Central Bank Digital Currency Initial Considerations
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International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department,International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.,International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
Author : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department,International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.,International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. Publisher : International Monetary Fund Page : 22 pages File Size : 49,5 Mb Release : 2023-11-14 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9798400259210
Central Bank Digital Currency—Initial Considerations by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department,International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.,International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. Pdf
The paper briefs the Executive Board on the initial considerations on CBDC. These cover a framework to guide countries’ CBDC exploration, as well as implications for monetary policy transmission, capital flow management measures, and financial inclusion.
Virtual Currencies and Beyond by Mr.Dong He,Mr.Karl Friedrich Habermeier,Mr.Ross B Leckow,Mr.Vikram Haksar,Ms.Yasmin Almeida,Ms.Mikari Kashima,Mr.Nadim Kyriakos-Saad,Ms.Hiroko Oura,Tahsin Saadi Sedik,Natalia Stetsenko,Ms.Concha Verdugo Yepes Pdf
New technologies are driving transformational changes in the global financial system. Virtual currencies (VCs) and the underlying distributed ledger systems are among these. VCs offer many potential benefits, but also considerable risks. VCs could raise efficiency and in the long run strengthen financial inclusion. At the same time, VCs could be potential vehicles for money laundering, terrorist financing, tax evasion and fraud. While risks to the conduct of monetary policy seem less likely to arise at this stage given the very small scale of VCs, risks to financial stability may eventually emerge as the new technologies become more widely used. National authorities have begun to address these challenges and will need to calibrate regulation in a manner that appropriately addresses the risks without stifling innovation. As experience is gained, international standards and best practices could be considered to provide guidance on the most appropriate regulatory responses in different fields, thereby promoting harmonization and cooperation across jurisdictions.
Virtual Currencies and Beyond by Mr.Dong He,Mr.Karl F Habermeier,Mr.Ross B Leckow,Mr.Vikram Haksar,Ms.Yasmin Almeida,Ms.Mikari Kashima,Mr.Nadim Kyriakos-Saad,Ms.Hiroko Oura,Tahsin Saadi Sedik,Natalia Stetsenko,Ms.Concha Verdugo Yepes Pdf
New technologies are driving transformational changes in the global financial system. Virtual currencies (VCs) and the underlying distributed ledger systems are among these. VCs offer many potential benefits, but also considerable risks. VCs could raise efficiency and in the long run strengthen financial inclusion. At the same time, VCs could be potential vehicles for money laundering, terrorist financing, tax evasion and fraud. While risks to the conduct of monetary policy seem less likely to arise at this stage given the very small scale of VCs, risks to financial stability may eventually emerge as the new technologies become more widely used. National authorities have begun to address these challenges and will need to calibrate regulation in a manner that appropriately addresses the risks without stifling innovation. As experience is gained, international standards and best practices could be considered to provide guidance on the most appropriate regulatory responses in different fields, thereby promoting harmonization and cooperation across jurisdictions.
Fintech and Financial Services by Mr.Dong He,Mr.Ross B Leckow,Mr.Vikram Haksar,Mr.Tommaso Mancini Griffoli,Nigel Jenkinson,Ms.Mikari Kashima,Tanai Khiaonarong,Ms.Celine Rochon,Hervé Tourpe Pdf
A new wave of technological innovations, often called “fintech,” is accelerating change in the financial sector. What impact might fintech have on financial services, and how should regulation respond? This paper sets out an economic framework for thinking through the channels by which fintech might provide solutions that respond to consumer needs for trust, security, privacy, and better services, change the competitive landscape, and affect regulation. It combines a broad discussion of trends across financial services with a focus on cross-border payments and especially the impact of distributed ledger technology. Overall, the paper finds that boundaries among different types of service providers are blurring; barriers to entry are changing; and improvements in cross-border payments are likely. It argues that regulatory authorities need to balance carefully efficiency and stability trade-offs in the face of rapid changes, and ensure that trust is maintained in an evolving financial system. It also highlights the importance of international cooperation.
The Rise of Digital Money by Mr.Tobias Adrian,Mr.Tommaso Mancini Griffoli Pdf
This paper marks the launch of a new IMF series, Fintech Notes. Building on years of IMF staff work, it will explore pressing topics in the digital economy and be issued periodically. The series will carry work by IMF staff and will seek to provide insight into the intersection of technology and the global economy. The Rise of Digital Money analyses how technology companies are stepping up competition to large banks and credit card companies. Digital forms of money are increasingly in the wallets of consumers as well as in the minds of policymakers. Cash and bank deposits are battling with so-called e-money, electronically stored monetary value denominated in, and pegged to, a currency like the euro or the dollar. This paper identifies the benefits and risks and highlights regulatory issues that are likely to emerge with a broader adoption of stablecoins. The paper also highlights the risks associated with e-money: potential creation of new monopolies; threats to weaker currencies; concerns about consumer protection and financial stability; and the risk of fostering illegal activities, among others.
Designing Central Bank Digital Currencies by Mr.Itai Agur,Mr.Anil Ari,Mr.Giovanni Dell'Ariccia Pdf
We study the optimal design of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in an environment where agents sort into cash, CBDC and bank deposits according to their preferences over anonymity and security; and where network effects make the convenience of payment instruments dependent on the number of their users. CBDC can be designed with attributes similar to cash or deposits, and can be interest-bearing: a CBDC that closely competes with deposits depresses bank credit and output, while a cash-like CBDC may lead to the disappearance of cash. Then, the optimal CBDC design trades off bank intermediation against the social value of maintaining diverse payment instruments. When network effects matter, an interest-bearing CBDC alleviates the central bank's tradeoff.
A Survey of Research on Retail Central Bank Digital Currency by Mr.John Kiff,Jihad Alwazir,Sonja Davidovic,Aquiles Farias,Mr.Ashraf Khan,Mr.Tanai Khiaonarong,Majid Malaika,Mr.Hunter K Monroe,Nobu Sugimoto,Hervé Tourpe,Peter Zhou Pdf
This paper examines key considerations around central bank digital currency (CBDC) for use by the general public, based on a comprehensive review of recent research, central bank experiments, and ongoing discussions among stakeholders. It looks at the reasons why central banks are exploring retail CBDC issuance, policy and design considerations; legal, governance and regulatory perspectives; plus cybersecurity and other risk considerations. This paper makes a contribution to the CBDC literature by suggesting a structured framework to organize discussions on whether or not to issue CBDC, with an operational focus and a project management perspective.
Implications of Central Bank Backed Digital Currencies (crypto Currencies) on Monetary Policy, Financial Stability and Balance Sheets by Marko Francesevic,Marco Schuster Pdf
Master's Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,0, Copenhagen Business School, language: English, abstract: Inspired by the recent publication of various Central Banks that study the issuance of their own versions of digital currencies, this paper aims at identifying the implications of such a central bank issued digital currency on monetary policy, financial stability and non-bank private sector, central bank and commercial bank balance sheet. It does so by conducting a scenario analysis, where each scenario specifies a distinct form of how a central bank issued digital currency could be introduced and how the resulting implications on the spheres of interest might change as a consequence. The results of this scenario analysis propose that in either implementation mode a CBDC generally provides a positive effect on both financial stability and monetary policy. The degree of the advantageous effect is, however, not only dependent on the implementation scenario, but also on the behaviour of the central banks, the commercial banks and the general public. In terms of balance sheets, this paper identified major changes. The results and implications that have been derived are based on literature, an expert interview and previous research conducted by other central banks and notable scholars. Based on the implications stemming from the four investigated scenarios, this paper evaluates these implications from a perspective of the New Currency School and Banking School. All in all, since this paper sees a central bank backed digital currency as a potential catalyst for a substantial change of the current monetary system, it provides scenarios and theories that challenge the status quo.
Legal Aspects of Central Bank Digital Currency: Central Bank and Monetary Law Considerations by Wouter Bossu,Mr.Masaru Itatani,Catalina Margulis,Arthur D. P. Rossi,Hans Weenink,Akihiro Yoshinaga Pdf
This paper analyzes the legal foundations of central bank digital currency (CBDC) under central bank and monetary law. Absent strong legal foundations, the issuance of CBDC poses legal, financial and reputational risks for central banks. While the appropriate design of the legal framework will up to a degree depend on the design features of the CBDC, some general conclusions can be made. First, most central bank laws do not currently authorize the issuance of CBDC to the general public. Second, from a monetary law perspective, it is not evident that “currency” status can be attributed to CBDC. While the central bank law issue can be solved through rather straithforward law reform, the monetary law issue poses fundmental legal policy challenges.
Welcome to Central Bank Digital Currency: The New Money Explained, where digital currencies are poised to revolutionize the way we conceive, transact, and interact with money. In this book, we embark on an exploration of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) - a groundbreaking innovation that promises to reshape the global financial landscape. Imagine a world where financial transactions are seamless, secure, and accessible to all. Where individuals have the power to manage their finances with ease, regardless of their background or location. Where governments and central banks have the tools to foster economic stability, drive innovation, and promote financial inclusion. This is the vision of CBDCs - a vision that holds the potential to unlock new opportunities for individuals, businesses, and economies worldwide. But to understand the promise of CBDCs, we must first delve into their origins, evolution, and potential impact on society, economy, and technology. In this book, we will journey through the history of money, tracing its evolution from primitive forms of exchange to the digital currencies of today. We will explore the factors that have led to the rise of CBDCs, from technological advancements to shifting consumer preferences and regulatory developments. But our exploration does not stop there. We will also examine the current state of CBDC implementation around the world, highlighting the progress made by different countries and the challenges they face in realizing the full potential of CBDCs. Moreover, we will delve into the myriad opportunities and challenges presented by CBDCs - from financial inclusion and economic stability to privacy concerns and cybersecurity risks. We will explore the technological innovations that underpin CBDCs, such as blockchain, digital identity solutions, and smart contracts, and their implications for the future of finance. As we journey through the pages of this book, we will encounter stories of innovation, collaboration, and transformation. We will meet visionaries who are shaping the future of finance and explore the ethical, legal, and regulatory considerations that accompany the adoption of CBDCs. Ultimately, this book is an invitation to explore the potential of CBDCs - to imagine a future where digital currencies empower individuals, drive economic growth, and foster social progress. It is a call to action for governments, central banks, financial institutions, and technology providers to embrace innovation, uphold ethical values, and work towards a more inclusive and sustainable financial future. So join us on this journey into the future of finance. Let us embark together on a voyage of discovery, enlightenment, and possibility. Together, we can shape a world where CBDCs revolutionize the way we think about money and create a future where financial opportunity knows no bounds.
Casting Light on Central Bank Digital Currencies by Mr.Tommaso Mancini Griffoli,Mr.Maria Soledad Martinez Peria,Mr.Itai Agur,Mr.Anil Ari,Mr.John Kiff,Ms.Adina Popescu,Ms.Celine Rochon Pdf
Digitalization is reshaping economic activity, shrinking the role of cash, and spurring new digital forms of money. Central banks have been pondering wheter and how to adapt. One possibility is central bank digital currency (CBDC)-- a widely accessible digital form of fiat money that could be legal tender. This discussion note proposes a conceptual framework to assess the case for CBDC adoption from the perspective of users and central banks. It discusses possible CBDC designs, and explores potential benefits and costs, with a focus on the impact on monetary policy, financial stability, and integrity. This note also surveys research and pilot studies on CBDC by central banks around the world.
Cash Use Across Countries and the Demand for Central Bank Digital Currency by Mr.Tanai Khiaonarong,David Humphrey Pdf
The level and trend in cash use in a country will influence the demand for central bank digital currency (CBDC). While access to digital currency will be more convenient than traveling to an ATM, it only makes CBDC like a bank debit card—not better. Demand for digital currency will thus be weak in countries where cash use is already very low, due to a preference for cash substitutes (cards, electronic money, mobile phone payments). Where cash use is very high, demand should be stronger, due to a lack of cash substitutes. As the demand for CBDC is tied to the current level of cash use, we estimate the level and trend in cash use for 11 countries using four different measures. A tentative forecast of cash use is also made. After showing that declining cash use is largely associated with demographic change, we tie the level of cash use to the likely demand for CBDC in different countries. In this process, we suggest that one measure of cash use is more useful than the others. If cash is important for monetary policy, payment instrument competition, or as an alternative payment instrument in the event of operational problems with privately supplied payment methods, the introduction of CBDC may best be introduced before cash substitutes become so ubiquitous that the viability of CBDC could be in doubt.
Central Bank Digital Currency and Fintech in Asia by Marlene Amstad,Bihong Huang,Sayuri Shirai,Peter Morgan Pdf
This book provides a thorough introduction and historical overview of the principles and practices of digital currency and fintech in Asia. It covers the theory of central bank digital currency and examines regulatory aspects, economic digitalization, financial inclusion, and the role of SMEs. Selected case studies offer in-depth insights into recent fintech developments in major economies, including Australia; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; the People's Republic of China; the Republic of Korea; and Thailand. The book also makes a valuable supplement for introductory courses on finance, governance, and economics, as it appeals to a broad range of readers, including university students, academics, finance practitioners, and policy makers.
Author : Susan Pozo Publisher : W. E. Upjohn Institute Page : 194 pages File Size : 47,8 Mb Release : 1996 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : UOM:39015037820258
Exploring the Underground Economy by Susan Pozo Pdf
Comprises papers presented during the annual Public Lecture Series held at Western Michigan University. Examines problems of measuring the size and volume of underground economic activity by using estimates of United States currency holdings abroad and the illegal drug market as examples. Looks at juvenile delinquency and tax evasion to determine how economic policy may effect criminal behaviour.
