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Author : Hilde Bojer
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2005-07-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781134428304
The book covers utilitarianism and welfare economics, moving on to Rawls's social contract and the Sen/Nussbaum capability approach with a refreshingly readable style. It is an important read for economists and other social scientists.
Author : John RAWLS
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 624 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2009-06-30
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780674042605
Though the revised edition of A Theory of Justice, published in 1999, is the definitive statement of Rawls's view, so much of the extensive literature on Rawls's theory refers to the first edition. This reissue makes the first edition once again available for scholars and serious students of Rawls's work.
Author : Julian Lamont
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 572 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2017-05-15
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781351943437
A central component of justice is how the economic goods are distributed in a society. Philosophers contribute to distributive justice debates by providing arguments for principles to guide and evaluate the allocation of economic goods and to guide the design of institutions to achieve more just distributions. This volume includes both seminal and recent work by philosophers, covering a range of representative positions, including libertarian, egalitarian, desert, and welfare theorists. The introduction to the volume and the selections themselves are designed to allow students and professionals to see some of the most influential pieces that have shaped the field, as well as some key critics of these positions. The articles intersect in such a way as to develop an appreciation of the types of theories and the central issues addressed by theories of distributive justice. Furthermore, the choice of authors in this collection reflects an appreciation of the influence of institutions in general, markets in particular, and even luck on the distribution of economic goods.
Author : Samuel Fleischacker
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2005-09-06
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0674036980
Distributive justice in its modern sense calls on the state to guarantee that everyone is supplied with a certain level of material means. Samuel Fleischacker argues that guaranteeing aid to the poor is a modern idea, developed only in the last two centuries. Earlier notions of justice, including Aristotle's, were concerned with the distribution of political office, not of property. It was only in the eighteenth century, in the work of philosophers such as Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant, that justice began to be applied to the problem of poverty. To attribute a longer pedigree to distributive justice is to fail to distinguish between justice and charity. Fleischacker explains how confusing these principles has created misconceptions about the historical development of the welfare state. Socialists, for instance, often claim that modern economics obliterated ancient ideals of equality and social justice. Free-market promoters agree but applaud the apparent triumph of skepticism and social-scientific rigor. Both interpretations overlook the gradual changes in thinking that yielded our current assumption that justice calls for everyone, if possible, to be lifted out of poverty. By examining major writings in ancient, medieval, and modern political philosophy, Fleischacker shows how we arrived at the contemporary meaning of distributive justice.
Author : John E. Roemer
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 358 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0674879201
John Roemer has written a unique book that critiques economists' conceptions of justice from a philosophical perspective and philosophical theories of distributive justice from an economic one.
Author : Nicholas Rescher
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 155 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2018-02-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781351324908
In theory and practice, the notion of fairness is far from simple. The principle is often elusive and subject to confusion, even in institutions of law, usage, and custom. In Fairness, Nicholas Rescher aims to liberate this concept from misunderstandings by showing how its definitive characteristics prevent it from being absorbed by such related conceptions as paternalistic benevolence, radical egalitarianism, and social harmonization. Rescher demonstrates that equality before the state is an instrument of justice, not of social utility or public welfare, and argues that the notion of fairness stops well short of a literal egalitarianism. Rescher disposes of the confusions arising from economists' penchant to focus on individual preferences, from decision theorists' concern for averting envy, and from political theorists' sympathy for egalitarianism. In their place he shows how the idea of distributive equity forms the core of the concept of fairness in matters of distributive justice. The coordination of shares with valid claims is the crux of the concept of fairness. In Rescher's view, this means that the pursuit of fairness requires objective rather than subjective evaluation of the goods being shared. This is something quite different from subjective equity based on the personal evaluation of goods by those laying claim to them. Insofar as subjective equity is a concern, the appropriate procedure for its realization is a process of maximum value distribution. Further, Rescher demonstrates that in matters of distributive justice, the distinction between new ownership and preexisting ownership is pivotal and calls for proceeding on very different principles depending on the case. How one should proceed depends on context, and what is adjudged fair is pragmatic, in that there are different requirements for effectiveness in achieving the aims and purposes of the sort of distribution that is intended. Rescher concludes that fairness is a fundamentally ethical concept. Its distinctive modus operandi contrasts sharply with the aims of paternalism, preference-maximizing, or economic advantage. Fairness will be of interest to philosophers, economists, and political scientists.
Author : Israel M. Kirzner
Publisher : Collected Works of Israel M. K
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0865978611
Discovery, Capitalism, and Distributive Justice makes Kirzner's case for the idea that entrepreneurial profit is both essential for an economy and profoundly just. Asserting that the problem with standard criticism of capitalist income distribution is a failure to see capitalism as a "discovery procedure," Kirzner argues that production and subsequent profit are neither automatic nor guaranteed. This important contribution to the larger debate of the capitalist system clarifies core economic issues, so that the positive science of economics can enlighten our understanding of justice in capitalist distribution. Successful production always results from the discovery of an opportunity to obtain new gains from trade, i.e., the discovery of entrepreneurial profit. Kirzner shows that profit is the just and fair possession of its discoverer. This is what he calls the "finders-keepers" rule: "The finders-keepers rule asserts that an unowned object becomes the justly owned property of the first person who, discovering its availability and its potential value, takes possession of it." Richard Ebeling reviewed the work in 1989, saying, "the heart of Professor Kirzner's argument is that every discovery of a new opportunity is the appropriation of that which had not existed before a human mind had seen the potential in that object." Kirzner's monograph is complemented here by three important articles on the subject of economic justice, a critique of Kirzner's theory, and a reply from Kirzner to that critique. Kirzner's finders-keepers rule of entrepreneurial profit and market distribution stands as one of the foremost defenses of the distribution of income and profit in the free-enterprise system. Israel M. Kirzner is a leading economist in the Austrian School and Professor Emeritus of Economics at New York University. Peter J. Boettke is University Professor of Economics and Philosophy at George Mason University and the BB&T Professor for the Study of Capitalism at the Mercatus Center. His publications include Living Economics, The Handbook of Contemporary Austrian Economics, and The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. He has been the editor of The Review of Austrian Economics since 1998. Frédéric Sautet is Associate Professor at The Catholic University of America, School of Business and Economics. He is a specialist in Austrian market process theory and teaches entrepreneurship studies. He has taught at George Mason University of Paris Dauphine. He is the author of An Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm and has published widely on entrepreneurship.
Author : Manuel Knoll,Stephen Snyder,Nurdane Şimsek
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 573 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2018-11-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783110537369
Distributive justice is one of the most discussed topics in political philosophy. Focusing on the plurality of irreconcilable conceptions of social and political justice, this book presents an array of new perspectives on the topic. Bringing together 30 original essays of well-established and young international scholars, the volume is essential reading for anyone interested in social and political justice.
Author : Stefan Traub,Bernhard Kittel
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2020-04-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783030441210
This book explores the foundations and potential of a theory of need-based distributive justice, supported by experimental evidence. The core idea is that need-based distributive justice may have some legitimatory advantages over other important principles of distribution, like equality and equity, and therefore involves less dispute over the distribution and redistribution of scarce resources. In seven chapters, eleven scholars from the fields of philosophy, psychology, sociology, political science and economics outline the normative and positive building blocks of such a theory by critically reviewing the literature on distributive justice from their respective disciplinary perspectives. They address important theoretical and practical issues concerning the rationality of needs identification at the individual level and the recognition of needs at the societal level. They also investigate whether and how the dynamics of distribution procedures that allocate resources according to the need principle leads to social stability, focusing on the economic incentives that arise from need-based redistribution. The final chapter provides a synthesis and outlines a framework for a theory of justice based on ten hypotheses derived from the insights presented.
Author : Ross Zucker
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 350 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0521533554
Explains how democratic countries with market systems should deal with high levels of income-inequality.
Author : Jeroen van den Hoven,John Weckert
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2009-11-23
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521671612
This book gives an in-depth philosophical analysis of moral problems to which information technology gives rise, for example, problems related to privacy, intellectual property, responsibility, friendship, and trust, with contributions from many of the best-known philosophers writing in the area.
Author : Oisin Suttle
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 423 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017-10-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781108415811
This book proposes a novel theory of justice in international trade law, examining what justice means and demands in this domain.
Author : Grzegorz Lissowski
Publisher : Verlag Barbara Budrich
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Distributive justice
ISBN : 3847400924
There is constant debate around the questions of what constitutes the "just" distribution of goods and how we can assess existing distribution patterns. Some commentators mistakenly believe that there can be one simple, all-encompassing governing principle that automatically yields the "fairest" results. In this book Grzegorz Lissowski argues that three types of principles need to be distinguished according to three requirements of justice: equality, impartiality, and unanimity.
Author : Institute of Medicine,Committee on Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 1994-02-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309049924
In the nineteenth century some scientists argued that women should not be educated because thinking would use energy needed by the uterus for reproduction. The proof? Educated women had a lower birth rate. Today's researchers can only shake their heads at such reasoning. Yet professional journals and the popular press are increasingly criticizing medical research for ignoring women's health issues. Women and Health Research examines the facts behind the public's perceptions about women participating as subjects in medical research. With the goal of increasing researchers' awareness of this important topic, the book explores issues related to maintaining justice (in its ethical sense) in clinical studies. Leading experts present general principles for the ethical conduct of research on womenâ€"principles that are especially important in the light of recent changes in federal policy on the inclusion of women in clinical research. Women and Health Research documents the historical shift from a paternalistic approach by researchers toward women and a disproportionate reliance on certain groups for research to one that emphasizes proper access for women as subjects in clinical studies in order to ensure that women receive the benefits of research. The book addresses present-day challenges to equity in four areas: Scientificâ€"Do practical aspects of scientific research work at cross-purposes to gender equity? Focusing on drug trials, the authors identify rationales for excluding people from research based on demographics. Social and Ethicalâ€"The authors offer compelling discussions on subjectivity in science, the evidence for male bias, and issues related to race and ethnicity, as well as the recruitment, retention, and protection of research participants. Legalâ€"Women and Health Research reviews federal research policies that affect the inclusion of women and evaluates the basis for researchers' fears about liability, citing court cases. Riskâ€"The authors focus on risks to reproduction and offspring in clinical drug trials, exploring how risks can be identified for study participants, who should make the assessment of risk and benefit for participation in a clinical study, and how legal implications could be addressed. This landmark study will be of immediate use to the research community, policymakers, women's health advocates, attorneys, and individuals.
Author : John A. Ryan
Publisher : Read Books Ltd
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2013-04-16
Category : History
ISBN : 9781473388772
Monsignor John Augustine Ryan was a leading moral theologian, priest, professor, author, and social justice advocate. Ryan lived during a decisive moment in the development of Catholic social teaching within the United States. The largest influx of immigrants in America’s history, the emancipation of American slaves, and the industrial revolution had produced a new social climate in the early twentieth century, and the Church faced increasing pressure to take a stance on questions of social reform. Drawing upon Aristotelian notions of natural law ethics, Ryan outlines a very contemporary liberal concept of the just distribution of profit in relation to contribution, merit, and special talents.