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Distress in European Banks by Mr.Martin Cihak,Mr.Tigran Poghosyan Pdf
The global financial crisis has highlighted the importance of early identification of weak banks: when problems are identified late, solutions are much more costly. Until recently, Europe has seen only a small number of outright bank failures, which made the estimation of early warning models for bank supervision very difficult. This paper presents a unique database of individual bank distress across the European Union from mid-1990s to 2008. Using this data set, we analyze the causes of banking distress in Europe. We identify a set of indicators and thresholds that can help to distinguish sound banks from those vulnerable to financial distress.
A Strategy for Resolving Europe's Problem Loans by Mr. Shekhar Aiyar,Mr. Dermot Monaghan Pdf
Europe’s banking system is weighed down by high levels of non-performing loans (NPLs), which are holding down credit growth and economic activity. This discussion note uses a new survey of European country authorities and banks to examine the structural obstacles that discourage banks from addressing their problem loans. A three pillared strategy is advocated to remedy the situation, comprising: (i) tightened supervisory policies, (ii) insolvency reforms, and (iii) the development of distressed debt markets.
Board of Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,Board of Governors of the Federal Reserv
Author : Board of Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,Board of Governors of the Federal Reserv Publisher : CreateSpace Page : 42 pages File Size : 43,9 Mb Release : 2014-11-13 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1503205479
The Systemic Risk of European Banks During the Financial and Sovereign Debt Crises by Board of Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,Board of Governors of the Federal Reserv Pdf
We propose a hypothetical distress insurance premium (DIP) as a measure of the European banking systemic risk, which integrates the characteristics of bank size, default probability, and interconnectedness. Based on this measure, the systemic risk of European banks reached its height in late 2011 around e 500 billion. We find that the sovereign default spread is the factor driving this heightened risk in the banking sector during the European debt crisis. The methodology can also be used to identify the individual contributions of over 50 major European banks to the systemic risk measure. This approach captures the large contribution of a number of systemically important European banks, but Italian and Spanish banks as a group have notably increased their systemic importance. We also find that bank-specific fundamentals predict the one-year-ahead systemic risk contribution of our sample of banks in an economically meaningful way
How Banks Respond to Distress by Mark Mink,Rodney Ramcharan,Iman van Lelyveld Pdf
This paper uses granular bond portfolio data to study how banking systems across the European Union (EU) adjust their asset holdings in response to regulatory solvency shocks. We also study the impact of these shocks at financial intermediaries on the prices of bonds in their portfolio. Despite the creation of a Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) in the EU, we find that risk-shifting interacts with regulatory arbitrage motives to explain how banks adjust their portfolios after adverse solvency shocks. After regulatory solvency declines, banks increase their exposure to domestic bonds, including higher yielding but zero risk-weight sovereign bonds. The increase in banking system risk might therefore be even larger than the decline in risk-weighted solvency ratios suggests. Distress in the banking system also feeds back onto bond prices. Bonds owned by less-well capitalized banking systems trade at a discount relative to otherwise similar bonds owned by better capitalized intermediaries.
Chapter 7 WILL REVAMPED FINANCIAL REGULATIONS WORK? -- Upgrading the Basel Rules -- Moving Toward a Euro Area Banking Union -- Taming the US Shadow Banks -- Charting the Post-Crisis Changes in the Financial System -- The Road Ahead -- Chapter 8 MAKING MACROECONOMICS MORE RELEVANT -- The Way We Were -- Expanding the Focus of Macroeconomics -- Strengthening Domestic Policy Cooperation -- A More Inclusive Approach to Macroeconomic Theory -- Toward a More Encompassing View of Macroeconomics -- Chapter 9 WHITHER EMU? -- The Institutional Response to the Euro Area Crisis -- What Makes a Good Currency Union? -- How Fast Is EMU Integrating? -- The Future of EMU -- FINAL THOUGHTS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- INDEX
Size, Risk, and Governance in European Banking by Jens Hagendorff,Kevin Keasey,Francesco Vallascas Pdf
The financial crisis that erupted in 2007 has brought the issues of the size, risk, and regulation of banks to the attention of a wide audience. It is difficult to open a broadsheet newspaper or a business magazine without being confronted with some aspect of bank behaviour, be it their risk levels, bankers' excessive rewards, the intertwining of bank and sovereign risk, or how they should be regulated to avoid problems in the future. In Europe, the recent and on-going crisis has demonstrated that the European Union (EU) was institutionally ill-prepared to manage a financial crisis, especially one involving large cross-border institutions which are systemically important to a number of countries. This book aims at integrating and synthesizing the various perspectives on the size, risk, and governance of banking as applied to the European markets, providing fresh insights and new analysis of the empirical data. The book is divided into three main sections. The first provides an overview of how the size of banking firms affects stability in the European banking sector, reviewing the quantitative empirical literature and offering new insights as to whether bank size motivates risk-taking where explicit or implicit 'too-big-to fail' policies shield bank creditors from market discipline. The next section discusses the debates relating to each of the different elements of risk in European banking, including new insights from a large dataset of European bank risk in different institutional contexts. The third section focuses on regulation, board monitoring, and opacity in European banking, employing a unique and hand collected dataset on the governance of European banks, as well as data on U.S. banks as a benchmark. The final chapter critically reviews the new insights gained from the chapters above, while offering policy implications as regards the role of size, risk and governance in European banking.
The crisis in Europe has underscored the vulnerability of European bank funding models compared to international peers. This paper studies the drivers behind this fragility and examines the future of bank funding, primarily wholesale, in Europe. We argue that cyclical and structural factors have altered the structure, cost, and composition of funding for European banks. The paper discusses the consequences of shifting funding patterns and investor preferences and presents possible policy options and bank actions to enhance European bank funding models’ robustness.
Author : Suman K. Bery,Valeriano F. García Publisher : World Bank Publications Page : 124 pages File Size : 53,7 Mb Release : 1997-01-01 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 0821338935
Preventing Banking Sector Distress and Crises in Latin America by Suman K. Bery,Valeriano F. García Pdf
World Bank Technical Paper No. 361. Education has emerged as an essential component of the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe. Although the countries of the region inherited broadly accessible education systems, the legacies of central planning have constrained the systems from fully adjusting to market economies. This study examines empirical trends in access to and financing of education in nine Central and East European countries by drawing on the findings of a World Bank project that examined the social risks facing people and the policy responses taken by governments since 1989. Chapters address access and participation, the labor market, financing, and staff in the education sector.
The impact of the subprime-crisis on european banks by Jan-Frederik Modell Pdf
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,2, European Business School - International University Schloß Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel, 73 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The US subprime-crisis became a headline in the global media starting in February 2007 after the US housing market had already shown first signs of a slowdown in late 2006 (DiMartino & Duca, 2007, p. 1). Previously, the US housing market had enjoyed a favorable environment, especially from 2002 to 2005, which was characterized by low interest rates, rising house values, and increasing home financing possibilities through subprime mortgages (Krinsman, 2007, pp. 13-14). However, more and more events were published during the year by US mortgage brokers, international investment banks, and central banks around the world that presented a picture which caused today’s perception of the subprime-crisis. What’s more, the subprime-crisis is far from being over: an end to the crisis is not yet in sight. One rather unique characteristic of this crisis is that its actual basis is the delinquencies and defaults of subprime single-family home mortgages in the US (Kiff & Mills, 2007, p. 3) which is commonly not regarded to be of great relevance for the international capital markets. However, taking into account the originate and distribute business model of US mortgage brokers in connection with the securitization of these mortgages into various types of securities that are traded on a global basis, it is not surprising to observe that banks and investment funds around the world were invested into these securities. Before the crisis started, only a few banks or funds considered the liquidity of these securities when investing significant amounts of money in them because they focused on maximizing their returns. But, when larger problems in the US subprime mortgage market became evident, liquidity became the major concern for investors and investor preferences significantly shifted to safer assets such as government bonds (Fender & Hördahl, 2007, pp. 9-11). This caused severe problems in the money market, which ultimately brought the crisis across the Atlantic to Europe. Moreover, funding problems emerged and caused the first bank run in Europe in decades when depositors in Britain started to queue outside Northern Rock branches for hours to withdraw their deposits in light of fears that the bank might have to file for bankruptcy (The Economist, 2007a, para. 28).
Author : Miguel A. Segoviano,Charles Albert Eric Goodhart Publisher : Unknown Page : 56 pages File Size : 55,7 Mb Release : 2009 Category : Bank failures ISBN : IND:30000111371583
Banking Stability Measures by Miguel A. Segoviano,Charles Albert Eric Goodhart Pdf
This paper defines a set of banking stability measures which take account of distress dependence among the banks in a system, thereby providing a set of tools to analyze stability from complementary perspectives by allowing the measurement of (i) common distress of the banks in a system, (ii) distress between specific banks, and (iii) distress in the system associated with a specific bank. Our approach defines the banking system as a portfolio of banks and infers the system's multivariate density (BSMD) from which the proposed measures are estimated. The BSMD embeds the banks' default inter-dependence structure that captures linear and non-linear distress dependencies among the banks in the system, and its changes at different times of the economic cycle. The BSMD is recovered using the CIMDO-approach, a new approach that in the presence of restricted data, improves density specification without explicitly imposing parametric forms that, under restricted data sets, are difficult to model. Thus, the proposed measures can be constructed from a very limited set of publicly available data and can be provided for a wide range of both developing and developed countries.
Network Linkages to Predict Bank Distress by Anonim Pdf
Building on the literature on systemic risk and financial contagion, the pa- per introduces estimated network linkages into an early-warning model to predict bank distress among European banks. We use multivariate extreme value theory to estimate equity-based tail-dependence networks, whose links proxy for the markets' view of bank interconnectedness in case of elevated financial stress. The paper finds that early warning models including estimated tail dependencies consistently outperform bank-specific benchmark models with- out networks. The results are robust to variation in model specification and also hold in relation to simpler benchmarks of contagion. Generally, this paper gives direct support for measures of interconnectedness in early-warning models, and moves toward a unified representation of cyclical and cross-sectional dimensions of systemic risk.
Bank Resolution by Jens-Hinrich Binder,Dalvinder Singh Pdf
Responding to lessons learned during the global financial crisis, the EU Directive on the Recovery and Resolution of Banks and Securities Firms (Directive 2014/59/EU, the BRRD) has substantially changed the legal framework for insolvency management of financial services institutions across Europe. As the legislative process has been completed with the adoption of the BRRD, and of Regulation No. 806/2014 establishing the Single Resolution Mechanism, this work offers an insight into the new European framework for the resolution of banks in distress.
Safeguarding the Euro in Times of Crisis by Anonim Pdf
This book tells the inside story of those who played key roles in setting up the organisations and combatting the crisis. In exclusive interviews, global financial leaders and ESM insiders provide a rich stock of perspectives and anecdotes that bring to life the urgency of the crisis as well as the innovative solutions found to resolve it. The European Stability Mechanism and its temporary predecessor the EFSF provided billions of euros in loans to five hard-hit euro area countries during the European financial and sovereign debt crisis of the early 2000s, helping to safeguard the stability of those countries and the euro area as a whole. Initially, the crisis-torn euro area was ill-equipped institutionally, but the rapid establishment of the firewalls, the assistance programmes, deep‐seated country reforms, the strengthening of European institutions, and extraordinary European Central Bank measures shielded Europe from a euro area break-up. With the EFSF/ESM set-up, its managers aspired to create a new, more entrepreneurial international financial institution, one that is agile enough to respond quickly to new challenges, while still ensuring the strict governance befitting an organisation pursuing a public mission. The euro area has emerged from near disaster in more robust shape. As Europe strives to further strengthen its architecture in preparation for any possible future crises, it is important to reflect upon how the euro area reinvigorated its fortunes and draw the relevant lessons for future crisis management in Europe and beyond.
Where Have All the Profits Gone? European Bank Profitability Over the Financial Cycle by Ms.Enrica Detragiache,Mr.Thierry Tressel,Rima Turk-Ariss Pdf
The paper investigates EU banks’ profitability through the recent financial cycle using banklevel balance sheet and income statement data. We find that banks that were more successful at protecting their profits had a less pronounced deterioration in loan quality and a larger improvement in cost efficiency. They also downsized their assets more aggressively during the crisis, and reduced reliance on wholesale funding more markedly post-crisis. Net interest margins remained broadly stable over the financial cycle, including post-crisis, and there is no clear evidence that aspects of bank business model, such as higher reliance on fees and commission income, were associated with better profitability post-crisis.
