Escalation Dynamics In Cyberspace

Author : Erica D. Lonergan,Shawn W. Lonergan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2023
Category : History
ISBN : 9780197550885

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Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace by Erica D. Lonergan,Shawn W. Lonergan Pdf

To what extent do cyberspace operations increase the risks of escalation between nation-state rivals? Scholars and practitioners have been concerned about cyber escalation for decades, but the question remains hotly debated. The issue is increasingly important for international politics as more states develop and employ offensive cyber capabilities, and as the international system is increasingly characterized by emergent multipolarity. In Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace, Erica D. Lonergan and Shawn W. Lonergan tackle this question head-on, presenting a comprehensive theory that explains the conditions under which cyber operations may lead to escalation. In doing so, they challenge long-held assumptions about strategic interactions in cyberspace, arguing that cyberspace is not as dangerous as the conventional wisdom might suggest. In some cases, cyber operations could even facilitate the de-escalation of international crises. To support their claims, Lonergan and Lonergan test their theory against a range of in-depth case studies, including strategic interactions between the United States and key rivals; a series of case studies of the role of cyber operations in international crises; and plausible future scenarios involving cyber operations during conflict. They then apply their analytical insights to policymaking, making the case that skepticism is warranted about the overall efficacy of employing cyber power for strategic ends. By exploring the role of cyber operations in routine competition, crises, and warfighting, Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace presents nuanced insights about how cyberspace affects international politics.

Author : Martin C. Libicki
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 199 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Conflict management
ISBN : 9780833076793

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Crisis and Escalation in Cyberspace by Martin C. Libicki Pdf

"The chances are growing that the United States will find itself in a crisis in cyberspace, with the escalation of tensions associated with a major cyberattack, suspicions that one has taken place, or fears that it might do so soon. The genesis for this work was the broader issue of how the Air Force should integrate kinetic and nonkinetic operations. Central to this process was careful consideration of how escalation options and risks should be treated, which, in turn, demanded a broader consideration across the entire crisis-management spectrum. Such crises can be managed by taking steps to reduce the incentives for other states to step into crisis, by controlling the narrative, understanding the stability parameters of the crises, and trying to manage escalation if conflicts arise from crises."--P. [4] of cover.

Author : Michael P. Fischerkeller,Cyber Persistence Subject Matter Expert Emily O Goldman,Emily O. Goldman,Richard J. Harknett
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 273 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2022-05-20
Category : Cyberspace
ISBN : 9780197638255

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Cyber Persistence Theory by Michael P. Fischerkeller,Cyber Persistence Subject Matter Expert Emily O Goldman,Emily O. Goldman,Richard J. Harknett Pdf

"In 'Cyber Persistence Theory', Michael P. Fischerkeller, Emily O. Goldman, and Richard J. Harknett argue that this current theory only works well in the cyber strategic space of armed conflict but it is completely misaligned for conflict outside of war - where most state-sponsored adversarial cyber activity occurs. As they show, the reigning paradigm of deterrence theory cannot fully explain what is taking place with respect to cyber conflict. Therefore, the authors develop a novel approach to national cyber security strategy and policy that realigns theory and practice."--

Author : Brandon Valeriano,Ryan C. Maness
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : History
ISBN : 9780190204792

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Cyber War Versus Cyber Realities by Brandon Valeriano,Ryan C. Maness Pdf

"What Valeriano and Maness provide in this book is an empirically-grounded discussion of the reality of cyber conflict, based on an analysis of cyber incidents and disputes experienced by international states since 2001. They delineate patterns of cyber conflict to develop a larger theory of cyber war that gets at the processes leading to cyber conflict. They find that, in addition to being a little-used tactic, cyber incidents thus far have been of a rather low-level intensity and with few to no long-term effects. Interestingly, they also find that many cyber incidents are motivated by regional conflict. They argue that restraint is the norm in cyberspace and suggest there is evidence this norm can influence how the tactic is used in the future. In conclusion, the authors lay out a set of policy recommendations for proper defense against cyber threats that is built on restraint and regionalism"--

Author : Herbert Lin,Amy Zegart
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2019-01-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780815735489

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Bytes, Bombs, and Spies by Herbert Lin,Amy Zegart Pdf

“We are dropping cyber bombs. We have never done that before.”—U.S. Defense Department official A new era of war fighting is emerging for the U.S. military. Hi-tech weapons have given way to hi tech in a number of instances recently: A computer virus is unleashed that destroys centrifuges in Iran, slowing that country’s attempt to build a nuclear weapon. ISIS, which has made the internet the backbone of its terror operations, finds its network-based command and control systems are overwhelmed in a cyber attack. A number of North Korean ballistic missiles fail on launch, reportedly because their systems were compromised by a cyber campaign. Offensive cyber operations like these have become important components of U.S. defense strategy and their role will grow larger. But just what offensive cyber weapons are and how they could be used remains clouded by secrecy. This new volume by Amy Zegart and Herb Lin is a groundbreaking discussion and exploration of cyber weapons with a focus on their strategic dimensions. It brings together many of the leading specialists in the field to provide new and incisive analysis of what former CIA director Michael Hayden has called “digital combat power” and how the United States should incorporate that power into its national security strategy.

Author : Brandon Valeriano,Benjamin Jensen,Ryan C. Maness
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2018-04-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190618117

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Cyber Strategy by Brandon Valeriano,Benjamin Jensen,Ryan C. Maness Pdf

Some pundits claim cyber weaponry is the most important military innovation in decades, a transformative new technology that promises a paralyzing first-strike advantage difficult for opponents to deter. Yet, what is cyber strategy? How do actors use cyber capabilities to achieve a position of advantage against rival states? This book examines the emerging art of cyber strategy and its integration as part of a larger approach to coercion by states in the international system between 2000 and 2014. To this end, the book establishes a theoretical framework in the coercion literature for evaluating the efficacy of cyber operations. Cyber coercion represents the use of manipulation, denial, and punishment strategies in the digital frontier to achieve some strategic end. As a contemporary form of covert action and political warfare, cyber operations rarely produce concessions and tend to achieve only limited, signaling objectives. When cyber operations do produce concessions between rival states, they tend to be part of a larger integrated coercive strategy that combines network intrusions with other traditional forms of statecraft such as military threats, economic sanctions, and diplomacy. The books finds that cyber operations rarely produce concessions in isolation. They are additive instruments that complement traditional statecraft and coercive diplomacy. The book combines an analysis of cyber exchanges between rival states and broader event data on political, military, and economic interactions with case studies on the leading cyber powers: Russia, China, and the United States. The authors investigate cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful for maximizing informational asymmetries and disruptions, and thus are important, but limited coercive tools. This empirical foundation allows the authors to explore how leading actors employ cyber strategy and the implications for international relations in the 21st century. While most military plans involving cyber attributes remain highly classified, the authors piece together strategies based on observations of attacks over time and through the policy discussion in unclassified space. The result will be the first broad evaluation of the efficacy of various strategic options in a digital world.

Author : Barry R. Posen
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2014-01-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780801468377

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Inadvertent Escalation by Barry R. Posen Pdf

In this sobering book, Barry R. Posen demonstrates how the interplay between conventional military operations and nuclear forces could, in conflicts among states armed with both conventional and nuclear weaponry, inadvertently produce pressures for nuclear escalation. Knowledge of these hidden pressures, he believes, may help some future decision maker avoid catastrophe.Building a formidable argument that moves with cumulative force, he details the way in which escalation could occur not by mindless accident, or by deliberate preference for nuclear escalation, but rather as a natural accompaniment of land, naval, or air warfare at the conventional level. Posen bases his analysis on an empirical study of the east-west military competition in Europe during the 1980s, using a conceptual framework drawn from international relations theory, organization theory, and strategic theory.The lessons of his book, however, go well beyond the east-west competition. Since his observations are relevant to all military competitions between states armed with both conventional and nuclear weaponry, his book speaks to some of the problems that attend the proliferation of nuclear weapons in longstanding regional conflicts. Optimism that small and medium nuclear powers can easily achieve "stable" nuclear balances is, he believes, unwarranted.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Developing a Cybersecurity Primer: Leveraging Two Decades of National Academies Work
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2014-06-16
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780309303217

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At the Nexus of Cybersecurity and Public Policy by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Developing a Cybersecurity Primer: Leveraging Two Decades of National Academies Work Pdf

We depend on information and information technology (IT) to make many of our day-to-day tasks easier and more convenient. Computers play key roles in transportation, health care, banking, and energy. Businesses use IT for payroll and accounting, inventory and sales, and research and development. Modern military forces use weapons that are increasingly coordinated through computer-based networks. Cybersecurity is vital to protecting all of these functions. Cyberspace is vulnerable to a broad spectrum of hackers, criminals, terrorists, and state actors. Working in cyberspace, these malevolent actors can steal money, intellectual property, or classified information; impersonate law-abiding parties for their own purposes; damage important data; or deny the availability of normally accessible services. Cybersecurity issues arise because of three factors taken together - the presence of malevolent actors in cyberspace, societal reliance on IT for many important functions, and the presence of vulnerabilities in IT systems. What steps can policy makers take to protect our government, businesses, and the public from those would take advantage of system vulnerabilities? At the Nexus of Cybersecurity and Public Policy offers a wealth of information on practical measures, technical and nontechnical challenges, and potential policy responses. According to this report, cybersecurity is a never-ending battle; threats will evolve as adversaries adopt new tools and techniques to compromise security. Cybersecurity is therefore an ongoing process that needs to evolve as new threats are identified. At the Nexus of Cybersecurity and Public Policy is a call for action to make cybersecurity a public safety priority. For a number of years, the cybersecurity issue has received increasing public attention; however, most policy focus has been on the short-term costs of improving systems. In its explanation of the fundamentals of cybersecurity and the discussion of potential policy responses, this book will be a resource for policy makers, cybersecurity and IT professionals, and anyone who wants to understand threats to cyberspace.

Author : Herbert Lin,Amy B. Zegart
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Cyber intelligence
ISBN : 0815735472

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Bytes, Bombs, and Spies by Herbert Lin,Amy B. Zegart Pdf

"We are dropping cyber bombs. We have never done that before."--U.S. Defense Department official A new era of war fighting is emerging for the U.S. military. Hi-tech weapons have given way to hi tech in a number of instances recently: A computer virus is unleashed that destroys centrifuges in Iran, slowing that country's attempt to build a nuclear weapon. ISIS, which has made the internet the backbone of its terror operations, finds its network-based command and control systems are overwhelmed in a cyber attack. A number of North Korean ballistic missiles fail on launch, reportedly because their systems were compromised by a cyber campaign. Offensive cyber operations like these have become important components of U.S. defense strategy and their role will grow larger. But just what offensive cyber weapons are and how they could be used remains clouded by secrecy. This new volume by Amy Zegart and Herb Lin is a groundbreaking discussion and exploration of cyber weapons with a focus on their strategic dimensions. It brings together many of the leading specialists in the field to provide new and incisive analysis of what former CIA director Michael Hayden has called "digital combat power" and how the United States should incorporate that power into its national security strategy.

Author : Brandon Valeriano,Benjamin Jensen,Ryan C. Maness
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2018-04-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190618100

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Cyber Strategy by Brandon Valeriano,Benjamin Jensen,Ryan C. Maness Pdf

Some pundits claim cyber weaponry is the most important military innovation in decades, a transformative new technology that promises a paralyzing first-strike advantage difficult for opponents to deter. Yet, what is cyber strategy? How do actors use cyber capabilities to achieve a position of advantage against rival states? This book examines the emerging art of cyber strategy and its integration as part of a larger approach to coercion by states in the international system between 2000 and 2014. To this end, the book establishes a theoretical framework in the coercion literature for evaluating the efficacy of cyber operations. Cyber coercion represents the use of manipulation, denial, and punishment strategies in the digital frontier to achieve some strategic end. As a contemporary form of covert action and political warfare, cyber operations rarely produce concessions and tend to achieve only limited, signaling objectives. When cyber operations do produce concessions between rival states, they tend to be part of a larger integrated coercive strategy that combines network intrusions with other traditional forms of statecraft such as military threats, economic sanctions, and diplomacy. The books finds that cyber operations rarely produce concessions in isolation. They are additive instruments that complement traditional statecraft and coercive diplomacy. The book combines an analysis of cyber exchanges between rival states and broader event data on political, military, and economic interactions with case studies on the leading cyber powers: Russia, China, and the United States. The authors investigate cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful for maximizing informational asymmetries and disruptions, and thus are important, but limited coercive tools. This empirical foundation allows the authors to explore how leading actors employ cyber strategy and the implications for international relations in the 21st century. While most military plans involving cyber attributes remain highly classified, the authors piece together strategies based on observations of attacks over time and through the policy discussion in unclassified space. The result will be the first broad evaluation of the efficacy of various strategic options in a digital world.

Author : George Perkovich,Ariel Levite
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Cyberspace operations (Military science).
ISBN : 9781626164987

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Understanding Cyber Conflict by George Perkovich,Ariel Levite Pdf

Analogies help us think, learn, and communicate. The fourteen case studies in this volume help readers make sense of contemporary cyber conflict through historical analogies to past military-technological problems. The chapters are divided into three groups. The first--What Are Cyber Weapons Like?--examines the characteristics of cyber capabilities and how their use for intelligence gathering, signaling, and precision strike compares with earlier technologies for such missions. The second section--What Might Cyber Wars Be Like?--explores how lessons from several wars since the early 19th century, including the World Wars, could apply or not apply to cyber conflict in the 21st century. The final section--What Is Preventing and/or Managing Cyber Conflict Like?--offers lessons from 19th and 20th century cases of managing threatening actors and technologies.

Author : Kenneth Geers
Publisher : Kenneth Geers
Page : 169 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Cyberterrorism
ISBN : 9789949904051

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Strategic Cyber Security by Kenneth Geers Pdf

Author : Thomas Reinhold
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2024-06-02
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783658439514

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Towards a Peaceful Development of Cyberspace by Thomas Reinhold Pdf

Author : Ben Buchanan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2017-02-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190694807

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The Cybersecurity Dilemma by Ben Buchanan Pdf

Why do nations break into one another's most important computer networks? There is an obvious answer: to steal valuable information or to attack. But this isn't the full story. This book draws on often-overlooked documents leaked by Edward Snowden, real-world case studies of cyber operations, and policymaker perspectives to show that intruding into other countries' networks has enormous defensive value as well. Two nations, neither of which seeks to harm the other but neither of which trusts the other, will often find it prudent to launch intrusions. This general problem, in which a nation's means of securing itself threatens the security of others and risks escalating tension, is a bedrock concept in international relations and is called the 'security dilemma'. This book shows not only that the security dilemma applies to cyber operations, but also that the particular characteristics of the digital domain mean that the effects are deeply pronounced. The cybersecurity dilemma is both a vital concern of modern statecraft and a means of accessibly understanding the essential components of cyber operations.

Author : Gary Schaub, Jr.
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2018-01-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781786606815

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Understanding Cybersecurity by Gary Schaub, Jr. Pdf

Over the last decade, the internet and cyber space has had a phenomenal impact on all parts of society, from media and politics to defense and war. Governments around the globe have started to develop cyber security strategies, governance and operations to consider cyberspace as an increasingly important and contentious international issue. This book provides the reader with the most up-to-date survey of the cyberspace security practices and processes in two accessible parts; governance and operations. Suitable for a wide-ranging audience, from professionals, analysts, military personnel, policy-makers and academics, this collection offers all sides of cyberspace issues, implementation and strategy for the future. Gary Schaub is also the co-editor of “Private Military and Security Contractors” (2016), click link for full details: https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442260214/Private-Military-and-Security-Contractors-Controlling-the-Corporate-Warrior