Eu Law Of Competition And Trade In The Pharmaceutical Sector
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EU Law of Competition and Trade in the Pharmaceutical Sector by Pablo Figueroa,Alejandro Guerrero Pdf
This book provides a systematic analysis of the law and practice of EU competition and trade in the pharmaceutical sector. Authored by leading private practitioners, economists, scholars and high-level officials at competition regulators, this work provides valuable insider knowledge on the application of law and policies to the pharmaceutical industry. The work contains extensive commentary on the legislation and the latest case law and administrative precedents in this sector, at both EU and national level, including certain significant jurisdictions (e.g., the US, China). Coverage of various key developments includes the recent pay-for-delay antitrust investigations, the perennial issues around parallel trade, and an examination of mergers among pharmaceutical companies and medical devices manufacturers. In addition to the legal analysis, it offers vital economic and business perspectives to ensure that the reader has the full range of tools with which to prepare for cases and conduct transactions within the pharmaceutical industry.
EU Competition Law and Pharmaceuticals by Wolf Sauter,Marcel Canoy,Jotte Mulder Pdf
This timely book discusses the application of the EU competition rules to pharmaceuticals, covering the prohibitions on anticompetitive agreements and abuse of dominance, and merger control. It carefully considers the balance between competition and innovation, as well as between competition and regulation, and concludes that competition and regulation are not alternatives, but complementary, and that novel ways of taking into account risk and real innovation through competition assessments have been developed.
Antitrust in Pharmaceutical Markets & Geographical Rules of Origin by Pierre Kobel,Pranvera Këllezi,Bruce Kilpatrick Pdf
This book gathers international and national reports from across the globe on key questions in the field of antitrust and intellectual property. The first part discusses the application of competition law in the pharmaceutical sector, which continues to be a focus for anti-trust authorities around the world. A detailed international report explores the extent to which the application of the competition rules in the pharmaceutical sector should be affected by the specific characteristics of those products and markets (including consumer protection rules, the need to promote innovation, the need to protect public budgets, and other public interest considerations). It provides an excellent comparative study of this complex subject, which lies at the interface between competition law and intellectual property law. The second part of the book gathers contributions from various jurisdictions on the topic of “What rules should govern claims by suppliers about the national or geographic origin of their goods or services?” This section presents an international report, which offers an unparalleled comparative analysis of this topic, bringing together common themes and contrasting the various national provisions dealing with indications of origin, amongst other things. The book also includes the resolutions passed by the General Assembly of the International League of Competition Law (LIDC) following a debate on each of these topics, which include proposed solutions and recommendations. The LIDC is a long-standing international association that focuses on the interface between competition law and intellectual property law, including unfair competition issues.
Competition and Innovation in the EU Regulation of Pharmaceuticals by Claudia Desogus Pdf
This book deals with parallel trade of pharmaceuticals from a law and economics perspective. Traditionally, restrictions to parallel trade were regarded negatively because they ran against the rules of the EU internal market. However, in recent judgments (Bayer, Glaxo, and Syfait), EU courts questioned some of the legal principles underpinning the EU policy on parallel trade in the field of pharmaceuticals. This shift suggested that there might be scope for improvement of such policy. However, how and to what extent this change should be performed remained partially unclear. Through the analysis of the impact that parallel trade of pharmaceuticals has on consumer welfare, both in a static and in a dynamic sense, this book examines whether the current legal approach to parallel trade of pharmaceuticals reflects the findings of economic theory, whether it should change, and, if so, on what basis this adjustment should take place. The analysis not only provides a policy assessment, but also offers some insights on one of the issues debated within the process of modernization of EU competition law: how judges should integrate economic reasoning in the antitrust assessment of corporate practices. The book will be particularly useful both for practitioners and legal scholars who want deepen their understanding of the EU pharmaceutical market and of the most recent EU judicial developments in that field, as well as of their implications for EU competition law in a 'modernized' context.
Competition Law of the European Union by Van Bael & Bellis Pdf
This new Sixth Edition of a major work by the well-known competition law team at Van Bael & Bellis in Brussels brings the book up to date to take account of the many developments in the case law and relevant legislation that have occurred since the Fifth Edition in 2010. The authors have also taken the opportunity to write a much-extended chapter on private enforcement and a dedicated section on competition law in the pharmaceutical sector. As one would expect, the new edition continues to meet the challenge for businesses and their counsel, providing a thoroughly practical guide to the application of the EU competition rules. The critical commentary cuts through the theoretical underpinnings of EU competition law to expose its actual impact on business. In this comprehensive new edition, the authors examine such notable developments as the following: important rulings concerning the concept of a restriction by object under Article 101; the extensive case law in the field of cartels, including in relation to cartel facilitation and price signalling; important Article 102 rulings concerning pricing and exclusivity, including the Post Danmark and Intel judgments, as well as standard essential patents; the current block exemption and guidelines applicable to vertical agreements, including those applicable to the motor vehicle sector; developments concerning online distribution, including the Pierre Fabre and Coty rulings; the current guidelines and block exemptions in the field of horizontal cooperation, including the treatment of information exchange; the evolution of EU merger control, including court defeats suffered by the Commission and the case law on procedural infringements; the burgeoning case law related to pharmaceuticals, including concerning reverse payment settlements; the current technology transfer guidelines and block exemption; procedural developments, including in relation to the right to privacy, access to file, parental liability, fining methodology, inability to pay and hybrid settlements; the implementation of the Damages Directive and the first interpretative rulings. As a comprehensive, up-to-date and above all practical analysis of the EU competition rules as developed by the Commission and EU Courts, this authoritative new edition of a classic work stands alone. Like its predecessors, it will be of immeasurable value to both business persons and their legal advisers.
Competition Law and Policy in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Sector by Akira Negishi,Masako Wakui,Naoko Mariyama Pdf
This is the first book published that focuses on competition law and policy in the Japanese pharmaceutical sector. It consists of chapters written and edited by academics who research the industry from various perspectives, including economics, competition law, pharmaceutical regulations, and intellectual property law. Competition policies involving pharmaceutical products attract attention from academics and policymakers worldwide. The pharmaceutical industry is regulated by drug laws that vary from country to country and are affected by differing practices and industrial structures. The book begins by examining drug regulations and trade practices in the industry that are peculiar to Japan and its healthcare system. It then presents the Japanese Antimonopoly Act and cases involving it, and discussions of current competition law issues in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry. The book also discusses innovation and intellectual property and economic analyses of pharmaceutical regulations and drug discovery. The chapters include comparative studies on Japanese regulations vs. those in the European Union and the United States. Japan is one of the biggest pharmaceutical markets in the world. With this in mind, the book provides “one-stop shopping” for anyone interested in pharmaceutical regulations in the country. Covering the basics but extending to in-depth explorations of complex problems, this book appeals not only to students and academics, pharmaceutical companies and regulators, but also to those dealing with real-world policy issues that encompass competition policy, intellectual property, and pharmaceutical regulation. Chapter 11 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com
Competition Law and IP Rights in Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology by Björn Lundqvist,Timo Minssen,Justin Pierce Pdf
A comprehensive analysis of European competition law and intellectual property law issues affecting the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, offering both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Regulation, Innovation and Competition in Pharmaceutical Markets by Margherita Colangelo Pdf
This book explores the fundamental and inextricable relationship between regulation, intellectual property, competition law, and public health in pharmaceutical markets, examining their interconnections and the delicate balance between the various interests and policy goals at stake. Although pharmaceutical markets are heavily regulated and subject to close antitrust scrutiny, there is a constant requirement for existing rules and policies to tackle a number of persistent, complex issues. The variety of anti-competitive practices occurring in this sector, the worrying rise in drug prices, and major, far-reaching concerns over the accessibility of medicines are sources of frequent controversy in academic and policy debates. Understanding the unique features and dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry requires a tailored and multifaceted approach. The study is enhanced by the adoption of a comparative perspective, tracing convergence and divergence between EU and US systems through the analysis of relevant applicable rules, significant cases, and policy choices. Pursuant to this rigorous approach, the book provides an original and thought-provoking critique of the challenges of regulating pharmaceutical markets.
Guide to Eu Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law by Sally Shorthose Pdf
Guide to EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law, which is updated annually to reflect the speed at which the rules and regulations change, provides a comprehensive and practical guide to, and analysis of, the current European Union (EU) Pharmaceutical Regulatory Regime. In the EU and its Member States, as elsewhere, the marketing of pharmaceuticals has become subject to an increasingly complex web of legislation and regulation, resulting from the intense scrutiny necessary to ensure that such essential products are not only efficacious but also safe. This useful volume lays out this system with extraordinary clarity and logic. Adopting a Europe-wide perspective on the law governing pharmaceuticals, expert authors from the law firm Bird & Bird LLP map the life cycle of a medicinal product or medical device from development to product launch and ongoing pharmacovigilance, offering comprehensive and unambiguous guidance at every stage. What's in this book: Following an introductory overview focusing on the regulatory framework for pharmaceuticals in Europe - from its underlying rationales to the relevant committees and agencies - each of the fifteen incisive chapters examines a particular process or subject. Among the many topics and issues covered are the following: obtaining a marketing authorisation; stages and standards for creating a product dossier; clinical trials; how and when an abridged procedure can be used; criteria for conditional marketing authorisations; generic products and 'essential similarity'; paediatric use and the requisite additional trials; biologicals and 'biosimilars'; homeopathic and herbal medicines; reporting procedures; pharmacovigilance; parallel trade; relevant competition law and IP rights; and advertising. In addition, national variation charts in many of the chapters illustrate how the regime operates in the eight major jurisdictions (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the UK). Sample forms and URLs for the most important Directives are also included. A brief overview of how the proposed exit from the EU by the UK will affect the regulatory regime is also included. How this will help you: Starting with an overview, this book primarily deals with how pharmaceutical products are brought to market from the conduct of clinical trials through amendments to marketing authorisations and abridged (generic) applications - the routes to obtaining a marketing authorisation covering special regimes such as the paediatric system and conditional marketing authorisations. Thus, this book serves as a guide for pharmaceutical lawyers and regulatory advisers, both in-house and in private practice, who need to understand the process of bringing a medicinal product or medical device to market and the continuing rights and obligations. In addition, this book also provides guidance on how ancillary subjects such as IP law, competition law, parallel imports and the regulation of homeopathic products influence pharmaceutical regime.
Parallel Trade in Europe by Christopher Stothers Pdf
Are parallel importers the key to unlocking the single European market, breaking down long-established national barriers for the benefit of all? Or do they instead just operate in a dubious "grey market", free-loading on the investment of innovators and brand owners to the ultimate detriment of future investment? Parallel importers are in turn lionized and demonized, both in legal commentary and in the mainstream press. Trade is economically possible whenever the price of a particular product is higher in one area than in another. However, in the real world, trade will only occur if this price differential is sufficient to cover the costs of the trader together with a sufficiently attractive margin of profit. Some costs can be viewed as barriers to trade which result in an economically imperfect allocation of resources across the world. They can also operate as a waste of resources. Various attempts have been made to reduce unnecessary barriers, encouraging trade, and reducing waste - the clearest example being the WTO, which is dedicated to eliminating barriers to trade. Regional trading areas, such as the European Community share these goals, along with certain other aims. Although many barriers have already been removed, the process is far from complete. Parallel trade occurs when goods are manufactured by one party (the manufacturer) and put onto the market in country A but are then imported into country B by a second party (the parallel importer). The manufacturer may have manufactured the goods and/or put them on the market in country A directly or through third parties, but the distinguishing feature of parallel trade is that the manufacturer did not intend the goods to end up in country B. Parallel trade normally occurs when the manufacturer sells the goods in question in both countries (thus the trade is "parallel" to the main trade organized by the manufacturer) but the price of the goods in country A is lower than the price in country B. However, it may also occur when the manufacturer does not sell in country B at all, or does not sell sufficient quantities there. The goods are typically described in country B as "parallel imports" or "grey market goods." Understanding how EC law operates to restrict parallel trade involves exploring a complex matrix of different rules derived from the different fields of competition, free movement, and intellectual property, together with their corresponding private and public enforcement regimes, as well as the relationship with other external regimes. Author Christopher Stothers' comprehensive treatment of the subject successfully casts light on this difficult topic and is set to become the definitive work of reference in the area.
Studies on Competition and Antitrust Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry by Ann-Kathrin Lehnhausen Pdf
This publication examines how drug originator manufacturers manage to shield their products from competition. It characterizes the pharmaceutical industry in detail and analyzes actions that violate antitrust laws in the USA and/or the European Union. The publication examines, for example, pay-for-delay strategies, market foreclosure, resale price maintenance, but also mergers and acquisitions, while taking into account market specificities such as the unique research and development process. The study explains why drug prices sometimes remain at elevated levels even after the drug’s patent protection has expired. Knowing the characteristics of such anticompetitive strategies helps customers such as health insurance companies to develop effective counter-strategies.
Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry Under US Antitrust and EU Competition Law by Amalia Athanasiadou Pdf
Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry under US Antitrust and EU Competition Law examines patent settlements between originators and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers under United States (US) antitrust and European Union (EU) competition law. The major focus is on patent settlements involving reverse payments, commonly known as "pay-for-delay" settlements. Reverse payment settlements or "pay-for-delay agreements" create heated debates regarding the balance between competition and intellectual property law. These settlements touch upon sensitive issues such as timely generic entry and access to affordable pharmaceuticals on the one hand and the need to preserve innovation incentives for originators and to strengthen the pipeline of life-saving pharmaceuticals on the other hand. This book is one of the first to analyse critically and comparatively how such patent settlements and various other strategies employed by the pharmaceutical industry are scrutinised by US and European courts as well as enforcement authorities, focusing on the applicable legal tests and the main criteria used by courts and enforcement authorities when applying antitrust scrutiny. What's in this book: The book's ultimate objective is to provide guidance to the pharmaceutical industry regarding the types of patent settlements, strategies and conduct which may be problematic from US antitrust and EU competition law perspectives and to assist practitioners in structuring settlements which are both efficient and compliant. To this end, an exhaustive legal analysis of some of the most controversial issues regarding pharmaceutical patent settlements is provided, including: the lengthy split among US Circuit Courts on the issue of pay-for-delay settlements, its resolution by the US Supreme Court in FTC v. Actavis and subsequent jurisprudence; the decision of Lundbeck v. Commission by the European General Court and the Servier decision of the European Commission; the Roche/Novartis decision of the European Court of Justice and the most important decisions by National Competition Authorities on pharma patent settlements in the EU; an overview of other types of strategies such as product-hopping and product reformulations, no-authorised generic commitments, problematic side-deals and mechanisms affecting generic substitution; the rejection of the "scope of the patent" test in both the US and the EU and the balancing of patent law and antitrust law considerations in the prevailing applicable tests; the benefits of settlements and the main criteria for assessing their legitimacy under US antitrust and EU competition law. The analysis provides concrete examples of both illegitimate and legitimate settlements and strategies, emphasising on conduct that falls within a grey zone and on the circumstances and criteria under which such conduct could be deemed problematic from an antitrust perspective. This book argues that even though patent settlements and other types of potentially exclusionary and abusive conduct change form rapidly, the main criteria for their assessment remain broadly the same. How this will help you: This book will serve as a valuable guide for pharmaceutical companies wishing to minimise the risk of engaging in conduct that could potentially infringe US antitrust and EU competition law. This book is also beneficial to legal counsels, practicing attorneys, competition authorities and judges wishing to have the overview of the current legal standards in both the US and the EU. It further aims to save courts and enforcement agencies and also practitioners and academics considerable time and resources by providing an exhaustive analysis of the relevant case law, with the ultimate goal to increase legal certainty on the most controversial aspects of patent settlements in the pharmaceutical industry.
