Economic Accounts For Agriculture And Farm Income In Senegal

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Economic accounts for agriculture and farm income in Senegal

Fofana, Ismaël,Tankari, Mahamadou Roufahi,Traore, Fousseini
Economic accounts for agriculture and farm income in Senegal Book PDF

Author : Fofana, Ismaël,Tankari, Mahamadou Roufahi,Traore, Fousseini
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2017-05-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Economic accounts for agriculture and farm income in Senegal by Fofana, Ismaël,Tankari, Mahamadou Roufahi,Traore, Fousseini Pdf

A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system is of critical importance for evidence- and outcome-based planning and implementation in agriculture. The availability of and access to timely and reliable data to inform the M&E system is an undeniable asset. Our analysis highlights the use of survey data to generate relevant information and knowledge on the agricultural sector. The Poverty Monitoring Survey carried out in Senegal in 2011 is used to build the economic accounts for agriculture, which identify a value added of 581 billion CFA francs generated by Senegal’s farm households, representing 60 percent of the sector’s value added in 2011. The average farm household generated 646,500 CFA francs from farming in that same year. The information from the economic accounts for agriculture offers valuable inputs for decision-support tools such as the geographical information platforms (e-atlas) and social accounting matrixes used in strategic analyses and agricultural policy planning.

The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI)

Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela,Quisumbing, Agnes R.,Kovarik, Chiara,Sproule, Kathryn,Pinkstaff, Crossley,Malapit, Hazel J.
The Abbreviated Women s Empowerment in Agriculture Index A WEAI Book PDF

Author : Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela,Quisumbing, Agnes R.,Kovarik, Chiara,Sproule, Kathryn,Pinkstaff, Crossley,Malapit, Hazel J.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2017-07-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) by Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela,Quisumbing, Agnes R.,Kovarik, Chiara,Sproule, Kathryn,Pinkstaff, Crossley,Malapit, Hazel J. Pdf

The fifth Sustainable Development Goal—to “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”—reflects a growing consensus that these are key objectives of development policy in their own right, while also contributing to improved productivity and increased efficiency, especially in agriculture and food production. To deliver on this commitment to women’s empowerment in development calls for appropriate measures that can be used to diagnose the scope and major sources of disempowerment and to measure progress. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a survey-based tool codeveloped by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) (Alkire et al. 2013). The index was originally designed as a monitoring and evaluation tool for the U.S. government’s Feed the Future initiative to directly capture women’s empowerment and inclusion levels in the agricultural sector. Since its launch in February 2012, the WEAI has been implemented in the 19 Feed the Future focus countries. As with any new metric, pilot testing in a few selected countries with limited sample sizes is insufficient to demonstrate how the WEAI would perform when rolled out on a wider scale. Concerns expressed by users of the WEAI led to the creation of an abbreviated version—the A-WEAI. This paper begins by presenting a brief overview of the WEAI and its construction. It then proceeds to discuss (1) the background and motivation behind the creation of the A-WEAI; (2) the steps taken to develop the AWEAI— namely, cognitive testing and piloting of different modules, particularly those that were difficult to administer in the field; (3) analysis of the pilot data from Bangladesh and Uganda; (4) domain-specific comparisons of the different pilot versions; and (5) robustness checks and empowerment diagnostics from the A-WEAI as compared with the original WEAI. The paper concludes by summarizing the modifications to the original WEAI and discussing possibilities for further development of empowerment metrics based on the WEAI.

Arid Land Systems: Sciences and Societies

Troy Sternberg,Ariell Ahearn
Arid Land Systems Sciences and Societies Book PDF

Author : Troy Sternberg,Ariell Ahearn
Publisher : MDPI
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-08-19
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783039213474

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Arid Land Systems: Sciences and Societies by Troy Sternberg,Ariell Ahearn Pdf

Understanding deserts and drylands is essential, as arid landscapes cover >40% of the Earth and are home to two billion people. Today's problematic environment–human interaction needs contemporary knowledge to address dryland complexity. Physical dimensions in arid zones—land systems, climate and hazards, ecology—are linked with social processes that directly impact drylands, such as land management, livelihoods, and development. The challenges require integrated research that identifies systemic drivers across global arid regions. Measurement and monitoring, field investigation, remote sensing, and data analysis are effective tools to investigate natural dynamics. Equally, inquiry into how policy and practice affect landscape sustainability is key to mitigating detrimental activity in deserts. Relations between socio-economic forces and degradation, agro-pastoral rangeland use, drought and disaster and resource extraction reflect land interactions. Contemporary themes of food security, conflict, and conservation are interlinked in arid environments. This book unifies desert science, arid environments, and dryland development. The chapters identify land dynamics, address system risks and delineate human functions through original research in arid zones. Mixed methodologies highlight the vital links between social and environmental science in global deserts. The book engages with today's topical themes and presents novel analyses of arid land systems and societies.

Empowerment, adaptation, and agricultural production

Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie
Empowerment adaptation and agricultural production Book PDF

Author : Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2017-05-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Empowerment, adaptation, and agricultural production by Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie Pdf

Located at the heart of West Africa, Niger is a landlocked country with three-quarters of its territory covered by the Sahara Desert. Niger’s climate is mostly arid, and it is one of the least developed countries in the world. The vast majority of its population lives in rural areas, and the country is strongly dependent on agriculture. Agriculture is predominantly rainfed and yields rely on one rainy season. Although productivity in Niger has shown a positive trend, agriculture has been strongly affected in recent decades by several crises partly or entirely due to extreme weather events. Farmers pursue a number of strategies in the face of climatic (and nonclimatic) stressors including soil and water conservation methods such as barriers, terracing, and planting pits, and their adaptive capacity is deemed critical for estimating the economic impact of climate change. An understanding of climate change adaptation processes at the farm household level is therefore crucial to the development of well-designed and targeted mitigation policies. In this study, we use new data from Niger and regression analysis to study climate change adaptation through the digging of zaї pits and food production and the role of human capital measures therein. We find that adaptation is influenced by the perception that the frequency of droughts has increased and by the availability of financial resources and household labor. Adaptation is also influenced by educational attainment—both formal and Koranic school education. Adaptation of zaї pits is found to play an important role in food productivity. Our counterfactual analysis reveals that even though all households would benefit from adaptation, the effect is found to be significantly larger for households that actually did adapt relative to those that did not, indicating that the prospects of closing the productivity gap through encouraging adaptation in less well-endowed households are limited.

Pathways from agriculture to nutrition in India: Implications for sustainable development goals

Babu, Suresh Chandra,Sharma, Ajay,Das, Mousumi
Pathways from agriculture to nutrition in India Implications for sustainable development goals Book PDF

Author : Babu, Suresh Chandra,Sharma, Ajay,Das, Mousumi
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2017-06-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Pathways from agriculture to nutrition in India: Implications for sustainable development goals by Babu, Suresh Chandra,Sharma, Ajay,Das, Mousumi Pdf

emphasizes the importance of identifying different pathways from agriculture to nutrition for better nutritional outcomes. Using a disaggregated dashboard approach with agriculture, food consumption, and demographic and health survey data, this study examines the progress of Indian states toward the Sustainable Development Goals. There is evidence of both disconnects and linkages among food security indicators along the agriculture-nutrition pathways. Through a broadened and comprehensive approach under one coordinating body with a good set of improved interventions and governance, Indian states can attain food and nutrition security by 2030. Such evidence based policy making is need of the hour to observe impact on the ground, rather than framing policies based on ideologies. At a time when the focus is more and more on impact, the shift

Agribusiness competitiveness: Applying analytics, typology, and measurements to Africa

Shishodia, Mahika,Babu, Suresh Chandra
Agribusiness competitiveness Applying analytics typology and measurements to Africa Book PDF

Author : Shishodia, Mahika,Babu, Suresh Chandra
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2017-07-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agribusiness competitiveness: Applying analytics, typology, and measurements to Africa by Shishodia, Mahika,Babu, Suresh Chandra Pdf

Agribusiness has a major role to play in the transformation of the agricultural sector in Africa. With the demand for high-value food products increasing around the world, the production and export of these goods represents an opportunity to achieve increases in income and employment. To capture the benefits of this trend and capitalize on this opportunity for long-term agricultural growth, agribusiness in Africa must become more competitive. In addition to improving competitiveness, increasing agricultural productivity and food security are also major challenges in African agricultural development. In this paper, we compare the agribusiness competitiveness of African countries and develop typologies connected with their food security and agricultural productivity status. The typologies reveal various stylized facts on the competitiveness of agribusiness to help nations prioritize issues for agricultural development and growth. We develop the measures of agribusiness competitiveness and apply them to African countries. Additionally, we present policy implications and lessons for increasing the competitiveness of agribusiness in African countries.

Building resilience for food systems in postwar communities

Pal, Chandrashri,Babu, Suresh Chandra,Pathmanathan, Hamsha
Building resilience for food systems in postwar communities Book PDF

Author : Pal, Chandrashri,Babu, Suresh Chandra,Pathmanathan, Hamsha
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2017-05-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Building resilience for food systems in postwar communities by Pal, Chandrashri,Babu, Suresh Chandra,Pathmanathan, Hamsha Pdf

Prolonged civil wars can have long-lasting adverse effects on food systems, leading to poverty and food insecurity. Overcoming food insecurity and land inequality is particularly difficult because of the highly politicized nature of conflict. This paper builds on the existing literature on food sovereignty to ensure sustainable livelihoods and community ownership of a resilient food system. We identify components of community food security to be strengthened in a post war reconstruction context. We study the impacts of the civil war on food and land administration systems, farmer struggles and current transitional justice process in relation to community food security in the Northern and Eastern Provinces in Sri Lanka and identify the technological, institutional, organizational, and infrastructural setbacks caused by conflict. It explores how such setbacks could be rectified and a resilient food system could be built in the postwar scenario.

Insurance structure, risk sharing, and investment decisions

Munro, Laura
Insurance structure risk sharing and investment decisions Book PDF

Author : Munro, Laura
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2017-05-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Insurance structure, risk sharing, and investment decisions by Munro, Laura Pdf

Recognition of take-up and transaction cost challenges in individual microinsurance has led to a surge of interest in group microinsurance. Yet few studies have considered the effect of group insurance on the investment decisions of the insured. In the case of weather index insurance, this is an important omission. Analogous to group microcredit, group weather insurance may exacerbate two key challenges depending on the information environment: moral hazard and group pressure. Experimental results from a framed field experiment in Gujarat, India, confirm that group pressure leads to an 8 percent reduction in risk taking in contexts with perfect information and group insurance (relative to individual insurance). The effects of moral hazard are more limited, however. As higher risk taking is associated with higher average agricultural productivity—and thus, development—these findings put a premium on greater attention to group selection, the information environment, and the regulation of payout distribution.

Climate change and variability

Choufani, Jowel,Davis, Claire,McLaren, Rebecca,Fanzo, Jessica
Climate change and variability Book PDF

Author : Choufani, Jowel,Davis, Claire,McLaren, Rebecca,Fanzo, Jessica
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2017-06-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Climate change and variability by Choufani, Jowel,Davis, Claire,McLaren, Rebecca,Fanzo, Jessica Pdf

The paper uses a food systems approach to analyze the bidirectional relationships between climate change and food and nutrition along the entire food value chain. It then identifies adaptation and mitigation interventions for each step of the food value chain to move toward a more climate-smart, nutrition-sensitive food system. The study focuses on poor rural farmers, a population especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change on nutrition, although we recognize that there are other vulnerable populations, including urban poor and rural populations working outside of agriculture. Although this report does not explicitly exclude overweight and obesity, it focuses primarily on undernutrition because this nutritional status is currently more prevalent than overnutrition among our target population.

Food and nutrition security in transforming Ghana: A descriptive analysis of national trends and regional patterns

Van Asselt, Joanna,Ecker, Olivier
Food and nutrition security in transforming Ghana A descriptive analysis of national trends and regional patterns Book PDF

Author : Van Asselt, Joanna,Ecker, Olivier
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2017-06-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Food and nutrition security in transforming Ghana: A descriptive analysis of national trends and regional patterns by Van Asselt, Joanna,Ecker, Olivier Pdf

In recent decades, Ghana has experienced high economic growth and transformation, which contributed to the nation achieving the Millennium Development Goal targets on reducing extreme poverty and hunger. Against this background and in view of achieving the food and nutrition security targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, Ghana started a process of reviewing its food security and nutrition strategies and policies, including the overarching Zero Hunger Strategy. This discussion paper aims to contribute to this process by providing an update on the state of Ghana’s food and nutrition security. In addition to providing an overview of long-term historical trends at the national level, this analysis provides an overview of regional patterns of food and nutrition insecurity and recent changes across Ghana’s 10 administrative regions. Finally, the analysis identifies regional “hot spots” of food and nutrition insecurity. This paper confirms that Ghana has achieved substantial improvements in food and nutrition security overall, especially over the past decade. Nationwide, progress has been made in improving households’ economic access to food by reducing poverty and extreme poverty and in reducing chronic and acute child undernutrition. However, progress in reducing micronutrient malnutrition—particularly anemia and especially among young children—has been more modest. Across Ghana, large rural-urban gaps and regional differences—mainly between the north and the south—remain for most dimensions of food and nutrition security. In addition, Ghana is increasingly facing new nutrition-related public health problems that result from overnutrition and diets too rich in calories. Overweight and obesity among adults are rising rapidly in both urban and rural areas, leading to an increase in the risk of noncommunicable diseases. The rising double burden of malnutrition—that is, the coexistence of overnutrition and undernutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies—constitutes a challenge to public health and social protection policy. These new nutritional realities may make some existing food and nutrition security policies obsolete or even detrimental to nutrition security.

Addressing transboundary cooperation in the Eastern Nile through the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Insights from an E-survey and key informant interviews

Elnasikh, Sara,El Didi, Hagar,Bryan, Elizabeth,Ringler, Claudia,Berga, Helen
Addressing transboundary cooperation in the Eastern Nile through the Water Energy Food Nexus Insights from an E survey and key informant interviews Book PDF

Author : Elnasikh, Sara,El Didi, Hagar,Bryan, Elizabeth,Ringler, Claudia,Berga, Helen
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2017-06-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Addressing transboundary cooperation in the Eastern Nile through the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Insights from an E-survey and key informant interviews by Elnasikh, Sara,El Didi, Hagar,Bryan, Elizabeth,Ringler, Claudia,Berga, Helen Pdf

The Nile is the lifeblood of northeastern Africa, and its roles for and interdependency with the national economies it traverses and binds together grow as it moves from source to sea. With rapid economic development—population growth, irrigation development, rural electrification, and overall economic growth—pressures on the Nile’s water resources are growing to unprecedented levels. These drivers of change have already contributed to stark changes in the hydropolitical regime, and new forms of cooperation and cross-sectoral collaboration are needed, particularly in the Eastern Nile Basin countries of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and South Sudan. As direct sharing of water resources is hampered by unilateral developments, the need has increased for broader, cross-sectoral collaboration around the water, energy, and food sectors. This study is conducted to assess and understand the challenges of and opportunities for cooperation across the water-energy-food nexus nationally in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan, as well as regionally across the Eastern Nile. To gather data, the paper uses an e-survey supplemented with key informant interviews geared toward national-level water, energy, and agriculture stakeholders, chiefly government staff and researchers. Findings from the survey tools suggest that most respondents strongly agree that collaboration across the water, energy, and agriculture sectors is essential to improve resource management in the region. At the same time, there is ample scope for improvement in collaboration across the water, energy, and food sectors nationally. Ministries of water, energy, and food were identified as the key nexus actors at national levels; these would also need to be engaged in regional cross-sectoral collaboration. Respondents also identified a wide range of desirable cross-sectoral actions and investments—both national and regional—chiefly, joint planning and operation of multipurpose infrastructure; investment in enhanced irrigation efficiency; joint rehabilitation of upstream catchments to reduce sedimentation and degradation; and investment in alternative renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar energy.

Is the WTO dispute settlement procedure fair to developing countries?

Metivier, Jeanne,Bouët, Antoine
Is the WTO dispute settlement procedure fair to developing countries Book PDF

Author : Metivier, Jeanne,Bouët, Antoine
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 58 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2017-06-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Is the WTO dispute settlement procedure fair to developing countries? by Metivier, Jeanne,Bouët, Antoine Pdf

Since the inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, member countries have been heavily relying on the organization's dispute settlement procedure (DSP). Exploiting a new database on WTO litigations between 1995 and 2014, this paper describes disputes initiated over this period and identifies potential sources of bias concerning the participation of developing countries. The analysis builds on three different models to determine country i's probability of initiating a dispute against country j. Either it depends only on the two countries' structure of trade, that is the number of products exported by i to j (a situation we refer to as the rules-based model), or it is also affected by country i's or country j's specific characteristics (the unilateral power-based model), or it is also affected by bilateral economic and trade relations between countries i and j (the bilateral power-based model). We find that country i's structure of trade with j plays an important role in explaining the probability that i initiates a dispute against j under the DSP. Furthermore, country i's legal capacity and both countries' political regimes also affect this probability. However, we do not find that bilateral relationships between i and j, such as participants' capacity to retaliate against each others have an impact on dispute initiation.

Overview of the evolution of agricultural mechanization in Nepal: A focus on tractors and combine harvesters

Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Overview of the evolution of agricultural mechanization in Nepal A focus on tractors and combine harvesters Book PDF

Author : Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 54 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2017-07-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Overview of the evolution of agricultural mechanization in Nepal: A focus on tractors and combine harvesters by Takeshima, Hiroyuki Pdf

This study was conducted to understand the evolution of agricultural mechanization in Nepal, specifically its determinants on both the demand and supply sides, as well as impacts on agricultural production and associations with broader economic transformation processes, in order to draw lessons that can be conveyed to other less mechanized countries. Mechanization levels in Nepal, a largely agricultural country, were relatively low until a few decades ago. However, significant mechanization growth, including the adoption of tractors, has occurred since the 1990s, against a backdrop of rising rural wages, particularly for plowing, combined with growing emigration and growth in key staple crop yields and overall broad agricultural production growth, as well as improved market access and participation. This growth in mechanization has taken place despite the general absence of direct government support or promotion. The growth of tractor use in the plains of the Terai zone has transformed agricultural production rather than inducing labor movement out of agriculture, raising overall returns to scale in intensification and enabling the cultivation of greater areas by medium smallholders than by resource-poor smallholders. Tractors have also facilitated the intensification of crop production per unit of land among very small farmers, enabling mechanization growth despite the continued decline in farm size, although these farmers may not have benefited as much as medium smallholders. Potential future research areas with policy relevance include mitigating accessibility constraints to tractor custom hiring services, identifying appropriate regulatory policies for mechanization, and providing complementary support to some smallholders who may not fully benefit from tractor adoption alone.

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development

Ephraim Nkonya,Alisher Mirzabaev,Joachim von Braun
Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development Book PDF

Author : Ephraim Nkonya,Alisher Mirzabaev,Joachim von Braun
Publisher : Springer
Page : 686 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2015-11-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783319191683

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Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development by Ephraim Nkonya,Alisher Mirzabaev,Joachim von Braun Pdf

This volume deals with land degradation, which is occurring in almost all terrestrial biomes and agro-ecologies, in both low and high income countries and is stretching to about 30% of the total global land area. About three billion people reside in these degraded lands. However, the impact of land degradation is especially severe on livelihoods of the poor who heavily depend on natural resources. The annual global cost of land degradation due to land use and cover change (LUCC) and lower cropland and rangeland productivity is estimated to be about 300 billion USD. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for the largest share (22%) of the total global cost of land degradation. Only about 38% of the cost of land degradation due to LUCC - which accounts for 78% of the US$300 billion loss – is borne by land users and the remaining share (62%) is borne by consumers of ecosystem services off the farm. The results in this volume indicate that reversing land degradation trends makes both economic sense, and has multiple social and environmental benefits. On average, one US dollar investment into restoration of degraded land returns five US dollars. The findings of the country case studies call for increased investments into the rehabilitation and restoration of degraded lands, including through such institutional and policy measures as strengthening community participation for sustainable land management, enhancing government effectiveness and rule of law, improving access to markets and rural services, and securing land tenure. The assessment in this volume has been conducted at a time when there is an elevated interest in private land investments and when global efforts to achieve sustainable development objectives have intensified. In this regard, the results of this volume can contribute significantly to the ongoing policy debate and efforts to design strategies for achieving sustainable development goals and related efforts to address land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Taxation in Agriculture

OECD
Taxation in Agriculture Book PDF

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 262 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2020-02-10
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264859050

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Taxation in Agriculture by OECD Pdf

This review of taxation in agriculture in 35 OECD countries and emerging economies outlines the diversity of tax provisions affecting agriculture, provides an overview of cross-country differences in tax policy, and confirms the widespread use of tax concessions specifically for agriculture, although their importance and modalities differ across tax areas and countries.