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Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 70 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Fallout shelters
ISBN : UOM:39015095073923
Author : I. Gerald Bowen,D. R. Richmond,R. V. Taborelli,T. L. Chiffelle,V. R. Clare,V. C. Goldizen,F. G. Hirsch,LOVELACE FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ALBUQUERQUE NM.,M. L. Kuhn,B. B. Longwell,J. G. Riley,R. T. Sanchez,F. Sherping,J. D. Ward,M. B. Wetherbe,C. S. White,Federal Civil Defense Administration. Civil Effects Test Group,Atomic Energy Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:669759873
The shelters also contained static and dynamic pressure gauges, radiation detectors, telemetering devices, and, in one test, air-temperature measuring gauges, radiation detectors, telemetering devices, and, in one test, air-temperature measuring instruments, dust-collecting trays, and eight pigs for the biological assessment of thermal effects. One dog was severely injured from tertiary blast effects associated with a maximal dynamic pressure (Q) of 10.5 psi, and one was undamaged with a maximal Q of 2 psi. Primary blast effects resulting from peak overpressures of 30.3, 25.5, 9.5, and 4.1 psi were minimal. The mortality was 19 per cent of the mice exposed to a peak pressure of 30.3 psi and 5 and 3 per cent of the guinea pigs and mice exposed to a peak pressure of 25.5 psi. Many of the rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice sustained slight lung hemorrhages at maximum pressures of 25.5 and 30.3 psi.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Blast injuries
ISBN : UOM:39015095052018
Author : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Special Subcommittee on Radiation
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1004 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Nuclear warfare
ISBN : LOC:00025472998
Author : Clayton S. White,I. Gerald Bowen,Donald R. Richmond
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1965
Category : Fallout shelters
ISBN : UOM:39015095225390
Experience with animals exposed in a variety of above and below ground structures during full-scale field operations at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, 1955 and 1957 were reviewed. The data were assembled and summarized to illustrate the nature of the blast-induced problems of significance in protective shelters, "open" as well as "closed". Potential hazards were related to the following: various patterns of variation in environmental pressure; translational events associated with transient, high-velocity winds, ground shock and gravity involving the impact of energized inanimate objects on the one hand the the consequences of whole-body displacement on the other; non-line-of-site thermal phenomena including hot objects and rapidly moving hot, dust- laden air and debris; and dust, in the respirable size range, sufficiently high in concentration even in "closed" shelters as to warrant design measures to minimize or eliminate the occurrence of small particulates whether arising from wall spalling or otherwise. Tentative biological criteria, conceived to help assess human hazards from blast-related phenomena, were presented. Relevant data from the literature and on- going research in environmental medicine were set forth to aid the reader in appreciating how the criteria were formulated, what information was extrapolated from animal data, and wherein "best estimates" were employed. "State-of-the-art" concepts were noted to emphasize areas in which more thinking and research must continue if more refined, complete and adequate criteria are to be forthcoming for assessing man's response to blast-induced variation in his immediate environment.
Author : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1078 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : CHI:28283967
Author : U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 1961
Category : Atomic bomb
ISBN : UOM:39015095048909
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Energy development
ISBN : CORNELL:31924105636033
Author : E. Royce Fletcher,I. Gerald Bowen
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1966
Category : Blast effect
ISBN : UOM:39015095209303
A mathematical model was developed to predict the time displacement histories of objects translated by the blast winds from conventional or nuclear explosions; these predictions were then compared to actual experiments. The objects studied varied in size from 139 mg spheres to man and were all assumed to be free to move over a smooth horizontal surface. The effects of ground friction could either be included or neglected, but when they were considered the ground friction eventually brought the objects to rest after the winds had passed. The values of ground friction used were determined experimentally and were found to be functions of the velocity and mass of the object being displaced. The translational model was general enough for either classical or nonclassical blast waves to be considered. Results for a chemical explosion were obtained by using both the computed blast waves of various authors and the experimentally determined blast waves. These predicted results were compared with each other as well as with experimental data obtained with steel spheres. The model was used to determine dynamic pressure impulses necessary to explain the measured sphere velocities at three ranges from ground zero. Another mathematical model was briefly described which was developed to compute the detailed two-dimentional trajectories of objects as they roll, slide, and bounce along the ground. The model closely predicted the measured distances between bounces and the total displacements of concrete blocks and large stones and thus helped to explain the mechanisms of tumbling by which an irregular object may become airborne during both the accelerative and the decelerative phases of displacement.
Author : V. C. Goldizen,D. R. Richmond
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1959
Category : Nuclear warfare
ISBN : UOM:39015095052109
Shock tubes have been used successfully by a number of investigators to study the biological effects of variations in environmental pressures (1,2,3). Recently an unusually versatile laboratory pressurization source became available with the capability of consistently reproducing a wide variety of pressure-time phenomena of durations equal to and well beyond those associated with the detonation of nuclear devices (4). Thus it became possible to supplement costly full-scale field research in blast biology carried out at the Nevada Test Site (5,6) by using an economical yet realistic laboratory tool. In one exploratory study employing pressure pulses of 5 to 10 sec duration wherein the times to max overpressure and the magnitudes of the overpressures were varied, a relatively high tolerance of biological media to pressures well over 150 psi was demonstrated (7). In contrast, the present paper will describe the relatively high biological susceptibility to long duration overpressures in which the pressure rises occurred in single and double fast-rising steps.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 506 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2024-06-16
Category : Technical reports
ISBN : IND:30000119652786
Author : United States. Dept. of Commerce. Office of Technical Services
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 850 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-16
Category : Electronic
ISBN : UIUC:30112051068283
Author : Donald R. Richmond,Clayton S. White
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : Blast effect
ISBN : UOM:39015095211614
Tentative estimates of the sharp-rising overpressures as a function of duration which represent a lethal hazard to the 70-kg animal 1, 50 and 99 per cent of the time were presented. The predictions were based on interspecies correlations and extrapolations encompassing blast-tolerance data for six mammalian species. The tentative application of the data to indicate human blast tolerance was discussed and relevant uncertainties in the estimates were emphasized. It was also pointed out that biologic tolerance would be different for air-blast pulses having non-ideal wave forms frequently associated with various geometries of exposure. Selected pathophysiological information pertinent to the biological response following blast exposure was given; namely survival time and selected postshot observations of dogs and goats.
Author : Victor R. Clare,Donald R. Richmond,V. C. Goldizen,C. C. Fischer,D. R. Pratt,C. S. Gaylord,Clayton S. White
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : Blast effect
ISBN : UOM:39015095211556
A total of 308 guinea pigs were exposed to air blast in 4 close-fitting, shallow, rectangular chambers mounted on the top, bottom and sides of an air-driven shock tube. With a reflecting plate at the downstream edge of the chambers, the animals were exposed to long-duration shock overpressures that initially rose in a single step. The LD50-24-hr reflected pressure calculated from grouping all positions was 36.2! 0.8 psi. By moving the reflecting plate to various distances downstream of the chambers, shock overpressures that initially rose in two steps were applied. The results were that the animals' tolerances to overpressure rose as the time between pressure steps was increased. Comparison of the LD50's obtained with animals in each chamber revealed that there was not a significant statistical difference in their tolerances, whether they were loaded initially with the single-step pulse from their right, left, dorsal or ventral surfaces. (Author).
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 58 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1961
Category : Aerodynamic load
ISBN : MINN:31951D038972523
A theoretical model was developed for the purpose of predicting the motion of objects translated by winds associated with 'classical' blast waves produced by explosions. Among the factors omitted from the model for the sake of simplicity were gravity and the friction that may occur between the displaced object and the surface upon which it initially rested. Numerical solutions were obtained (up to the time when maximum missile velocity occurs) in terms of dimensionless quantities to facilitate application to specific blast situations. The results were computed within arbitrarily chosen limits for blast waves with shock strengths from 0.068 to 1.7 atm (1 to 25 psi at sea level) for displaced objects with aerodynamic characteristics ranging from those of a human being to those of 10-mg stones and for weapon yields at least as small as 1 kt or as large as 20 Mt.
