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Burden or Benefit? by Helen Gilbert,Chris Tiffin Pdf
Essays on philanthropy, power, and the continuing influence of the British Empire on humanitarian efforts in today’s world. In the name of benevolence, philanthropy, and humanitarian aid, individuals, groups, and nations have sought to assist others and to redress forms of suffering and deprivation. Yet the inherent imbalances of power between the giver and the recipient of this benevolence have called into question the motives and rationale for such assistance. This volume examines the evolution of the ideas and practices of benevolence, chiefly in the context of British imperialism, from the late eighteenth century to the present. The authors consider more than a dozen examples of practical and theoretical benevolence from the anti-slavery movement of the late eighteenth century to such modern activities as refugee asylum in Europe, opposition to female genital mutilation in Africa, fundraising for charities, and restoring the wetlands in post-Saddam southern Iraq.
Burden or Benefit: External Data Reporting by Kristina Powers,Angela E. Henderson Pdf
Blazing new trails in the area of reporting and transparency? Required and voluntary reporting of student data to external agencies has increased in volume, quantity, and complexity, and understanding the scope of reporting requirements and the associated burden is critical to higher education practitioners. This volume focuses on new directions in institutional reporting--and the associated burden. The convergence of increased reporting coupled with the demand to be more efficient with resources in a saturated and competitive higher education market make this a timely and needed volume for higher education administrators. This is the 166th volume of this Jossey-Bass quarterly report series. Timely and comprehensive, New Directions for Institutional Research provides planners and administrators in all types of academic institutions with guidelines in such areas as resource coordination, information analysis, program evaluation, and institutional management.
A thoughtful and surprising argument for American tax reform, arguably the most overdue political debate facing the nation, from one of the most respected political and economic thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time. THE UNITED STATES TAX CODE HAS UNDERGONE NO SERIOUS REFORM SINCE 1986. Since then, loopholes, exemptions, credits, and deductions have distorted its clarity, increased its inequity, and frustrated our ability to govern ourselves. By tracing the history of our own tax system and assessing the way other countries have solved similar problems, Bruce Bartlett explores the surprising answers to all these issues, giving a sense of the tax code’s many benefits—and its inevitable burdens. From one of the most respected political and economic thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time, The Benefit and the Burden is a thoughtful and surprising argument for American tax reform.
A spirited and insightful examination of the need for American tax reform—arguably the most overdue political debate facing the nation—from one of the most legendary political thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time. A thoughtful and surprising argument for American tax reform, arguably the most overdue political debate facing the nation, from one of the most respected political and economic thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time. The United States Tax Code has undergone no serious reform since 1986. Since then, loopholes, exemptions, credits, and deductions have distorted its clarity, increased its inequity, and frustrated our ability to govern ourselves. At its core, any tax system is in place to raise the revenue needed to pay the government’s bills. But where that revenue should come from raises crucial questions: Should our tax code be progressive, with the wealthier paying more than the poor, and if so, to what extent? Should we tax income or consumption or both? Of the various ideas proposed by economists and politicians—from tax increases to tax cuts, from a VAT to a Fair Tax—what will work and won’t? By tracing the history of our own tax system and by assessing the way other countries have solved similar problems, Bartlett explores the surprising answers to all of these questions, giving a sense of the tax code’s many benefits—and its inevitable burdens. Tax reform will be a major issue debated in the years ahead. Growing budget deficits and the expiration of various tax cuts loom. Reform, once a philosophical dilemma, is turning into a practical crisis. By framing the various tax philosophies that dominate the debate, Bartlett explores the distributional, technical, and political advantages and costs of the various proposals and ideas that will come to dominate America’s political conversation in the years to come.
Borrowing is a crucial source of financing for governments all over the world. If they get it wrong, then debt crises can bring progress to a halt. But if it's done right, investment happens and conditions improve. African countries are seeking calmer capital, to raise living standards and give their economies a competitive edge. The African debt landscape has changed radically in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. Since the clean slate of extensive debt relief, states have sought new borrowing opportunities from international capital markets and emerging global powers like China. The new debt composition has increased risk, exacerbated by the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: richer countries borrowed at rock-bottom interest rates, while Africa faced an expensive jump in indebtedness. The escalating debt burden has provoked calls by the G20 for suspension of debt payments. But Africa's debt today is highly complex, and owed to a wider range of lenders. A new approach is needed, and could turn crisis into opportunity. Urgent action by both lenders and borrowers can reduce risk, while carefully preserving market access; and smart deployment of private finance can provide the scale of investment needed to achieve development goals and tackle the climate emergency.
The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (South Korea),Sang-Ho Nam
Author : The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (South Korea),Sang-Ho Nam Publisher : 길잡이미디어 Page : 83 pages File Size : 49,8 Mb Release : 2014-12-31 Category : Income distribution ISBN : 9788968272172
Analysis of Net Tax Burden in Korea by The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (South Korea),Sang-Ho Nam Pdf
In recent days, there is an active discussion on the size of the social welfare expenditures. We need to evaluate first on the efficiency of current fiscal expenditure, because the source of the government expenditure is mostly financed by tax. Specifically, we need to investigate whether the expenditure properly attain its original objective, the effectiveness of the short- and long-term expenditures, and the appropriateness of the size of the government expenditures. In this research, we investigated the burden of net-tax by income decile group. The net tax is defined as the difference between taxes and benefits. A micro-simulation model for the tax-benefit model is started to be developed with the basis of this research. Major findings can be summarized as follows. The overall average amount of the market income per month is 3,430 thousand Won. The monthly amount for the first income decile is 210 thousand Won, 2,830 Won for the fifth dcecile, and 8,920 thousand Won for the richest decile. Private transfer varies according to the income decile groups. It is 100 thousand Won for the first decile group, 110 thosand Won for the fifth decile group, and 220 thousand Won for the tenth income decile group. On the other hand, the public transfers are heavily concentrated on the lowest income decile group. 380 thousand Won per month for the lowest income decile group. 220 thousand Won for the second lowest income decile group, 130 thousand Won for the third income decile group. For the richest income decile, the amount of the public transfer per month is only 60 thousand Won per month. Thanks to the public transfers, the total income from the lowest income decile group tose to 800 thousand Won, and 1,610 won for the second income decile group. The amount of the public transfer decreases as the income increase, it is clear that the public transfers serve as a useful policy instrument for the income redistribution. Regarding income tax burden, the overall burden per household is 130 thousand Won per household. By income deciile, it is zero or very close to zero for the income decile up to the foth decile group, but the tenth (richest) income decile group paid 400 thousand Won per month. These figures are close to Sung Myong-jae et al. (2010) but slightly lower than those of Park Ki-baek (2010). One reason why we have this kind of result is due to the fact that almost lower half of the workers are not paying income taxes. For the social security burden is concerned, the average burden per month is 350 thousand Won. It is 30 thousand Won for the lowest income decile group, 60 thousand Won for the second decile group, and the highest income decile group pays 420 thousand Won per month. The average magnitude for the disposable income is 3,360 thousand Won per month. It is 750 thousand Won for the lowest income decile, 1,530 thousand Won for the second lowest income decile group, 2,920 thousand Won for the fifth income decile group, and 3,360 thousand Won for the highest income decile group. The overall burden for the value-added tax is 180 thousand Won per month. 80 thousand Won for the lowest income decile group, 110 thousand Won for the second lowest income group, 170 thousand Won for the fifth decile group, and 330 thousand Won for the highest income decile group. The benefit distribution of the in-kind social benefits by decile can be summarized as follows: 320 thousand Won for the lowest income decile group, 290 thousand Won for the second lowest income deciles group, whereas the amount for the fifth income decile and above is 510-570 thousand Won and is quite stable. CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Objevtives and Organization CHAPTER 2 Summary of Previous Literatiure 2.1 Analysis of Pure Public Goods 2.2 Summary of Previous Literature? 2.3 Tax-Benefit Model CHAPTER 3 Data and Methodology 3.1 Analysis of the Distribution of Tax Burden 3.2 Analysis of the Distribution of Benefits CHAPTER 4 Analysis of Net Tax Burden 4.1 Analysis of the Tax Burden by Income Decile 4.2 Progressivity and Horizontal Equity of tax 4.3 Analysis of Net tax Burden CHAPTER 5 Summary and Implications? 5.1 Summary of Findings 5.2 Implications and Future Direction Reference
The Christian Law of Mutual Burden-bearing, and Its Application to Benefit Societies. A Sermon Preached ... on the Occasion of the Anniversary Meeting of the County of Dorset Friendly Society, Etc by Harvey William BROOKS Pdf
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means Publisher : Agriculture Department Page : 548 pages File Size : 54,6 Mb Release : 2000 Category : Law ISBN : PSU:000046323293
Administrative Burden by Pamela Herd,Donald P. Moynihan Pdf
Bureaucracy, confusing paperwork, and complex regulations—or what public policy scholars Pamela Herd and Donald Moynihan call administrative burdens—often introduce delay and frustration into our experiences with government agencies. Administrative burdens diminish the effectiveness of public programs and can even block individuals from fundamental rights like voting. In AdministrativeBurden, Herd and Moynihan document that the administrative burdens citizens regularly encounter in their interactions with the state are not simply unintended byproducts of governance, but the result of deliberate policy choices. Because burdens affect people’s perceptions of government and often perpetuate long-standing inequalities, understanding why administrative burdens exist and how they can be reduced is essential for maintaining a healthy public sector. Through in-depth case studies of federal programs and controversial legislation, the authors show that administrative burdens are the nuts-and-bolts of policy design. Regarding controversial issues such as voter enfranchisement or abortion rights, lawmakers often use administrative burdens to limit access to rights or services they oppose. For instance, legislators have implemented administrative burdens such as complicated registration requirements and strict voter-identification laws to suppress turnout of African American voters. Similarly, the right to an abortion is legally protected, but many states require women seeking abortions to comply with burdens such as mandatory waiting periods, ultrasounds, and scripted counseling. As Herd and Moynihan demonstrate, administrative burdens often disproportionately affect the disadvantaged who lack the resources to deal with the financial and psychological costs of navigating these obstacles. However, policymakers have sometimes reduced administrative burdens or shifted them away from citizens and onto the government. One example is Social Security, which early administrators of the program implemented in the 1930s with the goal of minimizing burdens for beneficiaries. As a result, the take-up rate is about 100 percent because the Social Security Administration keeps track of peoples’ earnings for them, automatically calculates benefits and eligibility, and simply requires an easy online enrollment or visiting one of 1,200 field offices. Making more programs and public services operate this efficiently, the authors argue, requires adoption of a nonpartisan, evidence-based metric for determining when and how to institute administrative burdens, with a bias toward reducing them. By ensuring that the public’s interaction with government is no more onerous than it need be, policymakers and administrators can reduce inequality, boost civic engagement, and build an efficient state that works for all citizens.
Measuring the Global Burden of Disease by Nir Eyal,Samia A. Hurst,Christopher J.L. Murray,S. Andrew Schroeder,Daniel Wikler Pdf
The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is one of the largest-scale research collaborations in global health, distilling a wide range of health information to provide estimates and projections for more than 350 diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 195 countries. Its results are a critical tool informing researchers, policy-makers, and others working to promote health around the globe. A study like the GBD is, of course, extremely complex from an empirical perspective. But it also raises a large number of complex ethical and philosophical questions that have been explored in a series of collaborations over the past twenty years among epidemiologists, philosophers, economists, and policy scholars. The essays in this volume address issues of current and urgent concern to the GBD and other epidemiological studies, including rival understandings of causation, the aggregation of complex health data, temporal discounting, age-weighting, and the valuation of health states. The volume concludes with a set of chapters discussing how epidemiological data should and should not be used. Better appreciating the philosophical dimensions of a study like the GBD can make possible a more sophisticated interpretation of its results, and it can improve epidemiological studies in the future, so that they are better suited to produce results that can help us to improve global health.
Author : Herrington J. Bryce Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG Page : 292 pages File Size : 51,5 Mb Release : 2017-01-23 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9781501505799
Nonprofits as Policy Solutions to the Burden of Government by Herrington J. Bryce Pdf
This book addresses a specific subset of nonprofits that are chartered with a single mission: decrease the burden of government. Designing and engaging nonprofits to lessen the burden of government requires a specific description and acknowledgement of the burden to be lessened, and these may include the provision of infrastructure, the relief of debt, or the provision of general public services that are not motivated by charity. It also requires the assignment of specific operating powers to the nonprofit including the power of eminent domain. This book explores these and other related topics including the avoidance of resource dependence on government when attempting to reduce its burden. The book is addressed to the policy makers and rule makers who design policies that affect the ability of the nonprofit to effectively lessen the burden of government. It is also addressed to public administrators in search of innovative ways of implementing these policies consistent with the laws, and to the creative nonprofit managers who are charged with carrying out the mission often in collaboration with the government or other entities. To the advanced student in all related fields, the author offers not only material for discussion, but enables discovery of what is possible by giving key examples of organizations meeting the terms and objective of lessening a significant burden of government.
