Does What You Export Matter

Author : Daniel Lederman,William Maloney
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2012-06-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821384916

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Does What You Export Matter? by Daniel Lederman,William Maloney Pdf

Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products—that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.

Author : Daniel Lederman,William Maloney
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2012-06-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821395462

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Does What You Export Matter? by Daniel Lederman,William Maloney Pdf

Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.

Author : Dongyeol Lee,Huan Zhang
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2019-05-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498315654

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Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter? by Dongyeol Lee,Huan Zhang Pdf

Export structure is less diversified in low-income countries (LICs) and especially small states that face resource constraints and small economic size. This paper explores the potential linkages between export structure and economic growth and its volatility in LICs and small states, using a range of indices of export concentration differing in the coverage of industries. The empirical analysis finds that export diversification may promote economic growth and reduce economic volatility in these countries. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the economic benefits of export diversification differ by country size and income level—there are bigger benefits for relatively larger and poorer countries within the group of LICs and small states.

Author : Ricardo Hausmann,Cesar A. Hidalgo,Sebastian Bustos,Michele Coscia,Alexander Simoes
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 369 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2014-01-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262525428

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The Atlas of Economic Complexity by Ricardo Hausmann,Cesar A. Hidalgo,Sebastian Bustos,Michele Coscia,Alexander Simoes Pdf

Maps capture data expressing the economic complexity of countries from Albania to Zimbabwe, offering current economic measures and as well as a guide to achieving prosperity Why do some countries grow and others do not? The authors of The Atlas of Economic Complexity offer readers an explanation based on "Economic Complexity," a measure of a society's productive knowledge. Prosperous societies are those that have the knowledge to make a larger variety of more complex products. The Atlas of Economic Complexity attempts to measure the amount of productive knowledge countries hold and how they can move to accumulate more of it by making more complex products. Through the graphical representation of the "Product Space," the authors are able to identify each country's "adjacent possible," or potential new products, making it easier to find paths to economic diversification and growth. In addition, they argue that a country's economic complexity and its position in the product space are better predictors of economic growth than many other well-known development indicators, including measures of competitiveness, governance, finance, and schooling. Using innovative visualizations, the book locates each country in the product space, provides complexity and growth potential rankings for 128 countries, and offers individual country pages with detailed information about a country's current capabilities and its diversification options. The maps and visualizations included in the Atlas can be used to find more viable paths to greater productive knowledge and prosperity.

Author : Arnold McIntyre,Mike Xin Li,Ke Wang,Hanlei Yun
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2018-04-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484351017

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Economic Benefits of Export Diversification in Small States by Arnold McIntyre,Mike Xin Li,Ke Wang,Hanlei Yun Pdf

The paper considers concepts of economic diversification with respect to exports (including service sectors) for small states. We assessed the economic performance of different groups of 34 small states over the period of 1990-2015 and found those more diversified experienced lower output volatility and higher average growth than most other small states. Our findings are consistent with conventional economic theories but we found that export diversification has a more significant impact on reducing output volatility than improving long run growth in small states. Diversification requires fundamental changes and should be contemplated in the context of a cohesive development strategy.

Author : Paul R. Krugman
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Commerce
ISBN : 9781422133408

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A Country is Not a Company by Paul R. Krugman Pdf

Nobel-Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman argues that business leaders need to understand the differences between economic policy on the national and international scale and business strategy on the organizational scale. Economists deal with the closed system of a national economy, whereas executives live in the open-system world of business. Moreover, economists know that an economy must be run on the basis of general principles, but businesspeople are forever in search of the particular brilliant strategy. Krugman's article serves to elucidate the world of economics for businesspeople who are so close to it and yet are continually frustrated by what they see. Since 1922, Harvard Business Review has been a leading source of breakthrough management ideas-many of which still speak to and influence us today. The Harvard Business Review Classics series now offers readers the opportunity to make these seminal pieces a part of your permanent management library. Each highly readable volume contains a groundbreaking idea that continues to shape best practices and inspire countless managers around the world-and will have a direct impact on you today and for years to come.

Author : Célestin Monga,Justin Yifu Lin
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 741 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2019-02-14
Category : Economic development
ISBN : 9780198793847

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The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation by Célestin Monga,Justin Yifu Lin Pdf

The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation addresses the economics of structural transformation around the world. It deals with major themes, which include history and context, critical issues and concepts, methodological foundations, main theoretical approaches, policy issues, some illuminating country experiences of structural transformation, and important debates on the respective roles of the market and the state in that process. The historical record provides a challenge for economists to understand the success of the rising economic powers (some of them initially considered unlikely candidates for prosperity) and the stagnation or decline of others. Five major questions emerge: DT Why has so much divergence occurred among nations of the world since the Industrial Revolution, and particularly during the 20th century? DT Why has the pattern changed recently with the emergence of a few developing economies (e.g. the multi-polar world), and can it be sustained? DT What are the key drivers, strategies, and policies, to foster structural transformation in various different country contexts and in a constantly evolving global economy? DT How could low- and middle-income countries avoid development traps and learn from past experiences whilst exploiting the new opportunities offered by the Fourth Industrial Revolution? DT What is the role of various development stakeholders and other important players in facilitating sustained economic convergence among nations? This book addresses these questions, bringing the rigor, usefulness, and multi-disciplinary scope of the Oxford Handbook series to a critical topic in economics. The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation is an essential reference work and a stimulus to new research and creativity across all branches of the social sciences.

Author : Alberto Amurgo-Pacheco
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Patterns of Export Diversification in Developing Countries by Alberto Amurgo-Pacheco Pdf

This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. The analysis shows that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries.

Author : Dai Tamada,Philippe Achilleas
Publisher : Springer
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2017-10-12
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789811059605

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Theory and Practice of Export Control by Dai Tamada,Philippe Achilleas Pdf

This is the first book to focus on the theoretical and practical issues of export control. It combines the points of view of Japanese and French academics and practitioners, including personnel at several governmental institutions and private companies. Presenting the results of a collaboration between Japanese and French academics, it contributes to the development of a new debate on export control. Although export control has been discussed within the framework of international law in terms of peace and security, its scope has now been expanded to international economic law (i.e., WTO law and international investment law). This means that in order to discuss export control appropriately, the two areas of law have to be combined. At the same time, this topic is not only academic and theoretical but touches upon very real and practical aspects of trade, export, and foreign investment. When we tighten embargos and economic sanctions for anti-terrorism or anti-nuclearization purposes, we encounter more and more cases of conflict between security and the liberalization of economic relations in the world. For this reason, a wide range of collaborative work is needed in this area. This timely book addresses various aspects of the current export control debate.

Author : Jason Katzman
Publisher : Skyhorse Publishing Inc.
Page : 385 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2011-03-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781616081119

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A Basic Guide to Exporting by Jason Katzman Pdf

Here is practical advice for anyone who wants to build their business by selling overseas. The International Trade Administration covers key topics such as marketing, legal issues, customs, and more. With real-life examples and a full index, A Basic Guide to Exporting provides expert advice and practical solutions to meet all of your exporting needs.

Author : Parisa Kamali
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 58 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2019-12-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513519876

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Exporting Through Intermediaries: Impact on Export Dynamics and Welfare by Parisa Kamali Pdf

In many countries, a sizable share of international trade is carried out by intermediaries. While large firms tend to export to foreign markets directly, smaller firms typically export via intermediaries (indirect exporting). I document a set of facts that characterize the dynamic nature of indirect exporting using firm-level data from Vietnam and develop a dynamic trade model with both direct and indirect exporting modes and customer accumulation. The model is calibrated to match the dynamic moments of the data. The calibration yields fixed costs of indirect exporting that are less than a third of those of direct exporting, the variable costs of indirect exporting are twice higher, and demand for the indirectly exported products grows more slowly. Decomposing the gains from indirect and direct exporting, I find that 18 percent of the gains from trade in Vietnam are generated by indirect exporters. Finally, I demonstrate that a dynamic model that excludes the indirect exporting channel will overstate the welfare gains associated with trade liberalization by a factor of two.

Author : U. S. Customs and Border Protection
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2015-10-12
Category : Education
ISBN : 1304100065

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Importing Into the United States by U. S. Customs and Border Protection Pdf

Explains process of importing goods into the U.S., including informed compliance, invoices, duty assessments, classification and value, marking requirements, etc.

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 136 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 1990
Category : Competition, International
ISBN : UCR:31210014705121

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Competitiveness, Public/private Initiatives in Export Promotion Programs by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade Pdf

Author : Mr.Arvind Subramanian,Xavier Sala-i-Martin
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 47 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2003-07-01
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781451856064

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Addressing the Natural Resource Curse by Mr.Arvind Subramanian,Xavier Sala-i-Martin Pdf

Some natural resources-oil and minerals in particular-exert a negative and nonlinear impact on growth via their deleterious impact on institutional quality. We show this result to be very robust. The Nigerian experience provides telling confirmation of this aspect of natural resources. Waste and poor institutional quality stemming from oil appear to have been primarily responsible for Nigeria's poor long-run economic performance. We propose a solution for addressing this resource curse which involves directly distributing the oil revenues to the public. Even with all the difficulties that will no doubt plague its actual implementation, our proposal will, at the least, be vastly superior to the status quo. At best, however, it could fundamentally improve the quality of public institutions and, as a result, durably raise long-run growth performance.

Author : José López-Cálix
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 165 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2020-02-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464814907

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Leveraging Export Diversification in Fragile Countries by José López-Cálix Pdf

Despite multiple past efforts, fragile Sub-Saharan African economies such as those of Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea still rank among the least diversified worldwide, with natural resources constituting a high share of their gross domestic product or exports. Large-scale production of gold for Mali, oil for Chad, uranium for Niger, and bauxite for Guinea offers substantial opportunities, but also has major shortcomings. Conclusive evidence shows poor economic performance by resource-rich but fragile Sub-Saharan African countries. The primary reason is not only their high vulnerability to external shocks, but the greed or grievances that typically lead to rents appropriation by a small group of elites in countries that are prone to conflict. Leveraging Export Diversifi cation in Fragile Countries explores the following questions: What are Mali’s, Chad’s, Niger’s, and Guinea’s main constraints to export diversification as perceived by key exporting firms? How it could be beneficial for these countries to target certain emerging export products? Are their current interventions to promote global value chain (GVC) adequate? What lessons can be extracted from specific cases? How can trade and logistic policies favor (or hamper) export diversification†“led growth? The book lays the groundwork for effective step-by-step multidimensional policies to propel export diversification in fragile economies that are hindered not only by poor governance and weak institutions, but also by their landlocked position (except Guinea), small domestic markets, and business-unfriendly environments. Recognizing that traditional project interventions in these countries have had limited success, mainly due to their unidimensional focus on single components of an agricultural value chain, the book proposes a GVC 2.0 cluster-based approach to export diversification, in which complementary efforts attract foreign firms and public investment in support of agribusiness. Promising pilot examples of joint implementation plans among multiple donors, risk-sharing facilities, and agribusiness clusters provide valuable insights into recent global value chain developer interventions.