study of the interaction between cognition and emotion has always occupied a unique position within emotion research. Many philosophers and psychologists have been fascinated by the relationship between thinking and feeling. During the past 30 years, research on the relationship between cognition and emotion has boomed and so many studies on this topic have been published that it is difficult to keep track of the evidence. This book fulfils the need for a review of the existing evidence on particular aspects of the interplay between cognition and emotion. The book assembles a collection of state-of-the-art reviews of the most important topics in cognition and emotion research: emotion theories, feeling and thinking, the perception of emotion, the expression of emotion, emotion regulation, emotion and memory, and emotion and attention. By bringing these reviews together, this book presents a unique overview of the knowledge that has been generated in the past decades about the many and complex ways in which cognition and emotion interact. As such, it provides a useful tool for both students and researchers alike, in the fields of social, clinical and cognitive psychology.

Author : Stephen J. Wood,Nicholas B. Allen,Christos Pantelis
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 465 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2009-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780521862899

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The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness by Stephen J. Wood,Nicholas B. Allen,Christos Pantelis Pdf

Describes neuropsychological approaches to the investigation, description, measurement and management of a wide range of mental illnesses.

Author : Victoria Bream,Fiona Challacombe,Asmita Palmer,Paul Salkovskis
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2017-07-13
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780191008320

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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder by Victoria Bream,Fiona Challacombe,Asmita Palmer,Paul Salkovskis Pdf

Obsessive-compulsive disorder can be a very disabling and distressing problem. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be very effective in helping people to overcome OCD. However, OCD is a highly heterogeneous disorder, often complicated by contextual factors, and therapists are often left wondering how to apply their knowledge of treatment to the particular problems as they face them in clinical practice. This book provides the reader with an understanding of the background to and principles of using CBT for OCD in a clear practical 'how to' style. It also elucidates the particular challenges and solutions in applying CBT for OCD using illustrative case material and guidance on formulation-driven intervention. The book also addresses commonly occurring complexities in the treatment of OCD, for example working with comorbidity, perfectionism, shame and family involvement in symptoms. Throughout the book, the authors provide tips on receiving and giving supervision to trouble-shoot commonly encountered problems, resulting in a guide that can help clinicians at all levels of experience.

Author : Charles Folk,Bradley Gibson
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 412 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2001-11-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780080499550

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Attraction, Distraction and Action by Charles Folk,Bradley Gibson Pdf

Over the last decade there has been a spate of research on the empirical phenomenon known as "attentional capture". Interest in capture can be attributed not only to its applied significance, but also to the implications of the phenomenon for theories of selective attention, as well as cognitive control in general. This growing interest, however, has also spawned a wide variety of experimental paradigms, empirical results, and theoretical perspectives. In June of 2000, 40 experimental psychologists converged on Villanova University for a conference and workshop on attentional capture. The intent was to provide an intimate forum for scientists from diverse perspectives and backgrounds, and using diverse methodologies to present their research on attentional capture and also engage in small group discussions on such key issues as the definition, measurement, and theoretical treatment of attention capture. This book presents a collection of chapters based on those presentations and discussions. Chapters are organized around areas such as neuroscience, visual cognition, developmental, individual differences and dynamical systems. The volume provides: a summary of the latest cutting edge research; an important compass for future research in this area; a useful survey of the field; contributions from internationally recognized experts in attention. Due to its exclusive focus on the topic of attentional capture the volume should make an excellent supplemental text or reference book for advanced undergraduate or graduate seminars in cognitive psychology and attention.