Confronting Emerging Zoonoses

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Confronting Emerging Zoonoses

Akio Yamada,Laura H. Kahn,Bruce Kaplan,Thomas P. Monath,Jack Woodall,Lisa Conti
Confronting Emerging Zoonoses Book PDF

Author : Akio Yamada,Laura H. Kahn,Bruce Kaplan,Thomas P. Monath,Jack Woodall,Lisa Conti
Publisher : Springer
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2014-11-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9784431551201

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Confronting Emerging Zoonoses by Akio Yamada,Laura H. Kahn,Bruce Kaplan,Thomas P. Monath,Jack Woodall,Lisa Conti Pdf

This book provides readers with information on the factors underlying the emergence of infectious diseases originating in animals and spreading to people. The One Health concept recognizes the important links between human, animal, and environmental health and provides an important strategy in epidemic mitigation and prevention. The essential premise of the One Health concept is to break down the silos among the different health professions and promote transdisciplinary collaborations. These concepts are illustrated with in-depth analyses of specific zoonotic agents and with examples of the successes and challenges associated with implementing One Health. The book also highlights some of the challenges societies face in confronting several specific zoonotic diseases. A chapter is included on comparative medicine to demonstrate the broad scope of the One Health concept. Edited by a team including the One Health Initiative pro bono members, the book is dedicated to those studying zoonotic diseases and comparative medicine in both human and veterinary medicine, to those involved in the prevention and control of zoonotic infections and to those in the general public interested in the visionary field of One Health.

Emerging Zoonoses

I. W. Fong
Emerging Zoonoses Book PDF

Author : I. W. Fong
Publisher : Springer
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2017-02-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319508900

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Emerging Zoonoses by I. W. Fong Pdf

The book begins with a review of zoonotic pandemics of the past: the “Black Death” or bubonic plague of the Middle Ages, the Spanish Influenza pandemic (derived from avian influenza) of the early 20th century, to the more modern pandemic of AIDS/HIV infection, which originated in Africa from primates. However, the majority of chapters focus on more recent zoonoses, which have been recognized since the late 20th century to the present: · SARS and MERS coronaviruses· New avian influenza viruses · The tick-borne Henan fever virus from China· The tick-borne Heartland virus from the United States · Recently recognized bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus suis from pigs. In addition, reemergence of established zoonoses that have expanded their niche are reviewed, such as the spread of Zika virus and Chikungunya virus to the Western Hemisphere, and the emergence and spread of Ebola virus infection in Africa. A chapter is also devoted to an overview of the mechanisms and various types of animals involved in the transmission of diseases to humans, and the potential means of control and prevention. Many endemic and sporadic diseases are still transmitted by animals, through either direct or indirect contact, and zoonoses are estimated to account for about 75% of all new and emerging infectious diseases. It is predicted by public health experts that the next major pandemic of infectious disease will be of animal origin, making Emerging Zoonoses: A Worldwide Perspective a crucial resource to all health care specialists by providing them with much needed information on these zoonotic diseases.iv>

Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin
Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2010-01-24
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309137348

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Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin Pdf

H1N1 ("swine flu"), SARS, mad cow disease, and HIV/AIDS are a few examples of zoonotic diseases-diseases transmitted between humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are a growing concern given multiple factors: their often novel and unpredictable nature, their ability to emerge anywhere and spread rapidly around the globe, and their major economic toll on several disparate industries. Infectious disease surveillance systems are used to detect this threat to human and animal health. By systematically collecting data on the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals, investigators can track the spread of disease and provide an early warning to human and animal health officials, nationally and internationally, for follow-up and response. Unfortunately, and for many reasons, current disease surveillance has been ineffective or untimely in alerting officials to emerging zoonotic diseases. Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases assesses some of the disease surveillance systems around the world, and recommends ways to improve early detection and response. The book presents solutions for improved coordination between human and animal health sectors, and among governments and international organizations. Parties seeking to improve the detection and response to zoonotic diseases-including U.S. government and international health policy makers, researchers, epidemiologists, human health clinicians, and veterinarians-can use this book to help curtail the threat zoonotic diseases pose to economies, societies, and health.

Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin
Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 152 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2009-01-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309128186

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Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin Pdf

One of the biggest threats today is the uncertainty surrounding the emergence of a novel pathogen or the re-emergence of a known infectious disease that might result in disease outbreaks with great losses of human life and immense global economic consequences. Over the past six decades, most of the emerging infectious disease events in humans have been caused by zoonotic pathogens-those infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans. In June 2008, the Institute of Medicine's and National Research Council's Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin convened a workshop. This workshop addressed the reasons for the transmission of zoonotic disease and explored the current global capacity for zoonotic disease surveillance.

Taking a Multisectoral One Health Approach : A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,World Organization for Animal Health,World Health Organization
Taking a Multisectoral One Health Approach A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,World Organization for Animal Health,World Health Organization
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 166 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2019-03-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789251312360

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Taking a Multisectoral One Health Approach : A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,World Organization for Animal Health,World Health Organization Pdf

The 2018 FAO-OIE-WHO (Tripartite) zoonoses guide, “Taking A Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries” (2018 TZG) is being jointly developed to provide member countries with practical guidance on OH approaches to build national mechanisms for multisectoral coordination, communication, and collaboration to address zoonotic disease threats at the animal-human-environment interface. The 2018 TZG updates and expands on the guidance in the one previous jointly-developed, zoonoses-specific guidance document: the 2008 Tripartite “Zoonotic Diseases: A Guide to Establishing Collaboration between Animal and Human Health Sectors at the Country Level”, developed in WHO South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region. The 2018 TZG supports building by countries of the resilience and capacity to address emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza, rabies, Ebola, and Rift Valley fever, as well as food-borne diseases and antimicrobial resistance, and to minimize their impacts on health, livelihoods, and economies. It additionally supports country efforts to implement WHO International Health Regulations (2005) and OIE international standards, to address gaps identified through external and internal health system evaluations, and to achieve targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. The 2018 TZG provides relevant country ministries and agencies with lessons learned and good practices identified from country-level experiences in taking OH approaches for preparedness, prevention, detection and response to zoonotic disease threats, and provides guidance on multisectoral communication, coordination, and collaboration. It informs on regional and country-level OH activities and relevant unisectoral and multisectoral tools available for countries to use.

One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases

John S. Mackenzie,Martyn Jeggo,Peter Daszak,Juergen A. Richt
One Health The Human Animal Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases Book PDF

Author : John S. Mackenzie,Martyn Jeggo,Peter Daszak,Juergen A. Richt
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2013-11-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642358463

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One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases by John S. Mackenzie,Martyn Jeggo,Peter Daszak,Juergen A. Richt Pdf

One Health is an emerging concept that aims to bring together human, animal, and environmental health. Achieving harmonized approaches for disease detection and prevention is difficult because traditional boundaries of medical and veterinary practice must be crossed. In the 19th and early 20th centuries this was not the case—then researchers like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch and physicians like William Osler and Rudolph Virchow crossed the boundaries between animal and human health. More recently Calvin Schwabe revised the concept of One Medicine. This was critical for the advancement of the field of epidemiology, especially as applied to zoonotic diseases. The future of One Health is at a crossroads with a need to more clearly define its boundaries and demonstrate its benefits. Interestingly the greatest acceptance of One Health is seen in the developing world where it is having significant impacts on control of infectious diseases.

Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World

Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats
Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 323 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2010-03-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309151979

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Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World by Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats Pdf

Modern transportation allows people, animals, and plants-and the pathogens they carry-to travel more easily than ever before. The ease and speed of travel, tourism, and international trade connect once-remote areas with one another, eliminating many of the geographic and cultural barriers that once limited the spread of disease. Because of our global interconnectedness through transportation, tourism and trade, infectious diseases emerge more frequently; spread greater distances; pass more easily between humans and animals; and evolve into new and more virulent strains. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted the workshop "Globalization, Movement of Pathogens (and Their Hosts) and the Revised International Health Regulations" December 16-17, 2008 in order to explore issues related to infectious disease spread in a "borderless" world. Participants discussed the global emergence, establishment, and surveillance of infectious diseases; the complex relationship between travel, trade, tourism, and the spread of infectious diseases; national and international policies for mitigating disease movement locally and globally; and obstacles and opportunities for detecting and containing these potentially wide-reaching and devastating diseases. This document summarizes the workshop.

Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases

World Health Organization
Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases Book PDF

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2015-08-05
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789241564861

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Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases by World Health Organization Pdf

"The presence, or absence, of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) can be seen as a proxy for poverty and for the success of interventions aimed at reducing poverty. Today, coverage of the public-health interventions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) against NTDs may be interpreted as a proxy for universal health coverage and shared prosperity - in short, a proxy for coverage against neglect. As the world's focus shifts from development to sustainable development, from poverty eradication to shared prosperity, and from disease-specific goals to universal health coverage, control of NTDs will assume an important role towards the target of achieving universal health coverage, including individual financial risk protection. Success in overcoming NTDs is a "litmus test" for universal health coverage against NTDs in endemic countries. The first WHO report on NTDs (2010) set the scene by presenting the evidence for how these interventions had produced results. The second report (2013) assessed the progress made in deploying them and detailed the obstacles to their implementation. This third report analyses for the first time the investments needed to achieve the scale up of implementation required to achieve the targets of the WHO Roadmap on NTDs and universal coverage against NTDs. INVESTING TO OVERCOME THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES presents an investment strategy for NTDs and analyses the specific investment case for prevention, control, elimination and eradication of 12 of the 17 NTDs. Such an analysis is justified following the adoption by the Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly in 2013 of resolution WHA6612 on neglected tropical diseases, which called for sufficient and predictable funding to achieve the Roadmap's targets and sustain control efforts. The report cautions, however, that it is wise investment and not investment alone that will yield success. The report registers progress and challenges and signals those that lie ahead. Climate change is expected to increase the spread of several vector-borne NTDs, notably dengue, transmission of which is directly influenced by temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and climate variability primarily through their effects on the vector. Investments in vector-borne diseases will avoid the potentially catastrophic expenditures associated with their control. The presence of NTDs will thereby signal an early warning system for climate-sensitive diseases. The ultimate goal is to deliver enhanced and equitable interventions to the most marginalized populations in the context of a changing public-health and investment landscape to ensure that all peoples affected by NTDs have an opportunity to lead healthier and wealthier lives."--Publisher's description.

Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Sciences,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Policy and Global Affairs,Science and Technology for Sustainability Program,Committee on Considerations for the Future of Animal Science Research
Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Sciences,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Policy and Global Affairs,Science and Technology for Sustainability Program,Committee on Considerations for the Future of Animal Science Research
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2015-03-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309316477

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Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Sciences,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Policy and Global Affairs,Science and Technology for Sustainability Program,Committee on Considerations for the Future of Animal Science Research Pdf

By 2050 the world's population is projected to grow by one-third, reaching between 9 and 10 billion. With globalization and expected growth in global affluence, a substantial increase in per capita meat, dairy, and fish consumption is also anticipated. The demand for calories from animal products will nearly double, highlighting the critical importance of the world's animal agriculture system. Meeting the nutritional needs of this population and its demand for animal products will require a significant investment of resources as well as policy changes that are supportive of agricultural production. Ensuring sustainable agricultural growth will be essential to addressing this global challenge to food security. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability identifies areas of research and development, technology, and resource needs for research in the field of animal agriculture, both nationally and internationally. This report assesses the global demand for products of animal origin in 2050 within the framework of ensuring global food security; evaluates how climate change and natural resource constraints may impact the ability to meet future global demand for animal products in sustainable production systems; and identifies factors that may impact the ability of the United States to meet demand for animal products, including the need for trained human capital, product safety and quality, and effective communication and adoption of new knowledge, information, and technologies. The agricultural sector worldwide faces numerous daunting challenges that will require innovations, new technologies, and new ways of approaching agriculture if the food, feed, and fiber needs of the global population are to be met. The recommendations of Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability will inform a new roadmap for animal science research to meet the challenges of sustainable animal production in the 21st century.

Systematizing the One Health Approach in Preparedness and Response Efforts for Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Proceedings of a Workshop

National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri,National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine,Health And Medicine Division,Board On Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats
Systematizing the One Health Approach in Preparedness and Response Efforts for Infectious Disease Outbreaks Proceedings of a Workshop Book PDF

Author : National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri,National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine,Health And Medicine Division,Board On Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2022-10-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0309093376

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Systematizing the One Health Approach in Preparedness and Response Efforts for Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Proceedings of a Workshop by National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri,National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine,Health And Medicine Division,Board On Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats Pdf

On February 23-25, 2021, a planning committee convened by the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 3-day virtual workshop titled Systematizing the One Health Approach in Preparedness and Response Efforts for Infectious Disease Outbreaks. The workshop gave particular consideration to research opportunities, multisectoral collaboration mechanisms, community-engagement strategies, educational opportunities, and policies that speakers have found effective in implementing the core capacities and interventions of One Health principles to strengthen national health systems and enhance global health security. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.

Zoonoses

Rolf Bauerfeind,Alexander Von Graevenitz,Peter Kimmig,Hans Gerd Schiefer,Tino Schwarz,Werner Slenczka,Horst Zahner
Zoonoses Book PDF

Author : Rolf Bauerfeind,Alexander Von Graevenitz,Peter Kimmig,Hans Gerd Schiefer,Tino Schwarz,Werner Slenczka,Horst Zahner
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 548 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2015-12-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781555819255

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Zoonoses by Rolf Bauerfeind,Alexander Von Graevenitz,Peter Kimmig,Hans Gerd Schiefer,Tino Schwarz,Werner Slenczka,Horst Zahner Pdf

Zoonoses are a persistent threat to the global human health Today, more than 200 diseases occurring in humans and animals are known to be mutually transmitted. Classical infectious diseases, such as rabies, plague, and yellow fever, have not been eradicated despite major efforts. New zoonotic diseases are on the increase due global conditions such as overpopulation, wars, and food scarcity, which facilitate human contact with rodents, stray animals, and their parasites. In addition, humans are unwittingly becoming accidental hosts and new links in an infectious chain by engaging in activities such as survival training, which involves camping in open areas and consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked food. Zoonotic infections cause a variety of symptoms that often do not provide clear evidence of a known disease. Zoonoses, Fourth Edition, describes most occurring worldwide zoonosis and facilitates the identification, diagnosis and treatment of zoonotic infections. Written by a team of doctors, medical microbiologists and veterinarians, this completely, revised edition covers all aspects of the epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic diseases through clear descriptions of various illnesses. Specifically, this fourth edition covers zoonosis caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites infections caused by animal bites infections and intoxications by animal foods Iatrogenic transmission of zoonotic pathogens Zoonoses is an indispensable reference for clinicians and laboratorians.

The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases

Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Forum on Emerging Infections
The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Forum on Emerging Infections
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2002-04-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309169738

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The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases by Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Forum on Emerging Infections Pdf

Zoonotic diseases represent one of the leading causes of illness and death from infectious disease. Defined by the World Health Organization, zoonoses are "those diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man with or without an arthropod intermediate." Worldwide, zoonotic diseases have a negative impact on commerce, travel, and economies. In most developing countries, zoonotic diseases are among those diseases that contribute significantly to an already overly burdened public health system. In industrialized nations, zoonotic diseases are of particular concern for at-risk groups such as the elderly, children, childbearing women, and immunocompromised individuals. The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health, covers a range of topics, which include: an evaluation of the relative importance of zoonotic diseases against the overall backdrop of emerging infections; research findings related to the current state of our understanding of zoonotic diseases; surveillance and response strategies to detect, prevent, and mitigate the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health; and information about ongoing programs and actions being taken to identify the most important needs in this vital area.

Plagues and Politics

A. Price-Smith
Plagues and Politics Book PDF

Author : A. Price-Smith
Publisher : Springer
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2001-04-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780230524248

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Plagues and Politics by A. Price-Smith Pdf

Infectious diseases once thought to be controlled (such as malaria and tuberculosis) are now spreading rapidly across the globe, and lethal new disease agents (HIV/AIDS, ebola and BSE) continue to emerge at an ominous pace. Policymakers must consider the implications of disease proliferation for economic prosperity, general well-being, and national security in affected societies. This work represents a collection of articles from the premier authors in the field on the ramifications of disease emergence for international development, international law, and national security.

Biodiversity and Health

Serge Morand,Claire Lajaunie
Biodiversity and Health Book PDF

Author : Serge Morand,Claire Lajaunie
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2017-11-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780081011676

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Biodiversity and Health by Serge Morand,Claire Lajaunie Pdf

There is a gap between the ecology of health and the concepts supported by international initiatives such as EcoHealth, One Health or Planetary Health; a gap which this book aims to fill. Global change is accelerated by problems of growing population, industrialization and geopolitics, and the world’s biodiversity is suffering as a result, which impacts both humans and animals. However, Biodiversity and Health offers the unique opportunity to demonstrate how ecological, environmental, medical and social sciences can contribute to the improvement of human health and wellbeing through the conservation of biodiversity and the services it brings to societies. This book gives an expansive and integrated overview of the scientific disciplines that contribute to the connection between health and biodiversity, from the evolutionary ecology of infectious and non-infectious diseases to ethics, law and politics. Presents the first book to give a broad and integrated overview of the scientific disciplines that contribute to health From evolutionary ecology, to laws and policies, this book explores the links between health and biodiversity Demonstrates how ecological sciences, environmental sciences, medical sciences, and social sciences may contribute to improve human health

Microbial Threats to Health

Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century
Microbial Threats to Health Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 397 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2003-08-25
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309185547

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Microbial Threats to Health by Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century Pdf

Infectious diseases are a global hazard that puts every nation and every person at risk. The recent SARS outbreak is a prime example. Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans. Indeed, a majority of countries recently identified the spread of infectious disease as the greatest global problem they confront. Throughout history, humans have struggled to control both the causes and consequences of infectious diseases and we will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. Following up on a high-profile 1992 report from the Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health examines the current state of knowledge and policy pertaining to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from around the globe. It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health. From the impact of war or technology on disease emergence to the development of enhanced disease surveillance and vaccine strategies, Microbial Threats to Health contains valuable information for researchers, students, health care providers, policymakers, public health officials. and the interested public.