Embedded Memory Design For Multi Core And Systems On Chip
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Embedded Memory Design for Multi-Core and Systems on Chip by Baker Mohammad Pdf
This book describes the various tradeoffs systems designers face when designing embedded memory. Readers designing multi-core systems and systems on chip will benefit from the discussion of different topics from memory architecture, array organization, circuit design techniques and design for test. The presentation enables a multi-disciplinary approach to chip design, which bridges the gap between the architecture level and circuit level, in order to address yield, reliability and power-related issues for embedded memory.
Multi-Core Embedded Systems by Georgios Kornaros Pdf
Details a real-world product that applies a cutting-edge multi-core architecture Increasingly demanding modern applications—such as those used in telecommunications networking and real-time processing of audio, video, and multimedia streams—require multiple processors to achieve computational performance at the rate of a few giga-operations per second. This necessity for speed and manageable power consumption makes it likely that the next generation of embedded processing systems will include hundreds of cores, while being increasingly programmable, blending processors and configurable hardware in a power-efficient manner. Multi-Core Embedded Systems presents a variety of perspectives that elucidate the technical challenges associated with such increased integration of homogeneous (processors) and heterogeneous multiple cores. It offers an analysis that industry engineers and professionals will need to understand the physical details of both software and hardware in embedded architectures, as well as their limitations and potential for future growth. Discusses the available programming models spread across different abstraction levels The book begins with an overview of the evolution of multiprocessor architectures for embedded applications and discusses techniques for autonomous power management of system-level parameters. It addresses the use of existing open-source (and free) tools originating from several application domains—such as traffic modeling, graph theory, parallel computing and network simulation. In addition, the authors cover other important topics associated with multi-core embedded systems, such as: Architectures and interconnects Embedded design methodologies Mapping of applications
Multicore Systems On-Chip: Practical Software/Hardware Design by Abderazek Ben Abdallah Pdf
System on chips designs have evolved from fairly simple unicore, single memory designs to complex heterogeneous multicore SoC architectures consisting of a large number of IP blocks on the same silicon. To meet high computational demands posed by latest consumer electronic devices, most current systems are based on such paradigm, which represents a real revolution in many aspects in computing. The attraction of multicore processing for power reduction is compelling. By splitting a set of tasks among multiple processor cores, the operating frequency necessary for each core can be reduced, allowing to reduce the voltage on each core. Because dynamic power is proportional to the frequency and to the square of the voltage, we get a big gain, even though we may have more cores running. As more and more cores are integrated into these designs to share the ever increasing processing load, the main challenges lie in efficient memory hierarchy, scalable system interconnect, new programming paradigms, and efficient integration methodology for connecting such heterogeneous cores into a single system capable of leveraging their individual flexibility. Current design methods tend toward mixed HW/SW co-designs targeting multicore systems on-chip for specific applications. To decide on the lowest cost mix of cores, designers must iteratively map the device’s functionality to a particular HW/SW partition and target architectures. In addition, to connect the heterogeneous cores, the architecture requires high performance complex communication architectures and efficient communication protocols, such as hierarchical bus, point-to-point connection, or Network-on-Chip. Software development also becomes far more complex due to the difficulties in breaking a single processing task into multiple parts that can be processed separately and then reassembled later. This reflects the fact that certain processor jobs cannot be easily parallelized to run concurrently on multiple processing cores and that load balancing between processing cores – especially heterogeneous cores – is very difficult.
Advanced Multicore Systems-On-Chip by Abderazek Ben Abdallah Pdf
From basic architecture, interconnection, and parallelization to power optimization, this book provides a comprehensive description of emerging multicore systems-on-chip (MCSoCs) hardware and software design. Highlighting both fundamentals and advanced software and hardware design, it can serve as a primary textbook for advanced courses in MCSoCs design and embedded systems. The first three chapters introduce MCSoCs architectures, present design challenges and conventional design methods, and describe in detail the main building blocks of MCSoCs. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 discuss fundamental and advanced on-chip interconnection network technologies for multi and many core SoCs, enabling readers to understand the microarchitectures for on-chip routers and network interfaces that are essential in the context of latency, area, and power constraints. With the rise of multicore and many-core systems, concurrency is becoming a major issue in the daily life of a programmer. Thus, compiler and software development tools are critical in helping programmers create high-performance software. Programmers should make sure that their parallelized program codes will not cause race condition, memory-access deadlocks, or other faults that may crash their entire systems. As such, Chapter 7 describes a novel parallelizing compiler design for high-performance computing. Chapter 8 provides a detailed investigation of power reduction techniques for MCSoCs at component and network levels. It discusses energy conservation in general hardware design, and also in embedded multicore system components, such as CPUs, disks, displays and memories. Lastly, Chapter 9 presents a real embedded MCSoCs system design targeted for health monitoring in the elderly.
System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications by Wael Badawy,Graham A. Julien Pdf
System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications will be of interest to engineers, both in industry and academia, working in the area of SoC VLSI design and application. It will also be useful to graduate and undergraduate students in electrical and computer engineering and computer science. A selected set of papers from the 2nd International Workshop on Real-Time Applications were used to form the basis of this book. It is organized into the following chapters: -Introduction; -Design Reuse; -Modeling; -Architecture; -Design Techniques; -Memory; -Circuits; -Low Power; -Interconnect and Technology; -MEMS. System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications contains many signal processing applications and will be of particular interest to those working in that community.
MULTICORE SYSTEMS ON-CHIP by Ben Abadallah Abderazek Pdf
Conventional on-chip communication design mostly use ad-hoc approaches that fail to meet the challenges posed by the next-generation MultiCore Systems on-chip (MCSoC) designs. These major challenges include wiring delay, predictability, diverse interconnection architectures, and power dissipation. A Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm is emerging as the solution for the problems of interconnecting dozens of cores into a single system on-chip. However, there are many problems associated with the design of such systems. These problems arise from non-scalable global wire delays, failure to achieve global synchronization, and difficulties associated with non-scalable bus-based functional interconnects. The book consists of three parts, with each part being subdivided into four chapters. The first part deals with design and methodology issues. The architectures used in conventional methods of MCSoCs design and custom multiprocessor architectures are not flexible enough to meet the requirements of different application domains and not scalable enough to meet different computation needs and different complexities of various applications. Several chapters of the first part will emphasize on the design techniques and methodologies. The second part covers the most critical part of MCSoCs design — the interconnections. One approach to addressing the design methodologies is to adopt the so-called reusability feature to boost design productivity. In the past years, the primitive design units evolved from transistors to gates, finite state machines, and processor cores. The network-on-chip paradigm offers this attractive property for the future and will be able to close the productivity gap. The last part of this book delves into MCSoCs validations and optimizations. A more qualitative approach of system validation is based on the use of formal techniques for hardware design. The main advantage of formal methods is the possibility to prove the validity of essential design requirements. As formal languages have a mathematical foundation, it is possible to formally extract and verify these desired properties of the complete abstract state space. Online testing techniques for identifying faults that can lead to system failure are also surveyed. Emphasis is given to analytical redundancy-based techniques that have been developed for fault detection and isolation in the automatic control area.
Real World Multicore Embedded Systems by Gitu Jain Pdf
Unlike general-purpose computing systems, multicore embedded systems are designed with a specific application in mind. The memory access patterns for the application can be used to customize the memory architecture of the device. This chapter presents a synopsis of memory types and architecture commonly used in multicore embedded systems. It examines the many trade-offs that can be considered when designing the memory architecture. It considers factors such as whether the memory should be shared or distributed among the multiple cores; will the cores benefit from memory cache and what should the cache configuration be; is there a cache coherency protocol used; should there be other memory types on the device such as scratch pad SRAMs and eDRAMs; does the device use a DMA for memory transfers, and other factors. It provides guidance to the embedded system designers to tailor the memory architecture to their needs.
Memory Design Techniques for Low Energy Embedded Systems by Alberto Macii,Luca Benini,Massimo Poncino Pdf
Memory Design Techniques for Low Energy Embedded Systems centers one of the most outstanding problems in chip design for embedded application. It guides the reader through different memory organizations and technologies and it reviews the most successful strategies for optimizing them in the power and performance plane.
Embedded Memories for Nano-Scale VLSIs by Kevin Zhang Pdf
Kevin Zhang Advancement of semiconductor technology has driven the rapid growth of very large scale integrated (VLSI) systems for increasingly broad applications, incl- ing high-end and mobile computing, consumer electronics such as 3D gaming, multi-function or smart phone, and various set-top players and ubiquitous sensor and medical devices. To meet the increasing demand for higher performance and lower power consumption in many different system applications, it is often required to have a large amount of on-die or embedded memory to support the need of data bandwidth in a system. The varieties of embedded memory in a given system have alsobecome increasingly more complex, ranging fromstatictodynamic and volatile to nonvolatile. Among embedded memories, six-transistor (6T)-based static random access memory (SRAM) continues to play a pivotal role in nearly all VLSI systems due to its superior speed and full compatibility with logic process technology. But as the technology scaling continues, SRAM design is facing severe challenge in mainta- ing suf?cient cell stability margin under relentless area scaling. Meanwhile, rapid expansion in mobile application, including new emerging application in sensor and medical devices, requires far more aggressive voltage scaling to meet very str- gent power constraint. Many innovative circuit topologies and techniques have been extensively explored in recent years to address these challenges.
A Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) is the key component for complex applications. These applications put huge pressure on memory, communication devices and computing units. This book, presented in two volumes – Architectures and Applications – therefore celebrates the 20th anniversary of MPSoC, an interdisciplinary forum that focuses on multi-core and multi-processor hardware and software systems. It is this interdisciplinarity which has led to MPSoC bringing together experts in these fields from around the world, over the last two decades. Multi-Processor System-on-Chip 2 covers application-specific MPSoC design, including compilers and architecture exploration. This second volume describes optimization methods, tools to optimize and port specific applications on MPSoC architectures. Details on compilation, power consumption and wireless communication are also presented, as well as examples of modeling frameworks and CAD tools. Explanations of specific platforms for automotive and real-time computing are also included.
Multicore Technology by Muhammad Yasir Qadri,Stephen J. Sangwine Pdf
The saturation of design complexity and clock frequencies for single-core processors has resulted in the emergence of multicore architectures as an alternative design paradigm. Nowadays, multicore/multithreaded computing systems are not only a de-facto standard for high-end applications, they are also gaining popularity in the field of embedded computing. The start of the multicore era has altered the concepts relating to almost all of the areas of computer architecture design, including core design, memory management, thread scheduling, application support, inter-processor communication, debugging, and power management. This book gives readers a holistic overview of the field and guides them to further avenues of research by covering the state of the art in this area. It includes contributions from industry as well as academia.
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip by Preeti Ranjan Panda,Nikil D. Dutt,Alexandru Nicolau Pdf
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-On-Chip: Optimizations and Explorations is designed for different groups in the embedded systems-on-chip arena. First, it is designed for researchers and graduate students who wish to understand the research issues involved in memory system optimization and exploration for embedded systems-on-chip. Second, it is intended for designers of embedded systems who are migrating from a traditional micro-controllers centered, board-based design methodology to newer design methodologies using IP blocks for processor-core-based embedded systems-on-chip. Also, since Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip: Optimization and Explorations illustrates a methodology for optimizing and exploring the memory configuration of embedded systems-on-chip, it is intended for managers and system designers who may be interested in the emerging capabilities of embedded systems-on-chip design methodologies for memory-intensive applications.
Semiconductor Memories and Systems by Andrea Redaelli,Fabio Pellizzer Pdf
Semiconductor Memories and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of semiconductor memory at the technology and system levels. After an introduction on market trends and memory applications, the book focuses on mainstream technologies, illustrating their current status, challenges and opportunities, with special attention paid to scalability paths. Technologies discussed include static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), non-volatile memory (NVM), and NAND flash memory. Embedded memory and requirements and system level needs for storage class memory are also addressed. Each chapter covers physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies, and the main challenges to scalability. Finally, the work reviews the emerging trends for storage class memory, mainly focusing on the advantages and opportunities of phase change based memory technologies. Features contributions from experts from leading companies in semiconductor memory Discusses physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies and paths to scalability for current and emerging semiconductor memories Reviews primary memory technologies, including SRAM, DRAM, NVM and NAND flash memory Includes emerging storage class memory technologies such as phase change memory
Multi-Processor System-on-Chip 1 by Liliana Andrade,Frederic Rousseau Pdf
A Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) is the key component for complex applications. These applications put huge pressure on memory, communication devices and computing units. This book, presented in two volumes – Architectures and Applications – therefore celebrates the 20th anniversary of MPSoC, an interdisciplinary forum that focuses on multi-core and multi-processor hardware and software systems. It is this interdisciplinarity which has led to MPSoC bringing together experts in these fields from around the world, over the last two decades. Multi-Processor System-on-Chip 1 covers the key components of MPSoC: processors, memory, interconnect and interfaces. It describes advance features of these components and technologies to build efficient MPSoC architectures. All the main components are detailed: use of memory and their technology, communication support and consistency, and specific processor architectures for general purposes or for dedicated applications.
Scalable Multi-core Architectures by Dimitrios Soudris,Axel Jantsch Pdf
As Moore’s law continues to unfold, two important trends have recently emerged. First, the growth of chip capacity is translated into a corresponding increase of number of cores. Second, the parallelization of the computation and 3D integration technologies lead to distributed memory architectures. This book describes recent research that addresses urgent challenges in many-core architectures and application mapping. It addresses the architectural design of many core chips, memory and data management, power management, design and programming methodologies. It also describes how new techniques have been applied in various industrial case studies.