Dynamic Programming For Coding

Author : Meenakshi,Kamal Rawat
Publisher : Notion Press
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2017-01-18
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781946556707

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Dynamic Programming for Coding Interviews by Meenakshi,Kamal Rawat Pdf

I wanted to compute 80th term of the Fibonacci series. I wrote the rampant recursive function, int fib(int n){ return (1==n || 2==n) ? 1 : fib(n-1) + fib(n-2); } and waited for the result. I wait… and wait… and wait… With an 8GB RAM and an Intel i5 CPU, why is it taking so long? I terminated the process and tried computing the 40th term. It took about a second. I put a check and was shocked to find that the above recursive function was called 204,668,309 times while computing the 40th term. More than 200 million times? Is it reporting function calls or scam of some government? The Dynamic Programming solution computes 100th Fibonacci term in less than fraction of a second, with a single function call, taking linear time and constant extra memory. A recursive solution, usually, neither pass all test cases in a coding competition, nor does it impress the interviewer in an interview of company like Google, Microsoft, etc. The most difficult questions asked in competitions and interviews, are from dynamic programming. This book takes Dynamic Programming head-on. It first explain the concepts with simple examples and then deep dives into complex DP problems.

Author : V. Anton Spraul
Publisher : No Starch Press
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2012-08-12
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781593274566

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Think Like a Programmer by V. Anton Spraul Pdf

The real challenge of programming isn't learning a language's syntax—it's learning to creatively solve problems so you can build something great. In this one-of-a-kind text, author V. Anton Spraul breaks down the ways that programmers solve problems and teaches you what other introductory books often ignore: how to Think Like a Programmer. Each chapter tackles a single programming concept, like classes, pointers, and recursion, and open-ended exercises throughout challenge you to apply your knowledge. You'll also learn how to: –Split problems into discrete components to make them easier to solve –Make the most of code reuse with functions, classes, and libraries –Pick the perfect data structure for a particular job –Master more advanced programming tools like recursion and dynamic memory –Organize your thoughts and develop strategies to tackle particular types of problems Although the book's examples are written in C++, the creative problem-solving concepts they illustrate go beyond any particular language; in fact, they often reach outside the realm of computer science. As the most skillful programmers know, writing great code is a creative art—and the first step in creating your masterpiece is learning to Think Like a Programmer.

Author : Meenakshi Rawat,Kamal Rawat
Publisher : Independently Published
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2023-03-10
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9798386441050

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Dynamic Programming for Coding Interviews by Meenakshi Rawat,Kamal Rawat Pdf

On a computer, where the non-recursive Dynamic Programming solution to compute the n'th Fibonacci term takes 1 second to find the 40th term, the corresponding recursive solution will take approximately 56 hours to find the same 40th Fibonacci term. It is because the small innocent-looking recursive solution of Fibonacci takes exponential time, whereas the DP solution takes linear time. Dynamic programming questions are the most difficult to answer in competitions and interviews. In most coding competitions, a recursive solution will not pass all test cases. This book takes dynamic programming head-on.

Author : Ue Kiao,Aditya Chatterjee
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 52 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2020-04-28
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9798640923216

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Dynamic Programming for the Day Before Your Coding Interview by Ue Kiao,Aditya Chatterjee Pdf

Dynamic Programming is a fundamental algorithmic technique which is behind solving some of the toughest computing problems.In this book, we have covered some Dynamic Programming problems which will give you the general idea of formulating a Dynamic Programming solution and some practice on applying it on a variety of problems.Some of the problems we have covered are: * Permutation coefficientThis is a basic problem but is significant in understanding the idea behind Dynamic Programming. We have used this problem to: * Present the two core ideas of Dynamic Programming to make the idea clear and help you understand what Dynamic Programming mean. * Show another approach which can same performance (in terms of time complexity) and understand how it is different from our Dynamic Programming approach* Longest Common SubstringThis is an important problem as we see how we can apply Dynamic Programming in string problems. In the process, we have demonstrated the core ideas of handling string data which helps in identifying the cases when Dynamic Programming is the most efficient approach.* XOR valueThis is another significant problem as we are applying Dynamic Programming on a Number Theory problem more specifically problem involving subset generation. The search space is exponential in size but with our efficient approach, we can search the entire data in polynomial time which is a significant improvement.This brings up a fundamental power of Dynamic Programming: Search exponential search space in polynomial time* K edgesIn line with our previous problems, in this problem, we have applied Dynamic Programming in a graph-based problem. This is a core problem as in this we learn that: * Dynamic Programming makes the solution super-efficient * Extending the Dynamic Programming solution using Divide and Conquer enables us to solve it more efficientlyThis problem shows a problem where Dynamic Programming is not the most efficient solution but is in the right path.We have covered other relevant solutions and ideas as well so that you have the complete idea of the problems and understand deeply the significance of Dynamic Programming in respect to the problems.This book has been carefully prepared and reviewed by Top programmers and Algorithmic researchers and members of OpenGenus. We would like to thank Aditya Chatterjee and Ue Kiao for their expertise in this domain and reviews from professors at The University of Tokyo and Tokyo Institute of Technology.Read this book now and ace your upcoming coding interview. This is a must read for everyone preparing for Coding Interviews at top companies.

Author : A. Kaufmann,R. Cruon
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2011-10-14
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780080955445

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Dynamic Programming by A. Kaufmann,R. Cruon Pdf

This work discusses the value of dynamic programming as a method of optimization for the sequential phenomena encountered in economic studies or in advanced technological programs such as those associated with space flights. The dynamic programs which are considered are defined for a deterministic universe, or one with probabilities; both categories are of equal importance in the practice of operations research or of scientific management.

Author : John O.S. Kennedy
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 343 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789400941915

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Dynamic Programming by John O.S. Kennedy Pdf

Humans interact with and are part of the mysterious processes of nature. Inevitably they have to discover how to manage the environment for their long-term survival and benefit. To do this successfully means learning something about the dynamics of natural processes, and then using the knowledge to work with the forces of nature for some desired outcome. These are intriguing and challenging tasks. This book describes a technique which has much to offer in attempting to achieve the latter task. A knowledge of dynamic programming is useful for anyone interested in the optimal management of agricultural and natural resources for two reasons. First, resource management problems are often problems of dynamic optimization. The dynamic programming approach offers insights into the economics of dynamic optimization which can be explained much more simply than can other approaches. Conditions for the optimal management of a resource can be derived using the logic of dynamic programming, taking as a starting point the usual economic definition of the value of a resource which is optimally managed through time. This is set out in Chapter I for a general resource problem with the minimum of mathematics. The results are related to the discrete maximum principle of control theory. In subsequent chapters dynamic programming arguments are used to derive optimality conditions for particular resources.

Author : Art Lew,Holger Mauch
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 383 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2006-10-09
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9783540370130

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Dynamic Programming by Art Lew,Holger Mauch Pdf

This book provides a practical introduction to computationally solving discrete optimization problems using dynamic programming. From the examples presented, readers should more easily be able to formulate dynamic programming solutions to their own problems of interest. We also provide and describe the design, implementation, and use of a software tool that has been used to numerically solve all of the problems presented earlier in the book.

Author : Gayle Laakmann McDowell
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Computer programmers
ISBN : 1466208686

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Cracking the Coding Interview by Gayle Laakmann McDowell Pdf

Now in the 5th edition, Cracking the Coding Interview gives you the interview preparation you need to get the top software developer jobs. This book provides: 150 Programming Interview Questions and Solutions: From binary trees to binary search, this list of 150 questions includes the most common and most useful questions in data structures, algorithms, and knowledge based questions. 5 Algorithm Approaches: Stop being blind-sided by tough algorithm questions, and learn these five approaches to tackle the trickiest problems. Behind the Scenes of the interview processes at Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Facebook, Yahoo, and Apple: Learn what really goes on during your interview day and how decisions get made. Ten Mistakes Candidates Make -- And How to Avoid Them: Don't lose your dream job by making these common mistakes. Learn what many candidates do wrong, and how to avoid these issues. Steps to Prepare for Behavioral and Technical Questions: Stop meandering through an endless set of questions, while missing some of the most important preparation techniques. Follow these steps to more thoroughly prepare in less time.

Author : Richard Bellman
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 1957
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:477872389

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Dynamic Programming by Richard Bellman Pdf

Author : Jennie Si,Andrew G. Barto,Warren B. Powell,Don Wunsch
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 670 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2004-08-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 047166054X

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Handbook of Learning and Approximate Dynamic Programming by Jennie Si,Andrew G. Barto,Warren B. Powell,Don Wunsch Pdf

A complete resource to Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP), including on-line simulation code Provides a tutorial that readers can use to start implementing the learning algorithms provided in the book Includes ideas, directions, and recent results on current research issues and addresses applications where ADP has been successfully implemented The contributors are leading researchers in the field

Author : Leonardo Rossi
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2020-11-05
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9798558191189

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Programming Interview Problems by Leonardo Rossi Pdf

Are you preparing for a programming interview? Would you like to work at one of the Internet giants, such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft or Netflix? Are you looking for a software engineer position? Are you studying computer science or programming? Would you like to improve your programming skills? If the answer to any of these questions is yes, this book is for you! The book contains very detailed answers and explanations for the most common dynamic programming problems asked in programming interviews. The solutions consist of cleanly written code, with plenty of comments, accompanied by verbal explanations, hundreds of drawings, diagrams and detailed examples, to help you get a good understanding of even the toughest problems. The goal is for you to learn the patterns and principles needed to solve even dynamic programming problems that you have never seen before. Here is what you will get: A 180-page book presenting dynamic programming problems that are often asked in interviews. Multiple solutions for each problem, starting from simple but naive answers that are gradually improved until reaching the optimal solution. Plenty of detailed examples and walkthroughs, so that you can see right away how the solution works. 350+ drawings and diagrams which cater towards visual learners. Clear and detailed verbal explanations of how to approach the problems and how the code works. Analysis of time and space complexity. Discussion of other variants of the same problem, with solutions. Unit tests, including the reasoning behind choosing each one (edge case identification, performance evaluation etc.). Suggestions regarding what clarification questions you should ask, for each problem. Multiple solutions to the problems, where appropriate. General Python implementation tips. Wishing you the best of luck with your interviews!

Author : Leon Cooper,Mary W. Cooper
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2016-06-06
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781483136622

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Introduction to Dynamic Programming by Leon Cooper,Mary W. Cooper Pdf

Introduction to Dynamic Programming introduces the reader to dynamic programming and presents the underlying mathematical ideas and results, as well as the application of these ideas to various problem areas. A large number of solved practical problems and computational examples are included to clarify the way dynamic programming is used to solve problems. A consistent notation is applied throughout the text for the expression of quantities such as state variables and decision variables. This monograph consists of 10 chapters and opens with an overview of dynamic programming as a particular approach to optimization, along with the basic components of any mathematical optimization model. The following chapters discuss the application of dynamic programming to variational problems; functional equations and the principle of optimality; reduction of state dimensionality and approximations; and stochastic processes and the calculus of variations. The final chapter looks at several actual applications of dynamic programming to practical problems, such as animal feedlot optimization and optimal scheduling of excess cash investment. This book should be suitable for self-study or for use as a text in a one-semester course on dynamic programming at the senior or first-year, graduate level for students of mathematics, statistics, operations research, economics, business, industrial engineering, or other engineering fields.

Author : Daniel Zingaro
Publisher : No Starch Press
Page : 409 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2020-12-15
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781718500815

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Algorithmic Thinking by Daniel Zingaro Pdf

A hands-on, problem-based introduction to building algorithms and data structures to solve problems with a computer. Algorithmic Thinking will teach you how to solve challenging programming problems and design your own algorithms. Daniel Zingaro, a master teacher, draws his examples from world-class programming competitions like USACO and IOI. You'll learn how to classify problems, choose data structures, and identify appropriate algorithms. You'll also learn how your choice of data structure, whether a hash table, heap, or tree, can affect runtime and speed up your algorithms; and how to adopt powerful strategies like recursion, dynamic programming, and binary search to solve challenging problems. Line-by-line breakdowns of the code will teach you how to use algorithms and data structures like: The breadth-first search algorithm to find the optimal way to play a board game or find the best way to translate a book Dijkstra's algorithm to determine how many mice can exit a maze or the number of fastest routes between two locations The union-find data structure to answer questions about connections in a social network or determine who are friends or enemies The heap data structure to determine the amount of money given away in a promotion The hash-table data structure to determine whether snowflakes are unique or identify compound words in a dictionary NOTE: Each problem in this book is available on a programming-judge website. You'll find the site's URL and problem ID in the description. What's better than a free correctness check?

Author : Jerome Adda,Russell W. Cooper
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2023-05-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262547888

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Dynamic Economics by Jerome Adda,Russell W. Cooper Pdf

An integrated approach to the empirical application of dynamic optimization programming models, for students and researchers. This book is an effective, concise text for students and researchers that combines the tools of dynamic programming with numerical techniques and simulation-based econometric methods. Doing so, it bridges the traditional gap between theoretical and empirical research and offers an integrated framework for studying applied problems in macroeconomics and microeconomics. In part I the authors first review the formal theory of dynamic optimization; they then present the numerical tools and econometric techniques necessary to evaluate the theoretical models. In language accessible to a reader with a limited background in econometrics, they explain most of the methods used in applied dynamic research today, from the estimation of probability in a coin flip to a complicated nonlinear stochastic structural model. These econometric techniques provide the final link between the dynamic programming problem and data. Part II is devoted to the application of dynamic programming to specific areas of applied economics, including the study of business cycles, consumption, and investment behavior. In each instance the authors present the specific optimization problem as a dynamic programming problem, characterize the optimal policy functions, estimate the parameters, and use models for policy evaluation. The original contribution of Dynamic Economics: Quantitative Methods and Applications lies in the integrated approach to the empirical application of dynamic optimization programming models. This integration shows that empirical applications actually complement the underlying theory of optimization, while dynamic programming problems provide needed structure for estimation and policy evaluation.

Author : George L. Nemhauser
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 282 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 1966
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : UOM:39015000983794

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Introduction to Dynamic Programming by George L. Nemhauser Pdf

Basic theory; Basic computations; Computational refinements; Risk, uncertainty, and competition; Nonserial systems; Infinite-stage systems.