Competence And Vulnerability In Biomedical Research

Author : Philip Bielby
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2008-09-16
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781402086045

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Competence and Vulnerability in Biomedical Research by Philip Bielby Pdf

Enhanced knowledge of the nature and causes of mental disorder have led increasingly to a need for the recruitment of ‘cognitively vulnerable’ participants in biomedical research. These individuals often fall into the ‘grey area’ between obvious decisional competence and obvious decisional incompetence and, as a result, may not be recognised as having the legal capacity to make such decisions themselves. At the core of the ethical debate surrounding the participation of cognitively vulnerable individuals in research is when, if at all, we should judge them decisionally and legally competent to consent to or refuse research participation on their own behalf and when they should be judged incompetent in this respect. In this book, the author develops a novel justificatory framework for making judgments of decisional competence to consent to biomedical research with reference to five groups of cognitively vulnerable individuals - older children and adolescents, adults with intellectual disabilities, adults with depression, adults with schizophrenia and adults with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Using this framework, the author argues that we can make morally defensible judgments about the competence or incompetence of a potential participant to give contemporaneous consent to research by having regard to whether a judgment of competence would be more harmful to the ‘generic rights’ of the potential participant than a judgment of incompetence. The argument is also used to justify an account of supported decision-making in research, and applied to evaluate the extent to which this approach is evident in existing ethical guidelines and legal provisions. The book will be of interest to bioethicists as well as psychiatrists and academic medical lawyers interested in normative questions raised by the concepts of competence and capacity.

Author : Andrew R. Thomas,Nicolae Alexandru Pop,Ana Maria Iorga,Cristian Ducu
Publisher : Springer
Page : 209 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2016-10-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783319456096

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Ethics and Neuromarketing by Andrew R. Thomas,Nicolae Alexandru Pop,Ana Maria Iorga,Cristian Ducu Pdf

This book addresses the emerging field of neuromarketing, which, at its core, aims to better understand the impact of marketing stimuli by observing and interpreting human emotions. It includes contributions from leading researchers and practitioners, venturing beyond the tactics and strategies of neuromarketing to consider the ethical implications of applying powerful tools for data collection. The rationale behind neuromarketing is that human decision-making is not primarily a conscious process. Instead, there is increasing evidence that the willingness to buy products and services is an emotional process where the brain uses short cuts to accelerate the decision-making process. At the intersection of economics, neuroscience, consumer behavior, and cognitive psychology, neuromarketing focuses on which emotions are relevant in human decision-making, and uses this knowledge to make marketing more effective. The knowledge is applied in product design; enhancing promotions and advertising, pricing, professional services, and store design; and improving the consumer experience as a whole. The foundation for all of this activity is data gathering and analysis. Like many new processes and innovations, much of neuromarketing is operating far ahead of current governmental compliance and regulation and thus current practices are raising ethical issues. For example, facial recognition software, used to monitor and detect a wide range of micro-expressions, has been tested at several airports—under the guise of security and counterterrorism. To what extent is it acceptable to screen the entire population using these powerful and intrusive techniques without getting passengers’ consent? Citing numerous examples from the public and private sectors, the editors and contributing authors argue that while the United States has catalyzed technological advancements, European companies and governments are more progressive when it comes to defining ethical parameters and developing policies. This book details many of those efforts, and offers rational, constructive approaches to laying an ethical foundation for neuromarketing efforts.

Author : Henk ten Have
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2016-04-08
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9781317227892

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Vulnerability by Henk ten Have Pdf

Alongside globalization, the sense of vulnerability among people and populations has increased. We feel vulnerable to disease as new infections spread rapidly across the globe, while disasters and climate change make health increasingly precarious. Moreover, clinical trials of new drugs often exploit vulnerable populations in developing countries that otherwise have no access to healthcare and new genetic technologies make people with disabilities vulnerable to discrimination. Therefore the concept of ‘vulnerability’ has contributed new ideas to the debates about the ethical dimensions of medicine and healthcare. This book explains and elaborates the new concept of vulnerability in today’s bioethics. Firstly, Henk ten Have argues that vulnerability cannot be fully understood within the framework of individual autonomy that dominates mainstream bioethics today: it is often not the individual person who is vulnerable, rather that his or her vulnerability is created through the social and economic conditions in which he or she lives. Contending that the language of vulnerability offers perspectives beyond the traditional autonomy model, this book offers a new approach which will enable bioethics to evolve into a global enterprise. This groundbreaking book critically analyses the concept of vulnerability as a global phenomenon. It will appeal to scholars and students of ethics, bioethics, globalization, healthcare, medical science, medical research, culture, law, and politics.

Author : Catriona Mackenzie,Wendy Rogers,Susan Dodds
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2013-11-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780199316663

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Vulnerability by Catriona Mackenzie,Wendy Rogers,Susan Dodds Pdf

The aim of this volume is to open up reflection on the nature of vulnerability, the responsibilities owed to the vulnerable, who bears these responsibilities, and how they are best fulfilled. In canvassing responses to these questions, the contributors engage with a range of ethical traditions and with issues in contemporary political philosophy and bioethics. Some essays in the volume explore the connections between vulnerability, autonomy, dignity, and justice. Other essays engage with a feminist ethics of care to articulate the relationship between vulnerability, dependence, and care. These theoretical approaches are complemented by detailed examination of vulnerability in specific contexts, including disability; responsibilities to children; intergenerational justice; and care of the elderly. The essays thus address fundamental questions concerning our moral duties to each other as individuals and as citizens. Contributing significantly to the development of an ethics of vulnerability, this volume opens up promising avenues for future research in feminist philosophy, moral and political philosophy, and bioethics.

Author : Oonagh Corrigan,John McMillan,Kathleen Liddell,Martin Richards,Charles Weijer
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2009-01-29
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780191552397

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The Limits of Consent by Oonagh Corrigan,John McMillan,Kathleen Liddell,Martin Richards,Charles Weijer Pdf

Since its inception as an international requirement to protect patients and healthy volunteers taking part in medical research, informed consent has become the primary consideration in research ethics. Despite the ubiquity of consent, however, scholars have begun to question its adequacy for contemporary biomedical research. The Limits of Consent explores this issue, reviewing the application of consent to genetic research, clinical trials, and research involving vulnerable populations. For example, in genetic research, information obtained from an autonomous research participant may have significant bearing on the interests of family members who have not consented to the study. This casts doubt on the adequacy of consent for such studies. The Limits of Consent also questions the assumptions that informed consent is essential and that it satisfactorily protects the principle of individual autonomy. It reviews recent empirical studies that challenge the possibility of truly informed consent and highlights the extent to which consent is governed by social norms and expectations. It also investigates how consent might be of secondary importance in some circumstances, for example when a research project appears to protect a public or community interest. Building on these observations, the authors make bold attempts to outline constructive solutions to the problems identified with perspectives from medicine, law, philosophy and sociology. This fascinating and provocative exploration of the limits of informed consent will appeal to ethicists, social scientists, health lawyers, clinical researchers, research ethics committee members, policy makers, and others with an interest in bioethics.

Author : Nikki Kiyimba,Jessica Nina Lester,Michelle O'Reilly
Publisher : Springer
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319948393

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Using Naturally Occurring Data in Qualitative Health Research by Nikki Kiyimba,Jessica Nina Lester,Michelle O'Reilly Pdf

This highly practical resource brings new dimensions to the utility of qualitative data in health research by focusing on naturally occurring data. It examines how naturally occurring data complement interviews and other sources of researcher-generated health data, and takes readers through the steps of identifying, collecting, analyzing, and disseminating these findings in ethical research with real-world relevance. The authors acknowledge the critical importance of evidence-based practice in today’s healthcare landscape and argue for naturally occurring data as a form of practice-based evidence making valued contributions to the field. And chapters evaluate frequently overlooked avenues for naturally occurring data, including media and social media sources, health policy and forensic health contexts, and digital communications. Included in the coverage: · Exploring the benefits and limitations of using naturally occurring data in health research · Considering qualitative approaches that may benefit from using naturally occurring data · Utilizing computer-mediated communications and social media in health · Using naturally occurring data to research vulnerable groups · Reviewing empirical examples of health research using naturally occurring data Using Naturally Occurring Data in Qualitative Health Research makes concepts, methods, and rationales accessible and applicable for readers in the health and mental health fields, among them health administrators, professionals in research methodology, psychology researchers, and practicing and trainee clinicians.

Author : Charles Foster,Jonathan Herring,Israel Doron
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 570 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2014-12-01
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781849468190

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The Law and Ethics of Dementia by Charles Foster,Jonathan Herring,Israel Doron Pdf

Dementia is a topic of enormous human, medical, economic, legal and ethical importance. Its importance grows as more of us live longer. The legal and ethical problems it raises are complex, intertwined and under-discussed. This book brings together contributions from clinicians, lawyers and ethicists – all of them world leaders in the field of dementia – and is a comprehensive, scholarly yet accessible library of all the main (and many of the fringe) perspectives. It begins with the medical facts: what is dementia? Who gets it? What are the current and future therapeutic and palliative options? What are the main challenges for medical and nursing care? The story is then taken up by the ethicists, who grapple with questions such as: is it legitimate to lie to dementia patients if that is a kind thing to do? Who is the person whose memory, preferences and personality have all been transformed by their disease? Should any constraints be placed on the sexual activity of patients? Are GPS tracking devices an unpardonable interference with the patient's freedom? These issues, and many more, are then examined through legal lenses. The book closes with accounts from dementia sufferers and their carers. It is the first and only book of its kind, and the authoritative text.

Author : Katie Woolaston
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 247 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2022-06-23
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781316511992

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Ecological Vulnerability by Katie Woolaston Pdf

This book offers novel theoretical responses to the question of how laws and institutions shape the human-wildlife relationship.

Author : Graeme Laurie,Edward Dove,Agomoni Ganguli-Mitra,Catriona McMillan,Emily Postan,Nayha Sethi,Annie Sorbie
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 444 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2021-06-09
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781108576093

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The Cambridge Handbook of Health Research Regulation by Graeme Laurie,Edward Dove,Agomoni Ganguli-Mitra,Catriona McMillan,Emily Postan,Nayha Sethi,Annie Sorbie Pdf

The definitive reference guide to designing scientifically sound and ethically robust medical research, considering legal, ethical and practical issues.

Author : Per Bauhn
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2016-03-22
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317232629

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Gewirthian Perspectives on Human Rights by Per Bauhn Pdf

Gewirth’s theory of human rights has made a major contribution to philosophy. In this edited collection, contributors from a broad range of disciplines discuss the theoretical and practical application of Gewirthian theory to current world issues. Case studies highlight mental health, the LGBT community, intellectual disabilities, global economic inequality, and market instability to provide a truly interdisciplinary study. This important contribution to human rights scholarship provides a platform for further discussion of Gewirthian theory. It will be of interest to those researching moral, legal, and political philosophy, as well as policy makers, social workers, and medical staff.

Author : United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 614 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1978
Category : Human experimentation in medicine
ISBN : UCSD:31822000897728

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The Belmont Report by United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 277 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2007-01-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789401204194

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Ethics in Biomedical Research by Anonim Pdf

This book deals with the international assessment and regulation of biomedical research. In its chapters, some of the leading figures in today’s bioethics address questions centred on global development, scientific advances, and vulnerability.The series Values In Bioethics makes available original philosophical books in all areas of bioethics, including medical and nursing ethics, health care ethics, research ethics, environmental ethics, and global bioethics.

Author : Markus Christen,Sabine Müller
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2018-01-15
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9782889453733

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The Clinical and Ethical Practice of Neuromodulation – Deep Brain Stimulation and Beyond by Markus Christen,Sabine Müller Pdf

Neuromodulation is among the fastest-growing areas of medicine, involving many diverse specialties and affecting hundreds of thousands of patients with numerous disorders worldwide. It can briefly be described as the science of how electrical, chemical, and mechanical interventions can modulate the nervous system function. A prominent example of neuromodulation is deep brain stimulation (DBS), an intervention that reflects a fundamental shift in the understanding of neurological and psychiatric diseases: namely as resulting from a dysfunctional activity pattern in a defined neuronal network that can be normalized by targeted stimulation. The application of DBS has grown remarkably and more than 130,000 patients worldwide have obtained a DBS intervention in the past 30 years—most of them for treating movement disorders. This Frontiers Research Topics provides an overview on the current discussion beyond basic research in DBS and other brain stimulation technologies. Researchers from various disciplines, who are working on broader clinical, ethical and social issues related to DBS and related neuromodulation technologies, have contributed to this research topic.

Author : Milica Prostran
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2018-05-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781789232004

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Clinical Trials in Vulnerable Populations by Milica Prostran Pdf

This book Clinical Trials in Vulnerable Populations has 12 chapters divided into 4 sections: Minority Patients, Women, Medically Compromised Patients and Clinical Trials. Contributing authors came from several countries, from Serbia to Turkey. The book was edited by Professor Milica Prostran MD, Ph.D., specialist in Clinical Pharmacology. The potential reader is shown a modern approach to clinical trials in vulnerable populations, from different points of view. The chapters deal at length and clarity with their topics. Finally, I believe, that this book I edited and reviewed with dedication will capture the attention of many readers, from medical students to practicing doctors and pharmacists. All of whom must consider this very important field of medicine: clinical trials in vulnerable patients.

Author : Iven Klineberg,Diana Kingston
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2012-02-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781444361117

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Oral Rehabilitation by Iven Klineberg,Diana Kingston Pdf

This book provides its readers with a structured approach to decision-making and case management in oral rehabilitation. It is built around actual patient cases from simple prosthodontics to complex full-mouth reconstructions, demonstrating a formal process by which a diagnosis and treatment plan is reached. Grounded firmly in evidence-based principles, the book also includes a chapter on literature searching in dentistry, which is critical for acquiring a knowledge-base for informed decisions in clinical treatment. Featuring an approach to prosthodontics and oral rehabilitation that is both instructional and practical, Oral Rehabilitation: A Case-Based Approach will help clinicians to develop the necessary skills to make consistent, evidence-based clinical decisions. KEY FEATURES • Presents a case-based process showing how diagnosis and treatment is achieved • Covers a range of clinical scenarios from simple to complex presentations • Illustrates each case fully, with stages documented by colour photographs • Emphasises inter-disciplinary management in prosthodontics • Accompanied by a website containing illustrative video clips