Comparative Effectiveness Research

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Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.)
Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research A User s Guide Book PDF

Author : Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.)
Publisher : Government Printing Office
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2013-02-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781587634239

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Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.) Pdf

This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)

Finding What Works in Health Care

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research
Finding What Works in Health Care Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 267 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2011-07-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309164252

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Finding What Works in Health Care by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research Pdf

Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research.

Comparative Effectiveness Research

Mary A. M. Rogers
Comparative Effectiveness Research Book PDF

Author : Mary A. M. Rogers
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2013-12
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199986040

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Comparative Effectiveness Research by Mary A. M. Rogers Pdf

Comparative Effectiveness Research is the first textbook to offer an introduction to this booming clinical science. It broadly covers the examination of research questions, the possible choices of services, the types of patient-centered outcomes, the range of study designs, and how these elements fit together.

Methods in Comparative Effectiveness Research

Constantine Gatsonis,Sally C. Morton
Methods in Comparative Effectiveness Research Book PDF

Author : Constantine Gatsonis,Sally C. Morton
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 547 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2017-02-24
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781351659451

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Methods in Comparative Effectiveness Research by Constantine Gatsonis,Sally C. Morton Pdf

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition or to improve the delivery of care (IOM 2009). CER is conducted to develop evidence that will aid patients, clinicians, purchasers, and health policy makers in making informed decisions at both the individual and population levels. CER encompasses a very broad range of types of studies—experimental, observational, prospective, retrospective, and research synthesis. This volume covers the main areas of quantitative methodology for the design and analysis of CER studies. The volume has four major sections—causal inference; clinical trials; research synthesis; and specialized topics. The audience includes CER methodologists, quantitative-trained researchers interested in CER, and graduate students in statistics, epidemiology, and health services and outcomes research. The book assumes a masters-level course in regression analysis and familiarity with clinical research.

Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Comparative Effectiveness Research Prioritization
Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Comparative Effectiveness Research Prioritization
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2009-11-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309138369

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Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Comparative Effectiveness Research Prioritization Pdf

Clinical research presents health care providers with information on the natural history and clinical presentations of disease as well as diagnostic and treatment options. In today's healthcare system, patients, physicians, clinicians and family caregivers often lack the sufficient scientific data and evidence they need to determine the best course of treatment for the patients' medical conditions. Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research(CER) is designed to fill this knowledge gap by assisting patients and healthcare providers across diverse settings in making more informed decisions. In this 2009 report, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Comparative Effectiveness Research Prioritization establishes a working definition of CER, develops a priority list of research topics, and identifies the necessary requirements to support a robust and sustainable CER enterprise. As part of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Congress appropriated $1.1 billion in federal support of CER, reflecting legislators' belief that better decisions about the use of health care could improve the public's health and reduce the cost of care. The Committee on Comparative Effectiveness Research Prioritization was successful in preparing a list 100 top priority CER topics and 10 recommendations for best practices in the field.

Comparative Effectiveness Research

Carol M. Ashton,Nelda P. Wray
Comparative Effectiveness Research Book PDF

Author : Carol M. Ashton,Nelda P. Wray
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2013-07-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199968565

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Comparative Effectiveness Research by Carol M. Ashton,Nelda P. Wray Pdf

Comparative Effectiveness Research: Evidence, Medicine, and Policy provides the first complete account of how — and why — the federal government decided to make comparative effectiveness research (CER) an important feature of health reform and the Affordable Care Act of 2010.

Pharmacoepidemiology

Brian L. Strom,Stephen E. Kimmel,Sean Hennessy
Pharmacoepidemiology Book PDF

Author : Brian L. Strom,Stephen E. Kimmel,Sean Hennessy
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 1220 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2019-12-16
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781119413417

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Pharmacoepidemiology by Brian L. Strom,Stephen E. Kimmel,Sean Hennessy Pdf

This classic, field-defining textbook, now in its sixth edition, provides the most comprehensive guidance available for anyone needing up-to-date information in pharmacoepidemiology. This edition has been fully revised and updated throughout and continues to provide a rounded view on all perspectives from academia, industry and regulatory bodies, addressing data sources, applications and methodologies with great clarity.

The Science of Health Disparities Research

Irene Dankwa-Mullan,Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable,Kevin L. Gardner,Xinzhi Zhang,Adelaida M. Rosario
The Science of Health Disparities Research Book PDF

Author : Irene Dankwa-Mullan,Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable,Kevin L. Gardner,Xinzhi Zhang,Adelaida M. Rosario
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 548 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2021-03-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119374817

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The Science of Health Disparities Research by Irene Dankwa-Mullan,Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable,Kevin L. Gardner,Xinzhi Zhang,Adelaida M. Rosario Pdf

Integrates the various disciplines of the science of health disparities in one comprehensive volume The Science of Health Disparities Research is an indispensable source of up-to-date information on clinical and translational health disparities science. Building upon the advances in health disparities research over the past decade, this authoritative volume informs policies and practices addressing the diseases, disorders, and gaps in health outcomes that are more prevalent in minority populations and socially disadvantaged communities. Contributions by recognized scholars and leaders in the field—featuring contemporary research, conceptual models, and a broad range of scientific perspectives—provide an interdisciplinary approach to reducing inequalities in population health, encouraging community engagement in the research process, and promoting social justice. In-depth chapters help readers better understand the specifics of minority health and health disparities while demonstrating the importance of advancing theory, refining measurement, improving investigative methods, and diversifying scientific research. In 26 chapters, the book examines topics including the etiology of health disparities research, the determinants of population health, research ethics, and research in African American, Asians, Latino, American Indian, and other vulnerable populations. Providing a unified framework on the principles and applications of the science of health disparities research, this important volume: Defines the field of health disparities science and suggests new directions in scholarship and research Explains basic definitions, principles, and concepts for identifying, understanding and addressing health disparities Provides guidance on both conducting health disparities research and translating the results Examines how social, historical and contemporary injustices may influence the health of racial and ethnic minorities Illustrates the increasing national and global importance of addressing health disparities Discusses population health training, capacity-building, and the transdisciplinary tools needed to advance health equity A significant contribution to the field, The Science of Health Disparities Research is an essential resource for students and basic and clinical researchers in genetics, population genetics, and public health, health care policymakers, and epidemiologists, medical students, and clinicians, particularly those working with minority, vulnerable, or underserved populations.

Comparative Effectiveness Review Methods

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Comparative Effectiveness Review Methods Book PDF

Author : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2013-05-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1484997069

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Comparative Effectiveness Review Methods by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Pdf

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) commissioned the RTI International–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (RTI-UNC) Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) to explore how systematic review groups have dealt with clinical heterogeneity and to seek out best practices for addressing clinical heterogeneity in systematic reviews (SRs) and comparative effectiveness reviews (CERs). Such best practices, to the extent they exist, may enable AHRQ's EPCs to address critiques from patients, clinicians, policymakers, and other proponents of health care about the extent to which “average” estimates of the benefits and harms of health care interventions apply to individual patients or to small groups of patients sharing similar characteristics. Such users of reviews often assert that EPC reviews typically focus on broad populations and, as a result, often lack information relevant to patient subgroups that are of particular concern to them. More important, even when EPCs evaluate literature on homogeneous groups, there may be varying individual treatment for no apparent reason, indicating that average treatment effect does not point to the best treatment for any given individual. Thus, the health care community is looking for better ways to develop information that may foster better medical care at a “personal” or “individual” level. To address our charge for this methods project, the EPC set out to answer six key questions (KQ). Key questions for methods report on clinical heterogeneity include: 1. What is clinical heterogeneity? a. How has it been defined by various groups? b. How is it distinct from statistical heterogeneity? c. How does it fit with other issues that have been addressed by the AHRQ Methods Manual for CERs? 2. How have systematic reviews dealt with clinical heterogeneity in the key questions? a. What questions have been asked? b. How have they pre-identified population subgroups with common clinical characteristics that modify their intervention-outcome association? c. What are best practices in key questions and how these subgroups have been identified? 3. How have systematic reviews dealt with clinical heterogeneity in the review process? a. What do guidance documents of various systematic review groups recommend? b. How have EPCs handled clinical heterogeneity in their reviews? c. What are best practices in searching for and interpreting results for particular subgroups with common clinical characteristics that may modify their intervention-outcome association? 4. What are critiques in how systematic reviews handle clinical heterogeneity? a. What are critiques from specific reviews (peer and public) on how EPCs handled clinical heterogeneity? b. What general critiques (in the literature) have been made against how systematic reviews handle clinical heterogeneity? 5. What evidence is there to support how to best address clinical heterogeneity in a systematic review? 6. What questions should an EPC work group on clinical heterogeneity address? Heterogeneity (of any type) in EPC reviews is important because its appearance suggests that included studies differed on one or more dimensions such as patient demographics, study designs, coexisting conditions, or other factors. EPCs then need to clarify for clinical and other audiences, collectively referred to as stakeholders, what are the potential causes of the heterogeneity in their results. This will allow the stakeholders to understand whether and to what degree they can apply this information to their own patients or constituents. Of greatest importance for this project was clinical heterogeneity, which we define as the variation in study population characteristics, coexisting conditions, cointerventions, and outcomes evaluated across studies included in an SR or CER that may influence or modify the magnitude of the intervention measure of effect (e.g., odds ratio, risk ratio, risk difference).

Methods in Comparative Effectiveness Research

Constantine Gatsonis,Sally C. Morton
Methods in Comparative Effectiveness Research Book PDF

Author : Constantine Gatsonis,Sally C. Morton
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 575 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2017-02-24
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781466511972

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Methods in Comparative Effectiveness Research by Constantine Gatsonis,Sally C. Morton Pdf

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition or to improve the delivery of care (IOM 2009). CER is conducted to develop evidence that will aid patients, clinicians, purchasers, and health policy makers in making informed decisions at both the individual and population levels. CER encompasses a very broad range of types of studies—experimental, observational, prospective, retrospective, and research synthesis. This volume covers the main areas of quantitative methodology for the design and analysis of CER studies. The volume has four major sections—causal inference; clinical trials; research synthesis; and specialized topics. The audience includes CER methodologists, quantitative-trained researchers interested in CER, and graduate students in statistics, epidemiology, and health services and outcomes research. The book assumes a masters-level course in regression analysis and familiarity with clinical research.

Learning What Works

Institute of Medicine
Learning What Works Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 610 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2011-06-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309224994

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Learning What Works by Institute of Medicine Pdf

It is essential for patients and clinicians to have the resources needed to make informed, collaborative care decisions. Despite this need, only a small fraction of health-related expenditures in the United States have been devoted to comparative effectiveness research (CER). To improve the effectiveness and value of the care delivered, the nation needs to build its capacity for ongoing study and monitoring of the relative effectiveness of clinical interventions and care processes through expanded trials and studies, systematic reviews, innovative research strategies, and clinical registries, as well as improving its ability to apply what is learned from such study through the translation and provision of information and decision support. As part of its Learning Health System series of workshops, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care hosted a workshop to discuss capacity priorities to build the evidence base necessary for care that is more effective and delivers higher value for patients. Learning What Works summarizes the proceedings of the seventh workshop in the Learning Health System series. This workshop focused on the infrastructure needs-including methods, coordination capacities, data resources and linkages, and workforce-for developing an expanded and efficient national capacity for CER. Learning What Works also assesses the current and needed capacity to expand and improve this work, and identifies priority next steps. Learning What Works is a valuable resource for health care professionals, as well as health care policy makers.

Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine

Peter J. Neumann,Gillian D. Sanders,Louise B. Russell,Theodore G. Ganiats,Joanna E. Siegel
Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine Book PDF

Author : Peter J. Neumann,Gillian D. Sanders,Louise B. Russell,Theodore G. Ganiats,Joanna E. Siegel
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 537 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2016-10-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780190492939

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Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine by Peter J. Neumann,Gillian D. Sanders,Louise B. Russell,Theodore G. Ganiats,Joanna E. Siegel Pdf

Preceded by: Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine / edited by Marthe R. Gold ... [et al.]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Health Services Research

Justin B. Dimick,Carrie C. Lubitz
Health Services Research Book PDF

Author : Justin B. Dimick,Carrie C. Lubitz
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 365 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2020-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030283575

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Health Services Research by Justin B. Dimick,Carrie C. Lubitz Pdf

This updated volume provides insight into health services research, as well as the emerging areas of research and the tools required to perform scientific work. The book covers topics related to performance assessment, quality improvement, health care policy, and career development. New chapters on the evaluation of non-technical skills in surgery, methods of enhancing causal inference in observational studies, and writing scientific manuscripts are also included. Health Services Research aims to give advice on how to obtain National Institutes of Health funding and other grants, as well as breaking through the barriers to developing a career in academic surgery. This book is relevant to surgical residents and young surgical faculty, as well as anyone undertaking a career in academic surgery.

Intervention Research

Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN,Dianne Morrison-Beedy, PhD, RN, WHNP, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN
Intervention Research Book PDF

Author : Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN,Dianne Morrison-Beedy, PhD, RN, WHNP, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2012-04-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780826109583

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Intervention Research by Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ PMHNP, FNAP, FAAN,Dianne Morrison-Beedy, PhD, RN, WHNP, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN Pdf

2012 First Place AJN Book of the Year Award Winner in Nursing Research! "This is a resource for success and should be a part of any researcher's library."--Doody's Medical Reviews This book is a practical, user-friendly guide for health care researchers across multiple disciplines who are involved in intervention research. It provides all of the essential elements needed for understanding how to design, conduct, analyze, and fund intervention studies that are replicable and can withstand the scrutiny of the Institutional Review Board and peer review. Developed from an annual continuing education workshop on intervention studies conducted by Dr. Melnyk, this text is the most comprehensive body of information available on this topic. Contributors address the design of interventions that are ethically considerate and sensitive to culture, race/ethnicity, and gender, minimizing threats to external and internal validity, measurement, and budgeting. The guide explores such implementation issues as subject recruitment and retention, data management, and specialized settings, cost analysis, and explaining intervention effects. The text also guides readers in writing grant applications that fund , and addresses how to move intervention study findings into the real world. A unique addition to the book is the availability of digital examples of progress reports, final reports, and research grant applications that have received funding from the National Institutes of Health and other relevant organizations. This text is a valuable resource for all health care professionals conducting research and for doctoral students in health care studies. Key Features: Presents the essential tools for designing, conducting, analyzing, and funding intervention studies Designed for use by health care professionals conducting intervention research Provides comprehensive, accessible guidelines for doctoral students across all health care disciplines Instructs readers on writing grant applications that fund Includes digital examples of funded research grants, progress reports, and final reports

Understanding Health Outcomes and Pharmacoeconomics

George E. MacKinnon III
Understanding Health Outcomes and Pharmacoeconomics Book PDF

Author : George E. MacKinnon III
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2011-09-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781449673949

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Understanding Health Outcomes and Pharmacoeconomics by George E. MacKinnon III Pdf

Understanding Health Outcomes and Pharmacoeconomics presents an overview of the tools used to assess patient-related health status including associated health outcomes and the analyses that are used to determine cost-effectiveness in evaluating pharmacotherapeutic interventions to improve health. Including data and examples from several different countries, this comprehensive text will help students understand the basis for decisions made at the local and governmental level that impact the use of pharmaceuticals and provide a strong foundation for understanding the principles used in cost-effective decision making. With commentaries, cases studies, and highlighting international differences, this text concludes with a discussion of the need for a universal system for documenting medication use. Understanding Health Outcomes and Pharmacoeconomics provides definitions of comparative effectiveness research (CER) and comparisons of pharmacoeconomic models (including cost-effectivess, cost-benefit, and cost utility analyses). This inclusive text provides describes how CER is linked to various pharmacoeconomic models by providing examples from clinical trials with comparative pharmacotherapy and cost parameters. From the Introduction: "The need for interprofessional education was made apparent in the 2003 Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality report. All healthcare professionals must be educated to deliver patient-centered care as members of an interprofessional team, emphasizing evidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics. An enhanced understanding of pharmacoeconomic principles is a step in the right direction for healthcare practitioners as we do our best to ensure optimal medication therapy outcomes for patients and society at-large." -- George E. MacKinnon III, PhD, RPh, FASHP