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Author : Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Committee on Science and Technology
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 1965
Category : Research
ISBN : UGA:32108040972955
Author : Anonim
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Federal aid to research
ISBN : 142232494X
Author : Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development,Institute of Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Academy of Sciences,National Academy of Engineering,National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 108 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 1995-12-06
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309519731
The United States faces a new challenge--maintaining the vitality of its system for supporting science and technology despite fiscal stringency during the next several years. To address this change, the Senate Appropriations Committee requested a report from the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine to address "the criteria that should be used in judging the appropriate allocation of funds to research and development activities; to examine the appropriate balance among different types of institutions that conduct such research; and to look at the means of assuring continued objectivity in the allocation process." In this eagerly-awaited book, a committee of experts selected by the National Academies and the Institute responds with 13 recommendations that propose a new budgeting process and formulates a series of questions to address during that process. The committee also makes corollary recommendations about merit review, government oversight, linking research and development to government missions, the synergy between research and education, and other topics. The recommendations are aimed at rooting out obsolete and inadequate activities to free resources from good programs for even better ones, in the belief that "science and technology will be at least as important in the future as they have been in the past in dealing with problems that confront the nation." The authoring committee of this book was chaired by Frank Press, former President of the National Academy of Sciences (1981-1993) and Presidential Science and Technology Advisor (1977-1981).
Author : Sheila Marie Campbell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Federal aid to research
ISBN : PURD:32754075492003
This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) study, prepared at the request of the Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on the Budget, examines recent trends in federal support for research and development and the current state of knowledge about the economic effects of that support. Private businesses are the largest sponsors of research and development (R & D) in the United States; however, the federal government has long provided significant support for R & D activities to both supplement and encourage private efforts. The government finances research and development through spending and tax benefits that give businesses an incentive to increase their R & D spending. This study addresses questions such as whether the current level of spending is appropriate, what returns taxpayers receive for public investment in R & D, and whether funds are allocated to areas of inquiry and projects that will provide the highest return on that investment.--Preface.
Author : National Science Foundation (U.S.). Division of Science Resources Studies
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1969
Category : Federal aid to research
ISBN : MINN:30000011026162
Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Federal aid to research
ISBN : UIUC:30112000622206
Author : National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 882 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-10
Category : Federal aid to higher education
ISBN : STANFORD:36105113780865
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Federal aid to research
ISBN : OCLC:1038987351
Author : Christine M. Matthews
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2012-10-20
Category : Education
ISBN : 1480152862
From the time of Vannevar Bush and his 1945 report on U.S. science policy, academic research has played a role in the nation's economy. Vannevar Bush's report, Science the Endless Frontier, maintained that major investments in research should be made to the nation's universities. He stated that the research capacity of the colleges and universities was significantly important to long-term national interests. Currently, some Members of Congress have expressed concern about the health and competitiveness of the nation's colleges and universities. There are those who continue to maintain that the long-term competitiveness of the nation is linked to the strength of the academic research infrastructure. It has been shown that academic research is integrated into the economy and impacts at both the local and national level. By one estimate, approximately 80% of leading industries have resulted from research conducted at colleges and universities. Colleges and universities are the primary performers of basic research, with the federal government being the largest funding source. In FY2008, the federal government provided approximately 60% of an estimated $51.9 billion of research and development funds expended by academic institutions. When measured in current dollars, federal academic support increased by 2.5% between FY2007 and FY2008. When inflation is taken into account, it equates to an increase of 0.2% from FY2007 to FY2008 following two years of decline in constant dollars since FY2005. An issue before the 112th Congress is that with further budget reductions expected, how does the nation best reduce the budget while adjusting the support for research conducted at colleges and universities?
Author : Science Council of Canada
Publisher : Queen's Press
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1969
Category : Endowment of research
ISBN : STANFORD:36105034014113
Author : National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1958
Category : Research
ISBN : UOM:39015057980743
Author : Sheila Campbell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1050645306
New knowledge and continuing innovation have been major factors in increasing economic well-being. Private businesses are the largest sponsors of research and development (R&D) in the United States, producing the discoveries that in turn lead to new products and services and the growth of productivity; however, the federal government has long provided significant support for R&D activities to both supplement and encourage private efforts. The government finances research and development through spending -- fiscal year 2007 appropriations for R&D activities total $137 billion -- and tax benefits that give businesses an incentive to increase their R&D spending. Studies of federally supported R&D provide multifaceted but incomplete answers to questions about those governmental activities: whether the current level of spending is appropriate, what returns taxpayers receive for public investment in R&D, and whether funds are allocated to areas of inquiry and projects that will provide the highest return on that investment. Results of the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) economic analysis of federal support for R&D and its review of trends in the data over time indicate the following: Over the 1953-2004 period as a whole, federal spending for R&D has grown, on average, as fast as the overall economy; Distinguishing between research and development is important in evaluating the effectiveness of the government's R&D spending and the benefits it may provide; Federal funding of research -- particularly of basic research -- is generally viewed favorably because of its large potential for spillovers and the corresponding economic benefits; Studies of federal spending for basic research in the past, particularly studies of research conducted at academic institutions, have estimated that the average returns from that spending exceed the returns that might have been gained had those resources been put to other uses.
Author : Wendy H. Schacht
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2012-10-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781437989267
Public interest in approaches that might provide prescription drugs at lower cost, particularly for the elderly, has rekindled discussion over the role the federal government plays in facilitating the creation of new pharmaceuticals for the marketplace. The government traditionally funds R&D to meet the mission requirements of the federal departments and agencies. It also supports work in areas where there is an identified need for research, primarily basic research, not being performed in the private sector. Congressional initiatives have expanded to include the promotion of technological innovation to meet other national needs, particularly the economic growth that flows from the use of new and improved goods and services. Various laws facilitate commercialization of federally funded R&D through technology transfer, cooperative R&D, and intellectual property rights. Contents of this report: Overview; Government Support for R&D; Industrial R&D; Patents; Legislative Initiatives; NIH-University-Industry Collaboration; Pricing Decisions and Recoupment; Research Tools; Government Rights: Royalty Free Licenses and Reporting Requirements; Conclusion. Figures. This is a print on demand report.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 8 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1960-04
Category : Endowment of research
ISBN : MINN:30000011025990
Author : National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 92 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 1976
Category : Federal aid to higher education
ISBN : STANFORD:36105003485757