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Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses by John Krasny,William Parker,Vytenis Babrauskas Pdf
The flammability of upholstered furniture is a major concern to engineers and others across a wide swath of organizations. This book was written to provide its audience with the science and engineering needed to better understand the combustibility of the products they manufacture, purchase, and try to extinguish. It addresses the science and engineering information needs of public and private sector fire technology personnel, including fire service students and officers, fire investigators, fire protection engineers, government officials; textile, chemical, and furniture industry personnel, or institutional furniture purchasers.
Physics of Turbulent Jet Ignition by Sayan Biswas Pdf
This book focuses on developing strategies for ultra-lean combustion of natural gas and hydrogen, and contributes to the research on extending the lean flammability limit of hydrogen and air using a hot supersonic jet. The author addresses experimental methods, data analysis techniques, and results throughout each chapter and: Explains the fundamental mechanisms behind turbulent hot jet ignition using non-dimensional analysis Explores ignition characteristics by impinging hot jet and multiple jets in relation to better controllability and lean combustion Explores how different instability modes interact with the acoustic modes of the combustion chamber. This book provides a potential answer to some of the issues that arise from lean engine operation, such as poor ignition, engine misfire, cycle-to-cycle variability, combustion instability, reduction in efficiency, and an increase in unburned hydrocarbon emissions. This thesis was submitted to and approved by Purdue University.
Flame Ignition is a 800 page history of early internal combustion engines built from 1800 to 1900, thoroughly documenting the different types of designs existing during that era. Highlights of the book are chapters that include: Non-Compression Direct-Acting and Atmospheric engines, Non-Compressing Toy engines, Two-Stroke, Four-Stroke, Six-Stroke, Compound and Constant Pressure types.The author included much information on the efforts of the early I. C. engine designers, and the problems they faced. Each of the 8 chapters gives a history of the designs covered, and then the actual engines developed are discussed in alphabetical order. The engines covered all feature flame ignition, although other significant designs are discussed as they relate to the story of flame ignition. Each chapter contains many period engravings, test data, specifications, and full color photos of existing examples.Chapters include non-compression engines including Sombart and Forest designs, toy engines, such as Paradox, Atmospheric engines including the famous Otto and Langen design, two stroke engines like Clerk, four stroke engines including Deutz and Crossley, six stroke engines, compound engines, and constant pressure engines. Highlights of these chapters include an in-depth discussion of Brayton's constant pressure engines, rarely seen prototypes from Otto, and many unusual designs that are only known from ancient advertisements or the odd existing example. Patent drawings and explanations of operating sequences are included for all engines covered. An extensive chapter covers the early activity of the Gasmotoren-fabrik Deutz and Crossley 4 cycle engines, which were the direct ancestors of all 4-stroke cycle engines. Other chapters, including 2-stroke and six stroke engines, illustrate the extents to which early inventors would go to get around the Otto 4-stroke cycle patents, and the wealth of designs that were made possible when the patents were nullified. Also included is an appendix full of valuable information, covering topics such as a global registry of existing flame ignition engines, both in museums and in private hands, as well as test data.
Author : Building and Fire Research Laboratory (U.S.) Publisher : Unknown Page : 146 pages File Size : 55,8 Mb Release : 1995 Category : Building ISBN : CORNELL:31924077986572
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Publisher : Unknown Page : 900 pages File Size : 47,9 Mb Release : 1996 Category : United States ISBN : LOC:00186291839
Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1997 by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Pdf
Sources of Ignition: Flammability Characteristics of Chemicals and Products describes the flammability characteristics of substances and deals with the different sources of ignition. Case histories are presented for review and analysis. The book is comprised of six chapters and seven appendices. The introduction gives a basic description of the anatomy of fire and explosions, including the access to fuel and the interaction of oxygen and fuel. A description of the flammable limits of gases, dusts, mists, and mixtures and the method of estimating these follow. The text also explains the flash point of a substance and the method of calculating it, using citations from Fuji and Hermann. The ignition energy of a chemical, as well as how to estimate it using the method of Calcote et al., is also presented. The book explains that autoignition temperature of gases is dependent on different factors, such as time delay, oxygen concentration, and catalyst effects of materials, but may still be estimated citing Zabetakis, 1965 as reference. The formula is given in more detail. Finally, the energy sources for ignition are enumerated as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical. The appendices deal with chemicals, self-heating substances, organic peroxides, substances prone to spontaneous combustions, unstable substances, flammability characteristics of dusts, and a checklist of possible sources of ignition. This book is beneficial to fire safety engineers, firemen, fire prevention maintenance administrators, fire hazard officers, and other personnel whose line of work is in fire safety and prevention.
This book provides an overview of the initiation of combustion processes of polymeric materials. It presents physicochemical processes associated with heating as well as numerical methods for initiation parameter calculation. In addition, the book describes thermal degradation of polymers and the effect of an incident heat flux on initiation time. It then highlights the most commonly used devices for measuring the time to ignition using external heat sources. The target group of this book are scientists and researchers dealing with materials combustion and also graduates and practitioners focused on fire protection.
Mixture Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines by Hans Peter Lenz,Walter Böhme Pdf
Twentyfour years have gone by since the publication of K. Lohner and H. Muller's comprehen sive work "Gemischbildung und Verbrennung im Ottomotor" in 1967 [1.1]' Naturally, the field of mixture formation and combustion in the spark-ignition engine has wit nessed great technological advances and many new findings in the intervening years, so that the time seemed ripe for presenting a summary of recent research and developments. There fore, I gladly took up the suggestion of the editors of this series of books, Professor Dr. H. List and Professor Dr. A. Pischinger, to write a book summarizing the present state of the art. A center of activity of the Institute of Internal-Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering at the Vienna Technical University, which I am heading, is the field of mixture formation -there fore, many new results that have been achieved in this area in collaboration with the respective industry have been included in this volume. The basic principles of combustion are discussed only to that extent which seemect necessary for an understanding of the effects of mixture formation. The focal point of this volume is the mixture formation in spark-ignition engines, covering both the theory and actual design of the mixture formation units and appropriate intake manifolds. Also, the related measurement technology is explained in this work.
Injection Technologies and Mixture Formation Strategies For Spark Ignition and Dual-Fuel Engines by Alessandro Ferrari,Pietro Pizzo Pdf
Fuel injection systems and performance is fundamental to combustion engine performance in terms of power, noise, efficiency, and exhaust emissions. There is a move toward electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce carbon emissions, but this is unlikely to be a rapid transition, in part due to EV batteries: their size, cost, longevity, and charging capabilities as well as the scarcity of materials to produce them. Until these isssues are resolved, refining the spark-ignited engine is necessary address both sustainability and demand for affordable and reliable mobility. Even under policies oriented to smart sustainable mobility, spark-ignited engines remain strategic, because they can be applied to hybridized EVs or can be fueled with gasoline blended with bioethanol or bio-butanol to drastically reduce particulate matter emissions of direct injection engines in addition to lower CO2 emissions. In this book, Alessandro Ferrari and Pietro Pizzo provide a full review of spark-ignited engine fuel injection systems. The most popular typologies of fuel injection systems are considered, with special focus on state-of-the-art solutions. Dedicated sections on the methods for air mass evaluation, fuel delivery low-pressure modules, and the specific subsystems for idle, cold start, and warm-up control are also included. The authors pay special attention to mixture formation strategies, as they are a fundamental theme for SI engines. An exhaustive overview of fuel injection technologies is provided, and mixture formation strategies for spark ignited combustion engines are considered. Fuel Injection Systems illustrates the performance of these systems and will also serve as a reference for engineers who are active in the aftermarket, offering detailed information on fuel injection system solutions that are mounted in older vehicles.
Fire Behavior and Fire Protection in Timber Buildings by Roza Aseeva,Boris Serkov,Andrey Sivenkov Pdf
This volume describes fire behavior and fire protection of timbers in outdoors and indoors application mainly in construction industry. The Authors’ novel approach considers the relationship between various species and age of timbers and its fire behavior at different thermal and fire loads. Quantitative data of ignition speed and flame propagation as well as generation of heat, smoke and toxic products are discussed. Analysis of fire resistance of various types of building materials based on timber of different species as well as the novel data on the effect of natural and accelerated aging of timbers on its fire behavior are discussed. The main practical methods of fire protection of new and ancient timber buildings and structures to increase its fire resistance are considered. The book should be useful for a wide range of readers: chemists, physicists, material scientists, architects, engineers, constructors and restorers.