Does Public Sector Employment Fully Crowd Out Private Sector Employment

Author : Mr.Alberto Behar,Mr.Junghwan Mok
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2013-06-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484329412

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Does Public-Sector Employment Fully Crowd Out Private-Sector Employment? by Mr.Alberto Behar,Mr.Junghwan Mok Pdf

We quantify the extent to which public-sector employment crowds out private-sector employment using specially assembled datasets for a large cross-section of developing and advanced countries, and discuss the implications for countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Caucasus and Central Asia. These countries simultaneously display high unemployment rates, low private-sector employment rates and high proportions of government-sector employment. Regressions of either private-sector employment rates or unemployment rates on two measures of public-sector employment point to full crowding out. This means that high rates of public employment, which incur substantial fiscal costs, have a large negative impact on private employment rates and do not reduce overall unemployment rates.

Author : Alberto Behar,Junghwan Mok
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1375435424

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Does Public-Sector Employment Fully Crowd Out Private-Sector Employment? by Alberto Behar,Junghwan Mok Pdf

Employment matters for development because it can raise household income, lower inequality, promote economic growth, and contribute to political stability. Many countries have high rates of public employment, but what effect does this have on overall employment and unemployment rates? This paper investigates if and to what extent public-sector employment crowds out (reduces) private-sector employment. In particular, we estimate regressions of unemployment or private-sector employment on two measures of public-sector employment. The study uses an especially assembled dataset, which is novel for its coverage of a large sample of developing countries as part of a panel of rich and poor countries. Our results point to full or just about full crowding-out for the entire sample. Unlike previous cross-country studies, which were restricted to advanced economies, we are able to show that these results also apply to developing countries, although crowding-out may not be quite as high as in advanced economies. The results mean that high rates of public employment have an offsetting large negative impact on private employment rates and do not reduce overall unemployment rates. With the qualifier that government activities may help the economy in other ways, our results imply that, rather than creating public-sector jobs, scarce fiscal resources could be better spent on other developmental needs.

Author : Hans-Ulrich Derlien,B. Guy Peters
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 311 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2009-01-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781848444942

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The State at Work by Hans-Ulrich Derlien,B. Guy Peters Pdf

Representing the most extensive research on public employment, these two volumes explore the radical changes that have taken place in the configuration of national public services due to a general expansion of public employment that was followed by stagnation and decreases. Part-time employment and the involvement of women also increased as a component of the public sector and were linked to the most important growth areas such as the educational, health care and personal social services sectors. The two volumes that make up this study shed important insight on these changes. Volume 1 offers a unique internationally comparative multi-dimensional analysis of ten public service systems belonging to different families of major advanced western countries. It contains the most comprehensive and comparable quantitative analyses available anywhere of ten public service systems; Britain, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the US, Germany, Spain, France, Denmark and Sweden. Volume 2 is a comprehensive analysis of the ten public service systems, with in-depth comparisons of the systems along eight dimensions including central-regional-local government employment proportions and the change of the services since the 1950s with respect to social composition (gender, minorities, elites, career groups). Scholars and professionals in the fields of public administration, politics and economics will find this two-volume compendium informative and practical.

Author : Alan Gartner,R. A. Nixon,Russell A. Nixon,Frank Riessman
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1973
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UOM:39015072130936

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Public Service Employment by Alan Gartner,R. A. Nixon,Russell A. Nixon,Frank Riessman Pdf

Author : Phillipp O. Amour, Ph.D.
Publisher : Academica Press
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2018-08-01
Category : History
ISBN : 9781680530704

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Middle East Reloaded by Phillipp O. Amour, Ph.D. Pdf

The Middle East is a center of ceaseless global attention. Since 2011, the long awaited and much celebrated Arab Spring uprisings portended a major shift in the politics of the Arab World. Notably, a number of Arab states witnessed institutional and constitutional shifts that put them on the path of transition to liberalization and democracy. Nevertheless, the Arab Spring followed a violent and unpredictable course. Although its events marked a break in the continuity of authoritarian dominance, most of its changes have not ultimately proved to be turning points in democratic development. The Arab Spring phenomenon witnessed a set of uprisings and even would-be-revolutions, but no great revolutionary change. Edited by Professor Philipp Amour of prestigious Sakarya University, this volume presents the work of numerous distinguished scholars, including many native to the region, who explore the fascinating variety of factors behind the rise and fall of the Arab Spring. As they establish, regional polarization and rivalries are the principal accompanying phenomena and side effects of the Arab Spring, and they will demand the world's attention for decades to come. Power dynamics between and among regional great powers have invited proactive, protracted, and very topical military and diplomatic involvement in domestic and regional politics. Some of these interventions will uphold the status quo, while others seem more likely to modify it for the powers' strategic advantage. Authored by leading world experts in Middle Eastern politics, this collection explores foreign and security policy of regional great powers such as Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and their roles in the construction of the new Middle East.

Author : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 167 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2023-12-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400261930

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Costa Rica by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. Pdf

Costa Rica is reaping the benefits from the home-grown reform program that has been implemented since 2021 and enabled the country to restore confidence in its policy frameworks, withstand multiple external shocks, and push forward key reforms. Despite strong growth, inflation has fallen sharply. International reserves are on an upward path and public debt is falling.

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 155 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2022-11-17
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264960848

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OECD Economic Surveys: Luxembourg 2022 by OECD Pdf

Luxembourg recovered quickly from the COVID-19 pandemic thanks to extensive policy support. However, the impact of the war in Ukraine is exacerbating inflationary pressures, alongside labour market shortages.

Author : International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 85 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2015-10-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513559551

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Saudi Arabia by International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept. Pdf

This Selected Issues paper assesses the importance of oil and interest rate spillovers for Saudi Arabia. Oil prices have fallen by more than 40 percent since mid-2014 while the Federal Reserve is expected in the coming months to begin raising its policy rate at the beginning of a gradual tightening cycle. Given the importance of oil to the economy and the peg of the riyal to the U.S. dollar, these are two key developments for Saudi Arabia. Although a temporary drop in oil prices would likely have little effect on the economy and banks given the financial cushions that have been built-up, a longer-lasting period of low oil prices would have a more significant impact.

Author : Mr.Lamin Y Leigh,Mr.Ali M. Mansoor
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2016-01-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513588605

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Africa on the Move by Mr.Lamin Y Leigh,Mr.Ali M. Mansoor Pdf

This book describes the reforms needed to move small middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa to advanced-economy status. The result of intense discussions with public officials in the countries covered, the book blends rigorous theory, econometrics, and practitioners' insights to come up with practical recommendations for policymakers. It spans topics from macroeconomic vulnerability and reserve adequacy to labor market institutions and financial inclusion. The book is a must-read for researchers interested in the economic issues facing developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Author : Daniel Rogger,Christian Schuster
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 1197 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2023-10-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464819810

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The Government Analytics Handbook by Daniel Rogger,Christian Schuster Pdf

The Government Analytics Handbook presents frontier evidence and practitioner insights on how to leverage data to strengthen public administration. Covering a range of microdata sources—such as administrative data and public servant surveys—as well as tools and resources for undertaking the analytics, it transforms the ability of governments to take a data-informed approach to diagnose and improve how public organizations work. Readers can order the book as a single volume in print or digital formats, or visit worldbank.org/governmentanalytics for modular access and additional hands-on tools. The Handbook is a must-have for practitioners, policy makers, academics, and government agencies. “Governments have long been assessed using aggregate governance indicators, giving us little insight into their diversity and how they can practically be improved. This pioneering handbook shows how microdata can be used to give scholars and practitioners granular and real insights into how states work, and practical guidance on the process of state-building.†? —Francis Fukuyama, Stanford University, author of State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century “The Government Analytics Handbook is the most comprehensive work on practically building government administration I have ever seen, helping practitioners to change public administration for the better.†? —Francisco Gaetani, Special Secretary for State Transformation, Government of Brazil “The machinery of the state is central to a country’s prosperity. This handbook provides insights and methodological tools for creating a better shared understanding of the realities of a state, to support the redesign of institutions, and improve the quality of public administration.†? —James Robinson, University of Chicago, coauthor of Why Nations Fail

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2017-07-13
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264273023

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Building Inclusive Labour Markets in Kazakhstan A Focus on Youth, Older Workers and People with Disabilities by OECD Pdf

This report provides a review of the labour market and social policies that could help Kazakhstan in its dual objectives of building more inclusive labour markets, while maintaining a path of strong growth.

Author : Raphael Espinoza,Ghada Fayad,Ananthakrishnan Prasad
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2013-10-31
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780191506741

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The Macroeconomics of the Arab States of the Gulf by Raphael Espinoza,Ghada Fayad,Ananthakrishnan Prasad Pdf

The economies of the Arab states of the Gulf have gone through considerable changes in the last decade, spurred by high oil prices and ambitious diversification plans. Large-scale immigration provided the labour force while capital inflows and financial development leveraged oil wealth to finance diversification. The collapse in real estate prices around the world followed by the global crisis slowed growth and raised questions on the appropriateness of what has been dubbed the 'GCC model'. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have thus far managed to leverage their large natural resource wealth to achieve economic prosperity and finance social advances, and the region also emerged as an important source of funds for the other countries in the Middle East. Nevertheless, the GCC face several challenges. Productivity growth must increase to fully reap the benefits of investment. Jobs must be created for the nationals and the growing youth population. State intervention (which is prevalent, given that oil revenues accrue to the government) must become efficient and be used to diversify and modernize the economy. In addition, the recent crisis highlighted the importance of fiscal, monetary, and financial stability policies to manage macroeconomic cycles. This book analyses these issues and combines data and econometric analysis with theoretical discussions. It concludes with a discussion of the importance of the GCC for the wider region.

Author : International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484394595

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Botswana by International Monetary Fund. African Dept. Pdf

This Selected Issues paper examines fiscal policy implications for labor market and economic diversification in Botswana. The IMF report analyzes that large public employment significantly affect labor market outcomes in middle-income countries, including Botswana. It is noted that reforms aimed at reducing the rents and the size of the public sector is likely to significantly improve market outcomes in Botswana. As part of efforts to find new engines of growth and support sustainable long-term and broad-based growth, Botswana has over the years also vigorously pursued policies to diversify the economy.

Author : Mr. Alberto Behar
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2015-08-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513528656

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Comparing the Employment-Output Elasticities of Expatriates and Nationals in the Gulf Cooperation Council by Mr. Alberto Behar Pdf

We estimate the elasticity of private-sector employment to non-oil GDP in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for GCC nationals and expatriates using a Seemingly Unrelated Error Correction (SUREC) model. Our results indicate that the employment response is lower for nationals, who have an estimated short-run elasticity of only 0.15 and a long-run response of 0.7 or less. The elasticity is almost unity for expatriates in the long run and 0.35 in the short run. We interpret low elasticities as indirect evidence of labor market adjustment costs, which could include hiring and firing rigidities, skills mismatches, and reluctance to accept private sector jobs. Forecasts suggest that, absent measures to reduce adjustment costs, the private sector will only be able to absorb a small portion of nationals entering the labor force.

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2013-11-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498341158

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Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - Labor Market Reforms to Boost Employment and Productivity in the GCC by International Monetary Fund Pdf

The GCC growth model has delivered substantial improvements in living standards over several decades. Access to foreign labor has supported rapid growth in the non-oil sector and price stability in the region. It has also resulted in positive spillovers to the migrant-sending countries through large remittance flows. At the same time, governments have increased public-sector employment and have helped raise standards of living. However, the growth model has involved costs: the public-sector wage bill is relatively high, there is limited employment of nationals in the private sector, labor productivity has declined or stagnated, and there is limited progress on economic diversification