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Richelieu died on the 5th of December 1642; on the following day Louis XIII. announced that he had chosen Mazarin to be First Minister. Giulio Mazarini, or Jules Mazarin, as the French call him, was born on July 14, 1602, at Piscina, a small village in the Abruzzi. His father was a certain Sicilian, by name Pietro Mazarini, his mother was Hortensia Buffalini, who was renowned for her beauty. To the latter the young Giulio owed much of his future success, for it was due to her efforts that he first studied under the Jesuits at the Roman College, and later at the University of Alcalá in Spain. He had early shown signs of uncommon talents, and he was at the age of sixteen remarkable for his handsome face and natural brightness.
Sonnino examines the diplomatic negotiations that took place in Westphalia from 1643 to 1648, which brought an end to the agonizing civil and religious conflict of the Thirty Years' War.
Jean François Paul de Gondi de Retz,Daniel Defoe,W. Thomas Jenkyn Philips
Author : Jean François Paul de Gondi de Retz,Daniel Defoe,W. Thomas Jenkyn Philips Publisher : Unknown Page : 352 pages File Size : 40,7 Mb Release : 1723 Category : France ISBN : OXFORD:N11975363
Author : Jean François Paul de Gondi de Retz Publisher : Unknown Page : 468 pages File Size : 54,5 Mb Release : 1817 Category : France ISBN : COLUMBIA:50179627
David Parrott's book offers a major re-evaluation of the last year of the Fronde - the political upheaval between 1648 and 1652 - in the making of seventeenth-century France. In late December 1651, Cardinal Mazarin defied the order for his perpetual banishment, and re-entered France at the head of an army. The political and military crisis that followed convulsed the nation, and revived the ebbing fortunes of a revolt led by the cousin of the young Louis XIV, the prince de Condé. The study follows in detail the unfolding political and military events of this year, showing how military success and failure swung between the two sides through the campaign, driving both cardinal and prince into a progressive intensification of the conflict, while simultaneously fuelling a quest for compromise and settlement which nonetheless eluded all the negotiators' efforts. The consequences were devastating for France, as civil war smashed into a fragile ecosystem that was already reeling under the impact of the global cooling of the 'Little Ice Age'. 1652 raises questions about established interpretations of French state-building, the rule of cardinal Mazarin and his predecessor, Richelieu, and their contribution to creating the 'absolutism' of Louis XIV.
Cardinal Mazarin (Jovian Press) by Arthur Hassall Pdf
It seems inevitable that Mazarin will always suffer by comparison with Richelieu. The latter, who has been described as the greatest political genius which France has ever produced, appeals to the imagination by the firmness and the success of his policy. The ability with which he managed the foreign affairs of France, and his creation of an administrative system which continued to the Kevolution, place Richelieu in the foremost rank of French statesmen. And yet his successor, though less illustrious, equally deserves to stand among those who have contributed most to the greatness of France. What MM. Hanotaux and d'Avenel have done for Richelieu's memory has been done for Mazarin by M. Ch�ruel. Hehas made it impossible for us to regard Mazarin as a mere Italian adventurer, or to agree with Michelet that " he was an unprincipled actor, libertine, and gambler, who subordinated every question of State policy to the meanest regard for his personal interests ; a miser whose glaring avarice was without a single redeeming quality." It must be remembered that Richelieu advised the choice of Mazarin as his successor, that during the last year of Richelieu's life Mazarin shared that statesman's secrets, and that on the latter's death Mazarin was at once admitted to the Council of State. In M. Ch�ruel's opinion, and in that of all competent historians, Richelieu's choice was fully justified. Unlike Richelieu, Mazarin had an Italian's love of intrigue and diplomacy and, was always confident of his ability to bend his opponetns to his will. The history of Mazarin from 1643 to 1661 is not only the history of France, but also the history of Europe. The difficulty, therefore, of writing an adequate biography of him is at once apparent. M. Ch�ruel's two great works which deal with the period comprise no less than seven volumes, which contain ample materials for forming an estimate of Mazarin's character and work. In that historian's opinion Mazarin was an indefatigable and patriotic minister whose fame principally rests upon his success in making France illustrious by her victories and diplomatic triumphs, and in leaving her on his death the leading power in Europe.
