Challenging El Salvador S Rural Health Care Strategy
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Challenging El Salvador's Rural Health Care Strategy by Maureen A. Lewis,Gunnar S. Eskeland,Ximena Traa-Valerezo Pdf
Low-skilled "health promoters" posted in rural villages are doing little to improve health or health-seeking behaviors. In a supply-driven system, such workers have too few incentives , too little knowledge, and too little supervision. Results can be improved without increasing costs.
Challenging El Salvador's Rural Health Care Strategy by Maureen Lewis Pdf
Low-skilled health promoters posted in rural villages are doing little to improve health or health-seeking behaviors. In a supply-driven system, such workers have too few incentives, too little knowledge, and too little supervision. Results can be improved without increasing costs. Can a supply-driven network of under-skilled rural health promoters make a difference in rural health care? There are few, if any, signs that the current rural health strategy in El Salvador is working, whether the health promoters are government employees or nongovernmental organization (NGO) workers.Lewis, Eskeland, and Traa-Valerezo arrived at this conclusion after conducting interviews and analyzing primary and secondary data. The village-based health promoters lack incentives and supervision, and ultimately have little to offer local communities. NGO workers are more successful than government workers, but neither group performs satisfactorily.Even the rural poor use private services quite intensively, despite the high cost of the services and of getting access to them.Moreover, people seem to seek the services they need. They select self-treatment in 50 percent of illness episodes, with about the same success rate as when they use health providers.Other options should be considered, as results can be improved without increasing costs.This paper - a product of the Human Development Sector Units, Europe and Central Asia Region and Latin America and Caribbean Region; and Public Economics, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to encourage appropriate policies and programs in the health sector.
El Salvador by Jennifer Kasper,Clyde Lanford Smith Pdf
Students and health practitioners traveling abroad seek insightful and relevant background material to orient them to the new environment. This volume on El Salvador provides historical, political, and cultural background for contemporary health care challenges, especially related to poverty. Combining the personal insights of the authors and Salvadoran medical personnel with a broader discussion of the uniquely Salvadoran context, it is an essential guide for anyone heading to El Salvador to do health care-related work.
Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Land in Rural Egypt by Richard H. Adams Pdf
Policymakers interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt should focus on nonfarm income, which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution. Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land "pushes" poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.
At the start of each decade the World Development Report focuses on poverty reduction. The World Development Report, now in its twenty-third edition, proposes an empowerment-security-opportunity framework of action to reduce poverty in the first decades of the twenty-first century. It views poverty as a multidimensional phenonmenon arising out of complex interactions between assets, markets, and institutions. This Report shows how the experience of poverty reduction in the last fifteen years has been remarkably diverse and how this experience has provided useful lessons as well as warnings against simplistic universal policies and interventions. It shows how current global trends present extraordinary opportunities for poverty reduction but also cause extraordinary risks, including growing inequality, marginalization, and social explosions. The World Development Report 2000/2001 explores the challenge of managing these risks in order to make the most of the opportunities for poverty reduction.
The Distributional Consequences of Monetary Policy by Ilker Domaç Pdf
Policymakers in Malaysia should weigh the distributional consequences of policy actions. They should also consider measures to alleviate the disproportionate impact that market imperfections have on small and medium-size industries.
Prospective Deficits and the Asian Currency Crisis by Craig Burnside,Martin S. Eichenbaum,Sergio Rebelo Pdf
The recent Asian currency crisis was caused by large prospective fiscal deficits associated with implicit bailout guarantees to failing banking systems. Absent the political will to raise taxes or cut spending, governments must resort to seignorage revenues to pay for the bailout of the banking system. In a world of forward-looking agents, this makes a currency crisis inevitable.
Contagion, Bank Lending Spreads, and Output Fluctuations by Pierre-Richard Agénor,Joshua Aizenman,Alexander W. Hoffmaister Pdf
A positive historical shock to external spreads can lead to an increase in domestic spreads and a reduction in the cyclical component of output. Shocks to external spreads immediately after the Mexican peso crisis had a sizable effect on movements in output and domestic interest rate spreads in Argentina.
Market Discipline and Financial Safety Net Design by Aslı Demirgüç-Kunt,Harry Huizinga Pdf
It is difficult to design and implement an effective safety net for banks, because overgenerous protection of banks may introduce a risk-enhancing moral hazard and destabilize the very system it is meant to protect. The safety net that policymakers design must provide the right mix of market and regulatory discipline, enough to protect depositors without unduly undermining market discipline on banks.
How Child Labor and Child Schooling Interact with Adult Labor by Ranjan Ray Pdf
The link between household poverty and child labor is much stronger in Pakistan than in Peru. Providing good schools in South Asia could help reduce child labor. The link between child labor and adult labor markets varies with gender.
Fiscal Adjustment and Contingent Government Liabilities by Hana Polackova Brixi,Hafez Ghanem,Roumeen Islam Pdf
Governments' contingent liabilities increase fiscal vulnerability, but are omitted in traditional measures of the current deficit. In the Czech Republic this omission may mean that fiscal adjustment has been overstated by 3 to 4 percent of annual GDP, with future budgets having to pay for past guarantees. The stock of existing contingent liabilities in Macedonia could add 2 to 4 percent of GDP to that country's future deficits.
The Integration of Transition Economies Into the World Trading System by Constantine Michalopoulos Pdf
Transition economies are at different stages of integration into the world trading system. Most remaining reforms and adjustments must be initiated by the countries themselves. But the United States and the European Union can help by reviewing their policies toward "nonmarket" economies.
