Design And Applications Of Single Site Heterogeneous Catalysts Contributions To Green Chemistry Clean Technology And Sustainability

Design And Applications Of Single Site Heterogeneous Catalysts Contributions To Green Chemistry Clean Technology And Sustainability Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle version is available to download in english. Read online anytime anywhere directly from your device. Click on the download button below to get a free pdf file of Design And Applications Of Single Site Heterogeneous Catalysts Contributions To Green Chemistry Clean Technology And Sustainability book. This book definitely worth reading, it is an incredibly well-written.

Design And Applications Of Single-site Heterogeneous Catalysts: Contributions To Green Chemistry, Clean Technology And Sustainability

John Meurig Thomas
Design And Applications Of Single site Heterogeneous Catalysts Contributions To Green Chemistry Clean Technology And Sustainability Book PDF

Author : John Meurig Thomas
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
Page : 324 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2012-04-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781848169296

Get Book

Design And Applications Of Single-site Heterogeneous Catalysts: Contributions To Green Chemistry, Clean Technology And Sustainability by John Meurig Thomas Pdf

For far too long chemists and industrialists have relied on the use of aggressive reagents such as nitric and sulphuric acids, permanganates and dichromates to prepare the massive quantities of both bulk and fine chemicals that are needed for the maintenance of civilised life — materials such as fuels, fabrics, foodstuffs, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Such aggressive reagents generate vast quantities of environmentally harmful and often toxic by-products, including the oxides of nitrogen, of metal oxides and carbon dioxide.Now, owing to recent advances made in the synthesis of nanoporous solids, it is feasible to design new solid catalysts that enable benign, mild oxidants to be used, frequently without utilising solvents, to manufacture the products that the chemical, pharmaceutical, agro- and bio-chemical industries require. These new solid agents are designated single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). Their principal characteristics are that all the active sites present in the high-area solids are identical in their atomic environment and hence in their energy of interaction with reactants, just as in enzymes.Single-site heterogeneous catalysts now occupy a position of growing importance both academically and in their potential for commercial exploitation. This text, the only one devoted to such catalysts, dwells both on principles of design and on applications, such as the benign synthesis of nylon 6 and vitamin B3. It equips the reader with unifying insights required for future catalytic adventures in the quest for sustainability in the materials used by humankind.Anyone acquainted with the language of molecules, including undergraduates in the physical and biological sciences, as well as graduates in engineering and materials science, should be able to assimilate the principles and examples presented in this book. Inter alia, it describes how clean technology and ‘green’ processes may be carried out in an environmentally responsible manner.

Liquid Phase Oxidation via Heterogeneous Catalysis

Mario G. Clerici,Oxana A. Kholdeeva
Liquid Phase Oxidation via Heterogeneous Catalysis Book PDF

Author : Mario G. Clerici,Oxana A. Kholdeeva
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 546 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2013-04-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781118356753

Get Book

Liquid Phase Oxidation via Heterogeneous Catalysis by Mario G. Clerici,Oxana A. Kholdeeva Pdf

Sets the stage for environmentally friendly industrialorganic syntheses From basic principles to new and emerging industrialapplications, this book offers comprehensive coverage ofheterogeneous liquid-phase selective oxidation catalysis. It fullyexamines the synthesis, characterization, and application ofcatalytic materials for environmentally friendly organic syntheses.Readers will find coverage of all the important classes ofcatalysts, with an emphasis on their stability and reusability. Liquid Phase Oxidation via Heterogeneous Catalysisfeatures contributions from an international team of leadingchemists representing both industry and academia. The book beginswith a chapter on environmentally benign oxidants and thencovers: Selective oxidations catalyzed by TS-1 and othermetal-substituted zeolites Selective catalytic oxidation over ordered nanoporousmetallo-aluminophosphates Selective oxidations catalyzed by mesoporousmetal-silicates Liquid phase oxidation of organic compounds by supportedmetal-based catalysts Selective liquid phase oxidations in the presence of supportedpolyoxometalates Selective oxidations catalyzed by supported metalcomplexes Liquid phase oxidation of organic compounds by metal-organicframeworks Heterogeneous photocatalysis for selective oxidations withmolecular oxygen All the chapters dedicated to specific types of catalysts followa similar organization and structure, making it easy to compare theadvantages and disadvantages of different catalysts. The finalchapter examines the latest industrial applications, such as theproduction of catechol and hydroquinone, cyclohexanone oxime, andpropylene oxide. With its unique focus on liquid phase heterogeneous oxidationcatalysis, this book enables researchers in organic synthesis andoxidation catalysis to explore and develop promising new catalyticmaterials and synthetic routes for a broad range of industrialapplications.

The Selected Papers of Sir John Meurig Thomas

John Meurig Thomas
The Selected Papers of Sir John Meurig Thomas Book PDF

Author : John Meurig Thomas
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
Page : 622 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2017-07-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781786341877

Get Book

The Selected Papers of Sir John Meurig Thomas by John Meurig Thomas Pdf

John Meurig Thomas is a former Director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a former head of the Department of Physical Chemistry and former Master of Peterhouse, University of Cambridge. A world-renowned solid-state, materials and surface chemist, he has been an educator, researcher, academic administrator, author of university texts, government advisor, industrial consultant and trustee of national museums in a career spanning over 50 years. Recipient of many international awards, including the Linus Pauling, Willard–Gibbs, Kapitza, Natta, Stokes, Davy and Faraday medals, he is also a fellow of the Royal Society (1977), of the American Philosophical Society (1993) and of ten other national academies. He is best known for his fundamental work in heterogeneous catalysis, chemical electron microscopy and in the popularisation of science, for which, in conjunction with his services to chemistry, he was knighted (1991). He is also founding editor of three scientific journals and editor or co-editor of some 30 monographs. A new mineral, meurigite, was named in his honour (1995). Most recently in 2016, Sir John was awarded the Royal Medal for Physical Sciences by the Royal Society. Drawn from over 1200 publications, this volume contains a summarised account of Sir John's work, with a selection of the new techniques pioneered and discovered by him and his colleagues. Also included are popular science articles, and various illustrations of techniques which have enhanced our knowledge of many facets of condensed matter science. Contributions from 80 peers, colleagues, former co-workers, students and friends worldwide who have interacted with or been influenced by him are a tribute to the professional and personal life of Sir John, making this book a unique reflective summary of the work of one of the greatest achievers in modern British physical science.

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology

Karen Wilson,Adam F. Lee
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology Book PDF

Author : Karen Wilson,Adam F. Lee
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 504 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527659005

Get Book

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology by Karen Wilson,Adam F. Lee Pdf

Reactive, but not a reactant. Heterogeneous catalysts play an unseen role in many of today's processes and products. With the increasing emphasis on sustainability in both products and processes, this handbook is the first to combine the hot topics of heterogeneous catalysis and clean technology. It focuses on the development of heterogeneous catalysts for use in clean chemical synthesis, dealing with how modern spectroscopic techniques can aid the design of catalysts for use in liquid phase reactions, their application in industrially important chemistries - including selective oxidation, hydrogenation, solid acid- and base-catalyzed processes - as well as the role of process intensification and use of renewable resources in improving the sustainability of chemical processes. With its emphasis on applications, this book is of high interest to those working in the industry.

Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis

John Meurig Thomas,W. John Thomas
Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis Book PDF

Author : John Meurig Thomas,W. John Thomas
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 768 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2015-02-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527314584

Get Book

Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis by John Meurig Thomas,W. John Thomas Pdf

This long-awaited second edition of the successful introduction to the fundamentals of heterogeneous catalysis is now completely revised and updated. Written by internationally acclaimed experts, this textbook includes fundamentals of adsorption, characterizing catalysts and their surfaces, the significance of pore structure and surface area, solid-state and surface chemistry, poisoning, promotion, deactivation and selectivity of catalysts, as well as catalytic process engineering. A final section provides a number of examples and case histories. With its color and numerous graphics plus references to help readers to easily find further reading, this is a pivotal work for an understanding of the principles involved.

The Periodic Table II

D. Michael P. Mingos
The Periodic Table II Book PDF

Author : D. Michael P. Mingos
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2020-02-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030400101

Get Book

The Periodic Table II by D. Michael P. Mingos Pdf

As 2019 has been declared the International Year of the Periodic Table, it is appropriate that Structure and Bonding marks this anniversary with two special volumes. In 1869 Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev first proposed his periodic table of the elements. He is given the major credit for proposing the conceptual framework used by chemists to systematically inter-relate the chemical properties of the elements. However, the concept of periodicity evolved in distinct stages and was the culmination of work by other chemists over several decades. For example, Newland’s Law of Octaves marked an important step in the evolution of the periodic system since it represented the first clear statement that the properties of the elements repeated after intervals of 8. Mendeleev’s predictions demonstrated in an impressive manner how the periodic table could be used to predict the occurrence and properties of new elements. Not all of his many predictions proved to be valid, but the discovery of scandium, gallium and germanium represented sufficient vindication of its utility and they cemented its enduring influence. Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on the atomic weights of the elements and it was another 50 years before Moseley established that it was the atomic number of the elements, that was the fundamental parameter and this led to the prediction of further elements. Some have suggested that the periodic table is one of the most fruitful ideas in modern science and that it is comparable to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed at approximately the same time. There is no doubt that the periodic table occupies a central position in chemistry. In its modern form it is reproduced in most undergraduate inorganic textbooks and is present in almost every chemistry lecture room and classroom. This second volume provides chemists with an overview of the important role played by the Periodic Table in advancing our knowledge of solid state and bioinorganic chemistry. It also illustrates how it has been used to fine-tune the properties of compounds which have found commercial applications in catalysis, electronics, ceramics and in medicinal chemistry.

4D Visualization of Matter

Ahmed H Zewail
4D Visualization of Matter Book PDF

Author : Ahmed H Zewail
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
Page : 426 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2014-09-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781783265046

Get Book

4D Visualization of Matter by Ahmed H Zewail Pdf

Ever since the beginning of mankind's efforts to pursue scientific inquiry into the laws of nature, visualization of the very distant and the very small has been paramount. The examples are numerous. A century ago, the atom appeared mysterious, a “raisin or plum pie of no structure,” until it was visualized on the appropriate length and time scales. Similarly, with telescopic observations, a central dogma of the cosmos was changed and complexity yielded to simplicity of the heliocentric structure and motion in our solar system. For matter, in over a century of developments, major advances have been made to explore the inner microscopic structures and dynamics. These advances have benefited many fields of endeavor, but visualization was incomplete; it was limited either to the 3D spatial structure or to the 1D temporal evolution. However, in systems with myriads of atoms, 4D spatiotemporal visualization is essential for dissecting their complexity. The biological world is rich with examples, and many molecular diseases cannot be fully understood without such direct visualization, as, for example, in the case of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The same is true for phenomena in materials science, chemistry, and nanoscience. This anthology is an account of the collected works that have emerged over the past decade from Caltech. Through recent publications, the volume provides overviews of the principles, the electron-based techniques, and the applications made. Thanks to advances in imaging principles and technology, it is now possible with 4D electron microscopy to reach ten orders of magnitude improvement in time resolution while simultaneously conserving the atomic spatial resolution in visualization. This is certainly a long way from Robert Hooke's microscopy, which was recorded in his 1665 masterpiece Micrographia.

Heterogeneous Catalysis for Energy Applications

Tomas R Reina,Jose A Odriozola
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Energy Applications Book PDF

Author : Tomas R Reina,Jose A Odriozola
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
Page : 533 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2020-08-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781788019583

Get Book

Heterogeneous Catalysis for Energy Applications by Tomas R Reina,Jose A Odriozola Pdf

Heterogeneous catalysis plays a central role in the global energy paradigm, with practically all energy-related process relying on a catalyst at a certain point. The application of heterogeneous catalysts will be of paramount importance to achieve the transition towards low carbon and sustainable societies. This book provides an overview of the design, limitations and challenges of heterogeneous catalysts for energy applications. In an attempt to cover a broad spectrum of scenarios, the book considers traditional processes linked to fossil fuels such as reforming and hydrocracking, as well as catalysis for sustainable energy applications such as hydrogen production, photocatalysis, biomass upgrading and conversion of CO2 to clean fuels. Novel approaches in catalysts design are covered, including microchannel reactors and structured catalysts, catalytic membranes and ionic liquids. With contributions from leaders in the field, Heterogeneous Catalysis for Energy Applications will be an essential toolkit for chemists, physicists, chemical engineers and industrials working on energy.

Ethics Of Chemistry: From Poison Gas To Climate Engineering

Joachim Schummer,Tom Borsen
Ethics Of Chemistry From Poison Gas To Climate Engineering Book PDF

Author : Joachim Schummer,Tom Borsen
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 568 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2021-02-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811233555

Get Book

Ethics Of Chemistry: From Poison Gas To Climate Engineering by Joachim Schummer,Tom Borsen Pdf

'Overall, this collection of case studies provides an outstanding starting point for understanding the ethics of chemistry. It is an extremely important contribution to the study of chemical ethics … Ethics of Chemistry is a key resource for educators interested in integrating ethics instruction into their chemistry curricula … an important foundation for equipping students with the moral judgement and analytical skills necessary to contend with the ethical issues they are likely to face in their professional lives.'Nature Chemistry'… the book offers a general introduction to many relevant topics concerning the values, responsibilities, and judgements in (and of) chemistry. The volume could be helpful for university students and teachers or even general readers interested in the ethics of chemistry.' [Read Full Review]José Ramón Bertomeu-SánchezAmbixAlthough chemistry has been the target of numerous public moral debates for over a century, there is still no academic field of ethics of chemistry to develop an ethically balanced view of the discipline. And while ethics courses are increasingly demanded for science and engineering students in many countries, chemistry is still lagging behind because of a lack of appropriate teaching material. This volume fills both gaps by establishing the scope of ethics of chemistry and providing a cased-based approach to teaching, thereby also narrating a cultural history of chemistry.From poison gas in WWI to climate engineering of the future, this volume covers the most important historical cases of chemistry. It draws lesson from major disasters of the past, such as in Bhopal and Love Canal, or from thalidomide, Agent Orange, and DDT. It further introduces to ethical arguments pro and con by discussing issues about bisphenol-A, polyvinyl chloride, and rare earth elements; as well as of contested chemical projects such as human enhancement, the creation of artificial life, and patents on human DNA. Moreover, it illustrates chemical engagements in preventing hazards, from the prediction of ozone depletion, to Green Chemistry, and research in recycling, industrial substance substitution, and clean-up. Students also learn about codes of conduct and chemical regulations.An international team of experts narrate the historical cases and analyse their ethical dimensions. All cases are suitable for undergraduate teaching, either in classes of ethics, history of chemistry, or in chemistry classes proper.

Albemarle Street

John Meurig Thomas
Albemarle Street Book PDF

Author : John Meurig Thomas
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 284 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2021-08-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780192898005

Get Book

Albemarle Street by John Meurig Thomas Pdf

The publication presents a selection of the remarkable personalities who have worked at The Royal Institution in London. Many of them revolutionized various facets of science and technology, others were renowned for their general cultural contributions to the arts, literature, drama, anthropology, medicine, music, poetry, politics and religion.

Architects of Structural Biology

John Meurig Thomas
Architects of Structural Biology Book PDF

Author : John Meurig Thomas
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2020-02-28
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780198854500

Get Book

Architects of Structural Biology by John Meurig Thomas Pdf

This is a history of the personalities and single-minded devotion of four Nobel laureates who played a pivotal role in the creation of a new and prevalent branch of biology. This led to major medical advances in one of the greatest centres of scientific research: the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, which they helped to establish.

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology

Karen Wilson,Adam F. Lee
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology Book PDF

Author : Karen Wilson,Adam F. Lee
Publisher : Wiley-VCH
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2013-12-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 3527332138

Get Book

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology by Karen Wilson,Adam F. Lee Pdf

Reactive, but not a reactant. Heterogeneous catalysts play an unseen role in many of today's processes and products. With the increasing emphasis on sustainability in both products and processes, this handbook is the first to combine the hot topics of heterogeneous catalysis and clean technology. It focuses on the development of heterogeneous catalysts for use in clean chemical synthesis, dealing with how modern spectroscopic techniques can aid the design of catalysts for use in liquid phase reactions, their application in industrially important chemistries - including selective oxidation, hydrogenation, solid acid- and base-catalyzed processes - as well as the role of process intensification and use of renewable resources in improving the sustainability of chemical processes. With its emphasis on applications, this book is of high interest to those working in the industry.

Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1

Putla Sudarsanam,Yusuke Yamauchi,Pankaj Bharali
Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Volume 1 Book PDF

Author : Putla Sudarsanam,Yusuke Yamauchi,Pankaj Bharali
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 420 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2023-01-04
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119771999

Get Book

Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1 by Putla Sudarsanam,Yusuke Yamauchi,Pankaj Bharali Pdf

An essential companion for catalysis researchers and professionals studying economically viable and eco-friendly catalytic strategies for energy conversion In the two-volume Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive discussion of fundamental concepts in, and practical applications of, heterogeneous nanocatalysis for alternative energy production, biomass conversion, solar energy, green fuels, H2 production, fuel cells, electrochemical energy conversion processes, CO2 conversion, clean water, and environmental protection. The volumes cover the design and catalytic performance of various nanocatalysts, including nanosized metals and metal oxides, supported metal nanoparticles, inverse oxide-metal nanocatalysts, core-shell nanocatalysts, nanoporous zeolites, nanocarbon composites, and metal oxides in confined spaces. Each chapter contains a critical discussion of the opportunities and challenges posed by the use of nanosized catalysts for practical applications. Volume 1 – Energy Applications focuses on the conversion of renewable energy (biomass/solar) into green fuels and chemicals, ammonia synthesis, clean hydrogen production, and electrochemical energy conversion processes using a variety of nanosized catalysts. It also offers: A thorough introduction to heterogeneous catalysis and nanocatalysis, as well as a discussion of catalytic active sites at nano-scale range Comprehensive explorations of the methods for control and activation of nanosized catalysts Practical discussions of C3N4-based nanohybrid catalysts for solar hydrogen production via water splitting Nanosized catalysts in visible light photocatalysis for sustainable organic synthesis Applications of MXenes in electrocatalysis Perfect for researchers, postgraduate students, chemists, and engineers interested in heterogeneous catalysis and nanocatalysis, Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in alternative energy production, biomass conversion, solar energy, green fuels, H2 production, fuel cells, electrochemical energy conversion processes, CO2 conversion, clean water, and environmental protection.

Heterogeneous Catalysts

Wey Yang Teoh,Atsushi Urakawa,Yun Hau Ng,Patrick Sit
Heterogeneous Catalysts Book PDF

Author : Wey Yang Teoh,Atsushi Urakawa,Yun Hau Ng,Patrick Sit
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 79 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2021-06-08
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783527344154

Get Book

Heterogeneous Catalysts by Wey Yang Teoh,Atsushi Urakawa,Yun Hau Ng,Patrick Sit Pdf

Presents state-of-the-art knowledge of heterogeneous catalysts including new applications in energy and environmental fields This book focuses on emerging techniques in heterogeneous catalysis, from new methodology for catalysts design and synthesis, surface studies and operando spectroscopies, ab initio techniques, to critical catalytic systems as relevant to energy and the environment. It provides the vision of addressing the foreseeable knowledge gap unfilled by classical knowledge in the field. Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization and Applications begins with an overview on the evolution in catalysts synthesis and introduces readers to facets engineering on catalysts; electrochemical synthesis of nanostructured catalytic thin films; and bandgap engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts. Next, it examines how we are gaining a more precise understanding of catalytic events and materials under working conditions. It covers bridging pressure gap in surface catalytic studies; tomography in catalysts design; and resolving catalyst performance at nanoscale via fluorescence microscopy. Quantum approaches to predicting molecular reactions on catalytic surfaces follows that, along with chapters on Density Functional Theory in heterogeneous catalysis; first principles simulation of electrified interfaces in electrochemistry; and high-throughput computational design of novel catalytic materials. The book also discusses embracing the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century through heterogeneous catalysis and much more. Presents recent developments in heterogeneous catalysis with emphasis on new fundamentals and emerging techniques Offers a comprehensive look at the important aspects of heterogeneous catalysis Provides an applications-oriented, bottoms-up approach to a high-interest subject that plays a vital role in industry and is widely applied in areas related to energy and environment Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization and Applications is an important book for catalytic chemists, materials scientists, surface chemists, physical chemists, inorganic chemists, chemical engineers, and other professionals working in the chemical industry.

Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability

K. K. Pant,Sanjay Kumar Gupta,Ejaz Ahmad
Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability Book PDF

Author : K. K. Pant,Sanjay Kumar Gupta,Ejaz Ahmad
Publisher : Springer
Page : 755 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2021-04-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 3030650200

Get Book

Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability by K. K. Pant,Sanjay Kumar Gupta,Ejaz Ahmad Pdf

This book is part of a two-volume work that offers a unique blend of information on realistic evaluations of catalyst-based synthesis processes using green chemistry principles and the environmental sustainability applications of such processes for biomass conversion, refining, and petrochemical production. The volumes provide a comprehensive resource of state-of-the-art technologies and green chemistry methodologies from researchers, academics, and chemical and manufacturing industrial scientists. The work will be of interest to professors, researchers, and practitioners in clean energy catalysis, green chemistry, chemical engineering and manufacturing, and environmental sustainability. This volume focuses on catalyst synthesis and green chemistry applications for petrochemical and refining processes. While most books on the subject focus on catalyst use for conventional crude, fuel-oriented refineries, this book emphasizes recent transitions to petrochemical refineries with the goal of evaluating how green chemistry applications can produce clean energy through petrochemical industrial means. The majority of the chapters are contributed by industrial researchers and technicians and address various petrochemical processes, including hydrotreating, hydrocracking, flue gas treatment and isomerization catalysts.