Between The Ottomans And The Entente

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Between the Ottomans and the Entente

Stacy D. Fahrenthold
Between the Ottomans and the Entente Book PDF

Author : Stacy D. Fahrenthold
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : HISTORY
ISBN : 0190872160

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Between the Ottomans and the Entente by Stacy D. Fahrenthold Pdf

In 1914, a half million Arab migrants across the Americas watched uneasily as the geopolitical ground trembled beneath their feet. As subjects of an Ottoman Empire then at war with the Triple Entente, Syrian and Lebanese migrants living in Brazil, Argentina, and the United States faced new demands for political loyalty. From Istanbul, the Ottoman state commanded Syrian migrants to maintain diasporic fealty and to resist European colonialism. Living in a largely pro-Entente hemisphere, Syrian migrants daily grappled with political suspicion, travel restriction, and outward displays of support for the war against the Ottomans. Between the Ottomans and the Entente tells how the Syrian and Lebanese mahjar (diaspora) became a geopolitical frontier between the Young Turk Revolution and the early French Mandate. Stacy D. Fahrenthold examines how empires at war--from the Ottomans to the French--embraced and claimed Syrian migrants as part of the state-building process in the Middle East. In doing so, they transformed this diaspora into an epicenter for Arab nationalist politics. Employing a uniquely transnational set of indigenous archives written between and among migrant activists, this book reveals the degree to which Ottoman migrants "became Syrians" while abroad, bringing their politics home to the post-Ottoman Middle East.

Between the Ottomans and the Entente

Stacy D. Fahrenthold
Between the Ottomans and the Entente Book PDF

Author : Stacy D. Fahrenthold
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2019-02-18
Category : History
ISBN : 9780190872144

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Between the Ottomans and the Entente by Stacy D. Fahrenthold Pdf

Since 2011 over 5.6 million Syrians have fled to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and beyond, and another 6.6 million are internally displaced. The contemporary flight of Syrian refugees comes one century after the region's formative experience with massive upheaval, displacement, and geopolitical intervention: the First World War. In this book, Stacy Fahrenthold examines the politics of Syrian and Lebanese migration around the period of the First World War. Some half million Arab migrants, nearly all still subjects of the Ottoman Empire, lived in a diaspora concentrated in Brazil, Argentina, and the United States. They faced new demands for their political loyalty from Istanbul, which commanded them to resist European colonialism. From the Western hemisphere, Syrian migrants grappled with political suspicion, travel restriction, and outward displays of support for the war against the Ottomans. From these diasporic communities, Syrians used their ethnic associations, commercial networks, and global press to oppose Ottoman rule, collaborating with the Entente powers because they believed this war work would bolster the cause of Syria's liberation. Between the Ottomans and the Entente shows how these communities in North and South America became a geopolitical frontier between the Young Turk Revolution and the early French Mandate. It examines how empires at war-from the Ottomans to the French-embraced and claimed Syrian migrants as part of the state-building process in the Middle East. In doing so, they transformed this diaspora into an epicenter for Arab nationalist politics. Drawing on transnational sources from migrant activists, this wide-ranging work reveals the degree to which Ottoman migrants "became Syrians" while abroad and brought their politics home to the post-Ottoman Middle East.

The Fall of the Ottomans

Eugene Rogan
The Fall of the Ottomans Book PDF

Author : Eugene Rogan
Publisher : Basic Books
Page : 512 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2015-03-10
Category : History
ISBN : 9780465056699

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The Fall of the Ottomans by Eugene Rogan Pdf

In 1914 the Ottoman Empire was depleted of men and resources after years of war against Balkan nationalist and Italian forces. But in the aftermath of the assassination in Sarajevo, the powers of Europe were sliding inexorably toward war, and not even the Middle East could escape the vast and enduring consequences of one of the most destructive conflicts in human history. The Great War spelled the end of the Ottomans, unleashing powerful forces that would forever change the face of the Middle East. In The Fall of the Ottomans, award-winning historian Eugene Rogan brings the First World War and its immediate aftermath in the Middle East to vivid life, uncovering the often ignored story of the region's crucial role in the conflict. Bolstered by German money, arms, and military advisors, the Ottomans took on the Russian, British, and French forces, and tried to provoke Jihad against the Allies in their Muslim colonies. Unlike the static killing fields of the Western Front, the war in the Middle East was fast-moving and unpredictable, with the Turks inflicting decisive defeats on the Entente in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, and Gaza before the tide of battle turned in the Allies' favor. The great cities of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and, finally, Damascus fell to invading armies before the Ottomans agreed to an armistice in 1918. The postwar settlement led to the partition of Ottoman lands between the victorious powers, and laid the groundwork for the ongoing conflicts that continue to plague the modern Arab world. A sweeping narrative of battles and political intrigue from Gallipoli to Arabia, The Fall of the Ottomans is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the Great War and the making of the modern Middle East.

The Ottoman Road to War in 1914

Mustafa Aksakal
The Ottoman Road to War in 1914 Book PDF

Author : Mustafa Aksakal
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2008-12-11
Category : History
ISBN : 1139474499

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The Ottoman Road to War in 1914 by Mustafa Aksakal Pdf

Why did the Ottoman Empire enter the First World War in late October 1914, months after the war's devastations had become clear? Were its leaders 'simple-minded,' 'below-average' individuals, as the doyen of Turkish diplomatic history has argued? Or, as others have claimed, did the Ottomans enter the war because War Minister Enver Pasha, dictating Ottoman decisions, was in thrall to the Germans and to his own expansionist dreams? Based on previously untapped Ottoman and European sources, Mustafa Aksakal's dramatic study challenges this consensus. It demonstrates that responsibility went far beyond Enver, that the road to war was paved by the demands of a politically interested public, and that the Ottoman leadership sought the German alliance as the only way out of a web of international threats and domestic insecurities, opting for an escape whose catastrophic consequences for the empire and seismic impact on the Middle East are felt even today.

The Ottoman Endgame

Sean McMeekin
The Ottoman Endgame Book PDF

Author : Sean McMeekin
Publisher : Penguin
Page : 576 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2015-10-13
Category : History
ISBN : 9780698410060

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The Ottoman Endgame by Sean McMeekin Pdf

An astonishing retelling of twentieth-century history from the Ottoman perspective, delivering profound new insights into World War I and the contemporary Middle East Between 1911 and 1922, a series of wars would engulf the Ottoman Empire and its successor states, in which the central conflict, of course, is World War I—a story we think we know well. As Sean McMeekin shows us in this revelatory new history of what he calls the “wars of the Ottoman succession,” we know far less than we think. The Ottoman Endgame brings to light the entire strategic narrative that led to an unstable new order in postwar Middle East—much of which is still felt today. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East draws from McMeekin’s years of groundbreaking research in newly opened Ottoman and Russian archives. With great storytelling flair, McMeekin makes new the epic stories we know from the Ottoman front, from Gallipoli to the exploits of Lawrence in Arabia, and introduces a vast range of new stories to Western readers. His accounts of the lead-up to World War I and the Ottoman Empire’s central role in the war itself offers an entirely new and deeper vision of the conflict. Harnessing not only Ottoman and Russian but also British, German, French, American, and Austro-Hungarian sources, the result is a truly pioneering work of scholarship that gives full justice to a multitiered war involving many belligerents. McMeekin also brilliantly reconceives our inherited Anglo-French understanding of the war’s outcome and the collapse of the empire that followed. The book chronicles the emergence of modern Turkey and the carve-up of the rest of the Ottoman Empire as it has never been told before, offering a new perspective on such issues as the ethno-religious bloodletting and forced population transfers which attended the breakup of empire, the Balfour Declaration, the toppling of the caliphate, and the partition of Iraq and Syria—bringing the contemporary consequences into clear focus. Every so often, a work of history completely reshapes our understanding of a subject of enormous historical and contemporary importance. The Ottoman Endgame is such a book, an instantly definitive and thrilling example of narrative history as high art.

War and Collapse

M. Hakan Yavuz,Feroz Ahmad
War and Collapse Book PDF

Author : M. Hakan Yavuz,Feroz Ahmad
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : History
ISBN : 1607814617

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War and Collapse by M. Hakan Yavuz,Feroz Ahmad Pdf

An unprecedented scholarly effort surveying the very important, but neglected role of and consequences for the Ottoman state of World War I

The Berlin-Baghdad Express

Sean McMeekin
The Berlin Baghdad Express Book PDF

Author : Sean McMeekin
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 478 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2011-01-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9780674058538

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The Berlin-Baghdad Express by Sean McMeekin Pdf

The modern Middle East was forged in the crucible of the First World War, but few know the full story of how war actually came to the region. As Sean McMeekin reveals in this startling reinterpretation of the war, it was neither the British nor the French but rather a small clique of Germans and Turks who thrust the Islamic world into the conflict for their own political, economic, and military ends. The Berlin-Baghdad Express tells the fascinating story of how Germany exploited Ottoman pan-Islamism in order to destroy the British Empire, then the largest Islamic power in the world. Meanwhile the Young Turks harnessed themselves to German military might to avenge Turkey’s hereditary enemy, Russia. Told from the perspective of the key decision-makers on the Turco-German side, many of the most consequential events of World War I—Turkey’s entry into the war, Gallipoli, the Armenian massacres, the Arab revolt, and the Russian Revolution—are illuminated as never before. Drawing on a wealth of new sources, McMeekin forces us to re-examine Western interference in the Middle East and its lamentable results. It is an epic tragicomedy of unintended consequences, as Turkish nationalists give Russia the war it desperately wants, jihad begets an Islamic insurrection in Mecca, German sabotage plots upend the Tsar delivering Turkey from Russia’s yoke, and German Zionism midwifes the Balfour Declaration. All along, the story is interwoven with the drama surrounding German efforts to complete the Berlin to Baghdad railway, the weapon designed to win the war and assure German hegemony over the Middle East.

Shattering Empires

Michael A. Reynolds
Shattering Empires Book PDF

Author : Michael A. Reynolds
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 341 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2011-01-27
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781139494120

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Shattering Empires by Michael A. Reynolds Pdf

The break-up of the Ottoman empire and the disintegration of the Russian empire were watershed events in modern history. The unravelling of these empires was both cause and consequence of World War I and resulted in the deaths of millions. It irrevocably changed the landscape of the Middle East and Eurasia and reverberates to this day in conflicts throughout the Caucasus and Middle East. Shattering Empires draws on extensive research in the Ottoman and Russian archives to tell the story of the rivalry and collapse of two great empires. Overturning accounts that portray their clash as one of conflicting nationalisms, this pioneering study argues that geopolitical competition and the emergence of a new global interstate order provide the key to understanding the course of history in the Ottoman-Russian borderlands in the twentieth century. It will appeal to those interested in Middle Eastern, Russian, and Eurasian history, international relations, ethnic conflict, and World War I.

Incipient Awareness - The First World War and the End of the Ottoman Empire

Altay Cengizer
Incipient Awareness The First World War and the End of the Ottoman Empire Book PDF

Author : Altay Cengizer
Publisher : Transnational Press London
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2022-02-12
Category : History
ISBN : 9781801350921

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Incipient Awareness - The First World War and the End of the Ottoman Empire by Altay Cengizer Pdf

The Ottoman Empire was one of the main belligerent Powers in the First World War which ended the long nineteenth century and ushered in the modern era. Indeed, it would not be wrong to say that the Empire was among the major six Powers that fought over four years. The Ottomans fought at no less than twelve fronts in a vast geography extending from European theaters like Galicia to Mespotamia and the Canal. The war at the Caucasus and the abortive Allied landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula directly affected the causes of the October Revolution in 1917. The Ottoman Empire sued for armistice only ten days before Germany did so. Moreover, the results of the Ottoman engagement deeply affected the shape of the modern Middle East in a singular way. However, the role of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War has only rarely been studied in a scholarly fashion. Years of neglect ended up with the overbearing and simplistic notion that the Ottoman leadership was already pro-German and there was no way for the Entente Powers to stop them from aligning with Germany. As amply demonstrated in this study, this was not the case at all. All those crises that preceded the outbreak of the First World War, beginning from the Annexation Crisis of 1908, to the Libyan and Balkan Wars up to the Liman von Sanders Crisis just months away from August 1914, directly involved the Ottomans. Given the long history of Russo-Turkish wars, there was no way for the Ottomans to lightly discount the imminent danger they found themselves squarely facing in August 1914. Their fear that Tsarist Russia would not miss the opportunity arising in the midst of the great upheaval to settle once and for all the issue of Constantinople and the Straits, the crux of the age old Eastern Question was the dominant factor in their mind. The present study is a diplomatic history of the crises years from 1908 to the entry of the Ottoman Empire to the Great War at the end of October 1914. CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1. THE YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION AND EUROPE CHAPTER 2. THE ANNEXATION OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND THE EUROPEAN CRISIS CHAPTER 3. THE BALKAN WARS AS THE HARBINGER OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S DEMISE CHAPTER 4. THE RETURN OF CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE STRAITS TO INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND THE LIMAN VON SANDERS CRISIS CHAPTER 5. TOWARDS JULY 1914 CHAPTER 6. THE ALLIANCE WITH GERMANY CHAPTER 7. AUGUST 1914: THE FINAL THROW CHAPTER 8. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S ENTRY INTO THE FIRST WORLD WAR CHAPTER 9. SAZONOV’S DIPLOMACY ON CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE STRAITS CHAPTER 10. GALLIPOLI AS THE CLIMAX OF TURKEY’S STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL CHAPTER 11. INCIPIENT AWARENESS: BRINGING IN THE LOST NEXUS

The Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921

Reeva Spector Simon,Eleanor H. Tejirian
The Creation of Iraq 1914 1921 Book PDF

Author : Reeva Spector Simon,Eleanor H. Tejirian
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 262 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2004-12-08
Category : History
ISBN : 9780231509206

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The Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921 by Reeva Spector Simon,Eleanor H. Tejirian Pdf

Leading scholars consider Iraq's history and strategic importance from the vantage point of its residents, neighbors (Iran, Turkey, and Kurdistan), and the Great Powers.

Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918

Ulrich Trumpener
Germany and the Ottoman Empire 1914 1918 Book PDF

Author : Ulrich Trumpener
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 451 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2015-12-08
Category : History
ISBN : 9781400877591

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Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 by Ulrich Trumpener Pdf

Questioning whether the Germans were actually as influential or dominant in the Ottoman empire as most standard works suggest, the author attacks the myths surrounding Turkey's role in the war. Originally published in 1968. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Sowing Crisis

Rashid Khalidi
Sowing Crisis Book PDF

Author : Rashid Khalidi
Publisher : Beacon Press
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : History
ISBN : 0807003107

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Sowing Crisis by Rashid Khalidi Pdf

From "the foremost U.S. historian of the modern Middle East" ("L.A. Times") comes a powerful argument that the global conflicts now playing out explosively in the Middle East were significantly shaped by the Cold War era.

A World Undone

G. J. Meyer
A World Undone Book PDF

Author : G. J. Meyer
Publisher : Bantam
Page : 818 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2007-05-29
Category : History
ISBN : 9780553382402

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A World Undone by G. J. Meyer Pdf

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Drawing on exhaustive research, this intimate account details how World War I reduced Europe’s mightiest empires to rubble, killed twenty million people, and cracked the foundations of our modern world “Thundering, magnificent . . . [A World Undone] is a book of true greatness that prompts moments of sheer joy and pleasure. . . . It will earn generations of admirers.”—The Washington Times On a summer day in 1914, a nineteen-year-old Serbian nationalist gunned down Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. While the world slumbered, monumental forces were shaken. In less than a month, a combination of ambition, deceit, fear, jealousy, missed opportunities, and miscalculation sent Austro-Hungarian troops marching into Serbia, German troops streaming toward Paris, and a vast Russian army into war, with England as its ally. As crowds cheered their armies on, no one could guess what lay ahead in the First World War: four long years of slaughter, physical and moral exhaustion, and the near collapse of a civilization that until 1914 had dominated the globe. Praise for A World Undone “Meyer’s sketches of the British Cabinet, the Russian Empire, the aging Austro-Hungarian Empire . . . are lifelike and plausible. His account of the tragic folly of Gallipoli is masterful. . . . [A World Undone] has an instructive value that can scarcely be measured”—Los Angeles Times “An original and very readable account of one of the most significant and often misunderstood events of the last century.”—Steve Gillon, resident historian, The History Channel

The Russian Origins of the First World War

Sean McMeekin
The Russian Origins of the First World War Book PDF

Author : Sean McMeekin
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2013-05-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9780674072336

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The Russian Origins of the First World War by Sean McMeekin Pdf

The catastrophe of the First World War, and the destruction, revolution, and enduring hostilities it wrought, make the issue of its origins a perennial puzzle. Since World War II, Germany has been viewed as the primary culprit. Now, in a major reinterpretation of the conflict, Sean McMeekin rejects the standard notions of the war’s beginning as either a Germano-Austrian preemptive strike or a “tragedy of miscalculation.” Instead, he proposes that the key to the outbreak of violence lies in St. Petersburg. It was Russian statesmen who unleashed the war through conscious policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Near East. Unlike their civilian counterparts in Berlin, who would have preferred to localize the Austro-Serbian conflict, Russian leaders desired a more general war so long as British participation was assured. The war of 1914 was launched at a propitious moment for harnessing the might of Britain and France to neutralize the German threat to Russia’s goal: partitioning the Ottoman Empire to ensure control of the Straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Nearly a century has passed since the guns fell silent on the western front. But in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire, World War I smolders still. Sunnis and Shiites, Arabs and Jews, and other regional antagonists continue fighting over the last scraps of the Ottoman inheritance. As we seek to make sense of these conflicts, McMeekin’s powerful exposé of Russia’s aims in the First World War will illuminate our understanding of the twentieth century.

Assyrian Identity and the Great War

Bülent Özdemir
Assyrian Identity and the Great War Book PDF

Author : Bülent Özdemir
Publisher : Whittles
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : History
ISBN : 1849950601

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Assyrian Identity and the Great War by Bülent Özdemir Pdf

'I agree with Professor Ozdemir that there was no genocide of 'Assyrians', but a total migration of Nestorians (with attendant casualties), and a gradual and partial migration of Syrian Monophysites and Uniates, with fewer casualties'. Dr. Andrew Mango, author of Ataturk: the Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey Until the beginning of the 19th century, Nestorians, Chaldeans and Syrian Christians, belonging to various different branches of Eastern Christianity, lived as small, little-known communities within the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. This book examines the situation of these Eastern Christians during the First World War using a wide range of Western and Ottoman archival sources. At the outbreak of the First World War, the Nestorians, Chaldeans, and Syrian Christians found themselves trapped in the middle of the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente powers. The Syrian Christians and Chaldeans remained faithful to Ottoman rule and were generally quiescent during the war, while the Nestorians, encouraged by Russia, entered the war as the Entente powers' 'smallest ally'. The Eastern Christian communities appeared on the stage at the most critical period of the First World War, and left a tragic story behind them. Owing to modern claims that a mass murder or 'genocide' of the Nestorians and Syrian Christians was committed during 1915, the issue is no longer obscure and has become an international historical and political problem. This book presents interesting new historical material and provides a fascinating perspective on this issue for all scholars and students of Middle Eastern history and geopolitics that is relevant to the regional situation today.