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Author : George M. Reeves,Ian Sims,J. C. Cripps Publisher : Geological Society of London Page : 568 pages File Size : 42,5 Mb Release : 2006 Category : Architecture ISBN : 186239184X
Clay Materials Used in Construction by George M. Reeves,Ian Sims,J. C. Cripps Pdf
Concluding the trilogy on geological materials in construction, this authoritative volume reviews many uses of clays, ranging from simple fills to sophisticated products. Comprehensive and international coverage is achieved by an expert team, including geologists, engineers and architects. Packed with information prepared for a wide readership, this unique handbook is also copiously illustrated. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Professor Sir Alec Skempton. Various definitions of 'clay' are explored. Clay mineralogy is described, plus the geological formation of clay deposits and their fundamental materials properties. World and British clay deposits are reviewed and explained. New compositional data are provided for clay formations throughout the stratigraphic column. Investigative techniques and interpretation are considered, ranging from site exploration to laboratory assessment of composition and engineering performance. Major civil engineering applications are addressed, including earthworks, earthmoving and specialized roles utilizing clays. Traditional earthen building is included and shown to dominate construction in places. Clay-based construction materials are detailed, including bricks, ceramics and cements. The volume also includes a comprehensive glossary.
Essential Light Straw Clay Construction by Lydia Doleman Pdf
The first highly illustrated, comprehensive guide to light straw clay - a high performance, low-impact, durable building material Light straw clay - straw mixed with clay slip - is a versatile, easy-to-use wall building material. Also called "slip-straw", its durability has been proven in beautiful, centuries-old buildings across Northern Europe and in modern high-performance buildings in North America. Building code compliant in the US and using "waste" materials with high insulation value and excellent moisture handling qualities, it's both high-performance and low-impact. Yet until now, there has been no practical guide to using the material in a wide variety of construction and renovation projects. Distilling decades of experience, Essential Light Straw Clay Construction is a fully illustrated step-by-step guide, ideal for both the DIYer and professional designer and builder alike. It covers: Material specifications, performance, and when and where to use it Estimating quantities, costs, and sourcing Illustrated, step-by-step guidance for mixing and installation, including "slip-chip" variations Detail drawings for various wall systems including stud, timber, and pole framing, Larsen trusses, I-joists, plus retrofits Code references, compliance, and best practice Finishing and maintenance techniques Additional resources. Lydia Doleman , a licenced contractor, taught carpentry and natural building at Solar Energy International in Colorado and was lead ecological builder for Portland's City Repair project. She's created beautiful, high-performance, low-impact buildings across the Northwest, from Portland's first permitted straw bale home and The Rebuilding Center's cob entryway, to a 3,300-sq. f light clay straw brewery. She's written for The Last Straw Journal and Permaculture Activist and appeared on NBC News and HGTV's Off Beat America . Lydia lives in southern Oregon.
Upscaling Earth by Anna Heringer,Lindsay Blair Howe,Martin Rauch Pdf
Earth building is not only one of the oldest, but also one of the most modern construction methods of our time. What economic, environmental, and social conditions are necessary for an upscaling of earth to occur? The authors present a wide scope of built und unbuilt projects as well as strategies that can be implemented to edify processes of building, adapting the use of earth to each unique culture and context. The advantages of this material become manifest: from its worldwide availability to the possibility of comprehensive recycling, from climate-neutral production to socially just implementation, including a focus on emerging economies. This book reveals the incredible potentials of earthen architecture - for people and for the entire planet.
The Complete Book on Construction Materials by NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers Pdf
Construction industry is the largest consumer of material resources, of both the natural ones (like stone, sand, clay, lime) and the processed and synthetic ones. Each material which is used in the construction, in one form or the other is known as construction material (engineering material). No material, existing in the universe is useless; every material has its own field of application. Stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, metals etc. are some commonly used materials by civil engineers. Selection of building material, to be used in a particular construction, is done on the basis of strength, durability, appearance and permeability. The stone which is used in the construction works, in one form or another is always obtained from the rocks. The rocks may be classified in four ways; geological classification, physical classification, chemical classification and classification based on hardness of the stone. Various king of rocks come under these classification for example; igneous rocks, plutonic rocks, sedimentary rocks, silicious rocks, stratified rocks etc. brick is the most commonly used building material which is light, easily available, uniform in shape and size and relatively cheaper except in hilly areas. Bricks are easily moulded from plastic clays, also known as brick clays or brick earth. Bricks can be moulded by any of the three methods; soft mud process, stiff mud process and semi dry process. There are various kinds of bricks; specially shaped bricks, burnt clay bricks, heavy duty bricks, sand lime bricks, sewer bricks, refractory bricks, acid resistant bricks etc. lime is an important building material, it has been used since ancient times. Lime is used as a binding material in mortar and concretes, for plastering, for manufacturing glass, for preparing lime sand bricks, soil stabilization etc. Concrete is a construction material obtained by mixing a binder (such as cement, lime, mud etc.), aggregate (sand and gravel or shingle or crushed aggregate), and water in certain proportions. Based on the binding materials, the common concretes can be classified as; mud concrete, lime concrete, cement concrete and polymer concrete. World demand for cement and concrete additives is projected to increase 8.3 percent annually in next few years. This book basically deals with rock and stone, formation of rocks, classification of rocks, geological classification, metamorphism physical classification of rocks, chemical classification, classification based upon hardness of the stone composition of stone (rock forming minerals), igneous rock forming minerals, sedimentary rock forming minerals, texture of the rocks, types of fractures of rock, uses of stone, natural bed of stone, aluminium and magnesium alloys, mechanical properties of a partially cured resin, DMA characterization, chemical advancement of a partially cured resin, differential scanning calorimeter characterization, chemical mechanical relations, moisture content as a variable, wetability and water repellency of wood, fungal and termite resistance of wood etc. The book provide wide coverage of building materials such as stone, bricks, lime, mortars, concrete, asbestos, gray iron, cast iron, steel castings, aluminium, wood, architectural paints and so many others with their applications in building construction. The book is resourceful for all professionals related to construction field, technocrats, students and libraries. 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Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials by Kent A. Harries,Bhavna Sharma Pdf
Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials: Characterisation, Properties and Applications, Second Edition covers the topic by taking into account sustainability, the conservation movement, and current interests in cultural identity and its preservation. This updated edition presents case studies, information on relevant codes and regulations, and how they apply (or do not apply) to nocmats. Leading international experts contribute chapters on current applications and the engineering of these construction materials. Sections review vernacular construction, provide future directions for nonconventional and vernacular materials research, focus on natural fibers, and cover the use of industrial byproducts and natural ashes in cement mortar and concrete. Takes a scientifically rigorous approach to vernacular and non-conventional building materials and their applications Includes a series of case studies and new material on codes and regulations, thus providing an invaluable compendium of practical knowhow Presents the wider context of materials science and its applications in the sustainability agenda
Materials, Technologies and Practice in Historic Heritage Structures by Maria Bostenaru-Dan,Richard Pøikryl,Akos Török Pdf
One distinct feature of human society since the dawn of civilization is the systematic use of inorganic building materials, such as natural stone, unburnt and burnt soil, adobe and brick, inorganic binders like lime and cement, and reinforced concrete. Our heritage has cultural, architectural and technological value and preserving such structures is a key issue today. Planners and conservation scientists need detailed site surveys and analyses to create a database that will serve to guide subsequent actions. One factor in this knowledge base is an understanding of how historic materials were prepared and the crucial properties that influence their long-term behaviour. Any assessment of the way such materials perform must crucially be based on an understanding of the methods used for their analysis. The editors here add to the knowledge base treating the materials used in historic structures, their properties, technology of use and conservation, and their performance in a changing environment. The book draws together 18 chapters dealing with the inorganic materials used in historic structures, such as adobe, brick, stone, mortars, concrete and plasters. The approach is complex, covering material characterisation as well as several case studies of historic structures from Europe, including Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovenia and Spain, and the My Sõn Temples in Vietnam. An equally important component of the book covers the analysis of materials, together with a treatment of sustainable development, such as the protection of monuments from earthquakes and climate change. The authors are all leading international experts, drawn from a variety of backgrounds: architecture, civil engineering, conservation science, geology and material science, with close links to professional organisations such as ICOMOS or universities and research centres throughout Europe. Audience: This book will be of interest to geologists, engineers, restorers, consulting engineers, designers and other professionals dealing with cultural heritage and sustainable development. Also graduate students in applied geo-science (mineralogy, geochemistry, petrology), architecture and civil engineering will find interesting information in this book.
Study of Clay Materials from Northern Cameroon: Application in the Habitat of Sahelian Areas by Touogam Touolak Benedicte Pdf
In its diversity of culture and landscape, stands the dense archipelago of plains, savannas and wooded steppes of the northern part of Cameroon. This part of Cameroon dominated by its flat landscapes, its ferralitic soil, somewhat ferruginous and very exactly clay; is subject to extremely high temperatures, since it is an integral part of the Sahel zone. The question of suitable housing for a Sudano-Sahelian climate is therefore not a new concept in this part of Cameroon. Traditional and ancestral construction techniques using the clay material sometimes associated with crushed straw, or even with cement used as a binder, still exist today. It is therefore not uncommon to find in slightly more remote localities (here assimilated to villages, districts and districts), constructions made entirely of rubble (we are referring here to the city of Mokolo and its surroundings, in the department from Mayo-Tsanaga to Far North Cameroon), and also from terracotta bricks (much more on the side of Yagoua and its surroundings, in the department of Mayo-Danay in Far North Cameroon). Still in Far North Cameroon on the Logone et Chari side, the construction of the shell houses of the Mousgoum people dominate the architectural landscape. Going up in North Cameroon on the side of Garoua in the locality of Pitoa, Djalingo, Boulgou, Tinguelin and Badebroun including all the other surrounding localities, soil morphology, architectural landscape and all other geotechnical parameters of soil characterization remain the same; the use of the material “earth” in particular the cooked and compressed brick predominates the habitats. In most cases, the soils are 90% sandy and clayey in nature; this is what the relevant results obtained from years of research tell us.
Very Soft Organic Clay Applied for Road Embankment by C. Limsiri Pdf
In this book strategies for using very soft organic clay as a fill material for road embankment constructions are compared, and an optimisation scheme is presented. Computer programs for simulation of evaporative drying, for simulation of consolidation, and for slope stability calculation were used to analyse clay behaviour. Field and laboratory te
The Archaeological and Forensic Applications of Microfossils: A Deeper Understanding of Human History The Archaeological and Forensic Applications of Microfossils by M. Williams,T. Hill,I. Boomer,I.P. Wilkinson Pdf
Microfossils are an abundant component of the sedimentary rock record. Their analysis can reveal not only the environments in which the rocks were deposited, but also their age. When combined, the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of microfossils offer enormous utility for archaeological and forensic investigations. Their presence can act as a geological ‘fingerprint’ and the tiniest fragment of material, such as a broken Iron Age potsherd, can contain a microfossil signature that reveals the geographical source of the materials under investigation. This book explores how microfossils are employed as tools to interpret human society and habitation throughout history. Examples include microfossil evidence associated with Palaeolithic human occupation at Boxgrove in Sussex, alongside investigations into human-induced landscape change during the Holocene. Further examples include the use of microfossils to provenance the source materials of Iron Age ceramics, Roman mosaics and Minoan pottery, in addition to their application to help solve modern murder cases, highlighting the diverse applications of microfossils to improving our understanding of human history.
This text on building materials includes discussion of structural clay products, rocks and stones, wood, materials for making concrete, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and miscellaneous materials.
Clay Materials for Environmental Remediation by Suryadi Ismadji,Felycia Edi Soetaredjo,Aning Ayucitra Pdf
A comprehensive review of environmental remediation is presented with an emphasis on the role of clay minerals in water purification. In the first chapter, important aspects of environmental problems and possible solutions are discussed. In the second chapter, the application of natural clay minerals as environmental cleaning agents are explained. The discussion is focused on the role of different types of clay materials in hazardous substance removal from air, aqueous solutions, wastewater, aquaculture, ground water, etc. In the next chapter, the modification of clay materials is explored including the preparation of clay composite materials for environmental remediation. Various aspects of clay material modifications and the effects of clay surface chemistry on the removal of hazardous material is also discussed. Next, the equilibrium and kinetics of hazardous substance adsorption is presented. This chapter summarizes recent studies on the removal of hazardous substances from aqueous solutions and the environment using various types of clay minerals. The brief also includes various models used in adsorption studies and touches on the characterization of clay minerals.
Get the updated industry standard for a new age of construction! For more than fifty years, Olin’s Construction has been the cornerstone reference in the field for architecture and construction professionals and students. This new edition is an invaluable resource that will provide in-depth coverage for decades to come. You’ll find the most up-to-date principles, materials, methods, codes, and standards used in the design and construction of contemporary concrete, steel, masonry, and wood buildings for residential, commercial, and institutional use. Organized by the principles of the MasterFormat® 2010 Update, this edition: Covers sitework; concrete, steel, masonry, wood, and plastic materials; sound control; mechanical and electrical systems; doors and windows; finishes; industry standards; codes; barrier-free design; and much more Offers extensive coverage of the metric system of measurement Includes more than 1,800 illustrations, 175 new to this edition and more than 200 others, revised to bring them up to date Provides vital descriptive information on how to design buildings, detail components, specify materials and products, and avoid common pitfalls Contains new information on sustainability, expanded coverage of the principles of construction management and the place of construction managers in the construction process, and construction of long span structures in concrete, steel, and wood The most comprehensive text on the subject, Olin’s Construction covers not only the materials and methods of building construction, but also building systems and equipment, utilities, properties of materials, and current design and contracting requirements. Whether you’re a builder, designer, contractor, or manager, join the readers who have relied on the principles of Olin’s Construction for more than two generations to master construction operations.
Advances in Natural Fibre Composites by Raul Fangueiro,Sohel Rana Pdf
This book presents selected high-quality research papers submitted to ICNF 2017, the 3rd International Conference on Natural Fibers, which was held in Braga, Portugal, on 21–23 June 2017. It discusses the latest research and developments in the field and covers a wide range of topics related to various aspects of natural-fiber composites, such as production and processing of raw materials, surface modification and functionalization, advanced fibrous structures for composites, nano fibers, experimental characterization, modeling and analysis, design and product development, applications, market potential, and environmental impacts. The book presents the latest research work addressing different approaches and techniques to improve processing, performance, functionalities and cost-effectiveness of natural-fibers composites, in order to increase their applications in different industrial sectors such as automobiles, transportation, construction, and sport. & nbsp;
