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British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914-1925 by Andrekos Varnava Pdf
Most of the Cypriot population, especially the lower classes, remained loyal to the British cause during the Great War and the island contributed significantly to the First World War, with men and materials. The British acknowledged this yet failed to institute political and economic reforms once the war ended. The obsession of Greek Cypriot elites with enosis (union with Greece), which only increased after the war, and the British dismissal of increasing the role of Cypriots in government, bringing the Christian and Muslim communities closer, and expanding franchise to all classes and sexes, led to serious problems down the line, not least the development of a democratic deficit. Andrekos Varnava studies the events and the impact of this crucial period.
Keeping the Peace in the Cyprus Crisis of 1963–64 by A. James Pdf
During the Cold War the small state of Cyprus was of great strategic importance to the West. Britain, the United States, and Nato all had valuable installations there; and any armed conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots could easily suck two nearby Nato members - Greece and Turkey - into war. When therefore, intercommunal fighting broke out in Cyprus in December 1963, the West was deeply embarrassed. This book examines the consequential efforts of, first Britain, and then the UN, to keep the peace.
Two NATO Allies at the Threshold of War by Parker T. Hart Pdf
As ambassador to Turkey during the Cyprus crisis (1965–1968), Parker T. Hart provides an insider’s view of the management of that crisis in NATO and Greek-Turkish relations. Greece and most Greek Cypriots favoredenosis(union with Greece), but Turkey and the Turk Cypriots were prepared to go to war to prevent such an annexation. A massacre of Turk Cypriot villagers in November 1967 focused the anger of Turkey, which was prepared to send troops to Cyprus to equalize the preponderance of forces led by General George Grivas. The determined mediation of special presidential envoy Cyrus R. Vance prevented the initiation of all-out hostilities. Vance engineered a withdrawal of mainland Greek forces in excess of existing treaty levels in exchange for a standdown of Turkish forces. The Vance mission diffused the crisis and salvaged the integrity of NATO, and a Greek-Turkish agreement to sponsor and encourage intercommunal negotiations followed. Hart has relied on his own papers from the period, as well as on United Nations sources from the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, and on the papers of the other key participants in the Crisis, Ambassador to Greece Phillips Talbot, Ambassador to Cyprus Taylor G. Belcher, and Cyrus Vance, to provide a rare play-by-play analysis of the crisis and its resolution.
In the troubled island of Cyprus, the national interests and rivalries of Greece and Turkey still collide, the population remains divided between the Greek and Turkish communities and the country is still a cat's paw of outside powers - especially the USA and the now resurgent Russia - as it has been since the acquisition of the island by Britain in 1878. Global rivalry between the great powers and Cyprus's vitally strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean - a 'listening post' in the Cold War and even today - has meant that the populations have never been free to shape their own destinies which have been constantly influenced by great power interests. These are problems that have been brought into sharp focus by Cyprus's entry into the European Union. William Mallinson's book is a fast-moving and incisive narrative history which portrays Cyprus as a continuing source of international tension in the Mediterranean and beyond. It features the latest source material from the recently released National Archive, vivid interviews with key players, even reports which raise awkward and embarrassing questions. His critical eye uncovers the underlying story of American and British involvement in the island's affairs, first as a key territory in Cold War politics with its close proximity to the Middle East and Asia and now as a key asset in the 'war on terror'. Mallinson's new insights and revelations on the period leading up to and following the Turkish invasion in 1974, when Greece and Turkey - both NATO members - were on the brink of war are fascinating and make essential reading. Henry Kissinger is seen to be even more the master puppeteer, pressuring Britain not to give up her bases. Mallinson examines how after the Turkish invasion Kissinger planned the abortive Annan Plan to divide the island and how he regarded the retention of Cyprus as vital for a future solution of the Arab-Israeli problem. For Kissinger Cyprus was the important square on the 'world chequer-board' while British influence continued to decline and her independence in foreign policy was virtually non-existent. Mallinson also explores how Turkey's drive to join the EU will affect not only stability in Cyprus but also the whole region, as Russia's influence in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean expands. So, in William Mallinson's words, 'Cyprus lies [still] at the epicentre of this whole geopolitical merry-go-round'.
This book, first published in 1978, examines the local and international aspects of the struggle for Greek union with Cyprus – Enosis. The revolt against the British colonial power was a struggle in which guerrilla warfare, political action and international diplomacy were integrated to bring about union with Greece under the camouflaged objectives of self-determination and anti-colonialism. This book traces the origins of the dispute from the Greek War of Independence of 1821 and then deals in depth with the revolt and its international repercussions up to Independence in 1960 and the Turkish military intervention of 1974.
Phase Line Attila by Edward J. Erickson,Mesut Uyar Pdf
"This monograph will prove to be one of the more valuable works ever written on the efficacy of modern era amphibious warfare. While many students of military affairs have assumed that large-scale forcible entry amphibious operations are a thing of the past, the authors have done an outstanding job, in just eight concise and well-written chapters, to demonstrate how amphibious warfare, in combination with other joint operations, can prove decisive on modern-day battlefields. Covering a little-known combat operation that incredibly involved two neighboring North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies--Greece and Turkey--the 1974 battle known in Turkey as Operation Star Drop-4 and erroneously in the West as Operation Attila, took place on the perpetually restive island nation of Cyprus. Moreover, the authors have finally brought to light what is "arguably only one of two such [amphibious] operations" fought since 1945 that involved a substantially opposed landing. The operation also included the heavy use of airborne, airmobile, naval surface, and other follow-on armored forces that proved decisive toward relative Turkish success on Cyprus in 1974"--
Cyprus 1974, “This Ain’t No Picnic, It’s War” by Alain Gaudet Pdf
Cyprus 1974: “This Ain’t No Picnic, It’s War” is the edited personal diary of Alain Gaudet, a twenty-two-year-old paratrooper with the Canadian Forces in a peacekeeping role in Nicosia, Cyprus. The diary is a fascinating look at daily life from the soldiers’ viewpoint. It gives the reader insight into the challenges and frustrations of a solider in combat, how he deals with the loss of friends and compatriots, and the extremes of emotions on display in a war zone.
Acknowledgements p. XI Introduction p. 1 Literature Review p. 4 1 The Centre of a Pre-Copernican Universe: A Very Short History of Cyprus p. 11 2 The Road to Disaster: Makarios and the Junta p. 15 3 Coup d'etat in Nicosia: The First 48 Hours p. 21 The Evacuation of Makarios p. 36 Contingency Plans and Delaying Tactics p. 39 4 Joint Intervention? p. 49 Kissinger's 'pet idea' - The Clerides Solution p. 56 Downing Street Meeting, 17 July 1974 p. 57 5 'Promoting a solution which will be in US interests', 18 July 1974 p. 65 6 Sisco in Athens and Ankara: Kissinger's Failure to Restrain the Turks, 19 July 1974 p. 75 Makarios at the Security Council p. 87 NATO's Attitude toward the Crisis p. 89 7 'A new ballgame': Turkey's First Military Operation p. 91 8 The First Two 'Ceasefires', 21 and 22 July 1974: The Road to the First Geneva Conference p. 105 The Sinking of the Kocatepe p. 111 Anglo-Turkish Confrontation at Kyrenia, 22 - 23 July 1974 p. 112 9 'A net gain for the West': Political Implications of the Turkish Military Operation p. 117 10 Further Anglo-Turkish Confrontation, 23-26 July 1974 p. 125 Confrontation at Nicosia Airport p. 126 11 Blockade of Northern Cyprus? The First Major Anglo-American Rift p. 133 12 The Danger for Turkish Cypriot Communities p. 139 13 First Geneva Conference, 25-30 July 1974 p. 147 The Eviction of the UN from Kyrenia - Britain Considers Military Intervention p. 162 The Final Phase at Geneva p. 165 14 Between the Talks, 1-12 August 1974 p. 171 15 Second Geneva Conference, 8-13 August 1974 p. 181 The Kissinger Solution - Cantonal Proposal p. 195 'There is no American reason why the Turks should not have one-third of Cyprus' - Final US Efforts to Save the Conference p. 210 The Final Showdown p. 213 16 Stopping the Turks? Final Debates on British/UNFICYP Military Intervention and a Greek Convoy p. 217 17 War, 14-16 August 1974 p. 225 Confrontation at Ayios Nikolaos, 15 August 1974 - The Last Possible Anglo-Turkish Showdown or the 'Trigger-Happy' Commander p. 230 Diplomatic Activities p. 231 The Final Day, 16 August 1974 p. 238 18 Big and Little Lies: Conspiracy Theories Gain Ground p. 241 Anglo-Turkish Collusion or Anglo-Greek Collusion? - The Evacuation of Officers from the British Bases p. 244 'If these attitudes continue we will wash our hands of the whole thing' - The Death of Roger Davies p. 246 19 Permitting Racial Separation: Attempts at Post-Crisis Management p. 249 A Present for Secretary Kissinger - Greek-Cypriot Territory as a Bargaining Chip p. 254 'A hard character with not much charity in his soul' - A Change in Turkish Attitude p. 256 Tyler's Mission to Athens - No Chance for a Solution p. 260 20 Refugees and War Crimes p. 265 Refugees on the British Bases p. 266 Population Exchange p. 272 Exchange of Prisoners p. 273 Missing Persons - and other War Crimes p. 274 21 Beyond the Crisis: Cyprus from Cold War to Annan p. 281 Conclusion: 'There is no nation of maniacs I don't get involved in': Henry Kissinger's Idiosyncratic Methods of Working p. 289 Annexes p. 299 Notes p. 305 Bibliography p. 353 Index p. 361.
World War II marked a pivotal point in the history of Cyprus, yet surprisingly, this period of the island's history has been little studied to date. Anastasia Yiangou here provides the first major study of the impact of World War II on the political development of Cyprus. In doing so she traces shifting Cypriot attitudes to the war and the formation of a triangular conflict in the island between the Left, Right and British colonial power. She explains how the British and Cypriots fought a war alongside each other, yet remained far apart in discussions on the future of the island. Yiangou's original and compelling analysis highlights how the post-1945 landscape of Cypriot political struggles was shaped by forces set in motion during the war itself.
Author : Vamik D. Volkan Publisher : University of Virginia Press Page : 192 pages File Size : 54,6 Mb Release : 1979 Category : Social Science ISBN : 0813907756
For nearly 60 years, the tiny Mediterranean nation of Cyprus has taken a disproportionate share of the international spotlight. In The Cyprus Problem, James Ker-Lindsay--recently appointed as expert advisor to the UN Secretary-General's Special Advisor on Cyprus--offers an incisive, even-handed account of the conflict. Ker-Lindsay covers all aspects of the Cyprus problem, placing it in historical context, addressing the situation as it now stands, and looking toward its possible resolution.
Martin Bell, the former BBC was reporter and Independent MP, served as a soldier in the Suffolk Regiment during the Cyprus emergency between 1957 and 1959. In a chocolate box in the attic many years later he found more than 100 letters that he had sent home to his family. He was not a journalist then, but the letters give a vivid impression of what it was like to be a conscript on active service during the EOKA rebellion against British rule. They describe road blocks and cordons and searches, murders and explosions and riots and a strategy of armed repression that ultimately failed. From this beginning he has written The End of Empire.His narrative is a powerful and personal account of the violent process of decolonization, of the character of the British Army at the time and the impact of National Service on young men who were not much more than kids in uniform. It also gives a graphic insight into the ultimate futility of the use of force in wars among people and it reveals the true story of the insurgency and the campaign to defeat it.By drawing on recently declassified documents, he shows that Cyprus in the late 1950s was run not by the governor but by a military junta. The army commanders were looking for the knockout blow that would deliver victory, but their misguided tactics served only to strengthen support for their enemy.So The End Of Empire is much more than a personal reminiscence. It is an absorbing account of the experience of army life from the perspective of a private soldier, and it is the inside story of how Britain tried to crush a violent rebellion sixty years ago.
Kissinger and the Invasion of Cyprus by William Mallinson Pdf
Can Henry Kissinger be described as a serious statesman who altered the course of relations between states? Or was he a shallow impersonator of those whom he admired, and a geopolitical engineer who treated people as collateral fodder, reducing morality to the status of a strategic and tactical tool? Using the story of Kissinger’s behaviour over Cyprus, backed up by recently revealed government documents, many critical, William Mallinson, former diplomat and leading authority on Cyprus’ history, provides an incisive analysis and evaluation of Kissinger’s approach, revealing a man who appears to have considered political strategy more important than law and ethics.
