Flash Memories

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Inside NAND Flash Memories

Rino Micheloni,Luca Crippa,Alessia Marelli
Inside NAND Flash Memories Book PDF

Author : Rino Micheloni,Luca Crippa,Alessia Marelli
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 582 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2010-07-27
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789048194315

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Inside NAND Flash Memories by Rino Micheloni,Luca Crippa,Alessia Marelli Pdf

Digital photography, MP3, digital video, etc. make extensive use of NAND-based Flash cards as storage media. To realize how much NAND Flash memories pervade every aspect of our life, just imagine how our recent habits would change if the NAND memories suddenly disappeared. To take a picture it would be necessary to find a film (as well as a traditional camera...), disks or even magnetic tapes would be used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return to be a simple mean of communication rather than a multimedia console. The development of NAND Flash memories will not be set down on the mere evolution of personal entertainment systems since a new killer application can trigger a further success: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) with Solid State Drives (SSDs). SSD is made up by a microcontroller and several NANDs. As NAND is the technology driver for IC circuits, Flash designers and technologists have to deal with a lot of challenges. Therefore, SSD (system) developers must understand Flash technology in order to exploit its benefits and countermeasure its weaknesses. Inside NAND Flash Memories is a comprehensive guide of the NAND world: from circuits design (analog and digital) to Flash reliability (including radiation effects), from testing issues to high-performance (DDR) interface, from error correction codes to NAND applications like Flash cards and SSDs.

VLSI-Design of Non-Volatile Memories

Giovanni Campardo,Rino Micheloni,David Novosel
VLSI Design of Non Volatile Memories Book PDF

Author : Giovanni Campardo,Rino Micheloni,David Novosel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 616 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2005-01-18
Category : Computers
ISBN : 354020198X

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VLSI-Design of Non-Volatile Memories by Giovanni Campardo,Rino Micheloni,David Novosel Pdf

VLSI-Design for Non-Volatile Memories is intended for electrical engineers and graduate students who want to enter into the integrated circuit design world. Non-volatile memories are treated as an example to explain general design concepts. Practical illustrative examples of non-volatile memories, including flash types, are showcased to give insightful examples of the discussed design approaches. A collection of photos is included to make the reader familiar with silicon aspects. Throughout all parts of this book, the authors have taken a practical and applications-driven point of view, providing a comprehensive and easily understood approach to all the concepts discussed. Giovanni Campardo and Rino Micheloni have a solid track record of leading design activities at the STMicroelectronics Flash Division. David Novosel is President and founder of Intelligent Micro Design, Inc., Pittsburg, PA.

Error Correction Codes for Non-Volatile Memories

Rino Micheloni,A. Marelli,R. Ravasio
Error Correction Codes for Non Volatile Memories Book PDF

Author : Rino Micheloni,A. Marelli,R. Ravasio
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2008-06-03
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781402083914

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Error Correction Codes for Non-Volatile Memories by Rino Micheloni,A. Marelli,R. Ravasio Pdf

Nowadays it is hard to find an electronic device which does not use codes: for example, we listen to music via heavily encoded audio CD's and we watch movies via encoded DVD's. There is at least one area where the use of encoding/decoding is not so developed, yet: Flash non-volatile memories. Flash memory high-density, low power, cost effectiveness, and scalable design make it an ideal choice to fuel the explosion of multimedia products, like USB keys, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state disk. In ECC for Non-Volatile Memories the authors expose the basics of coding theory needed to understand the application to memories, as well as the relevant design topics, with reference to both NOR and NAND Flash architectures. A collection of software routines is also included for better understanding. The authors form a research group (now at Qimonda) which is the typical example of a fruitful collaboration between mathematicians and engineers.

Flash Memories

Paulo Cappelletti,Carla Golla,Piero Olivo,Enrico Zanoni
Flash Memories Book PDF

Author : Paulo Cappelletti,Carla Golla,Piero Olivo,Enrico Zanoni
Publisher : Springer
Page : 540 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2014-02-23
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 146137278X

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Flash Memories by Paulo Cappelletti,Carla Golla,Piero Olivo,Enrico Zanoni Pdf

A Flash memory is a Non Volatile Memory (NVM) whose "unit cells" are fabricated in CMOS technology and programmed and erased electrically. In 1971, Frohman-Bentchkowsky developed a folating polysilicon gate tran sistor [1, 2], in which hot electrons were injected in the floating gate and removed by either Ultra-Violet (UV) internal photoemission or by Fowler Nordheim tunneling. This is the "unit cell" of EPROM (Electrically Pro grammable Read Only Memory), which, consisting of a single transistor, can be very densely integrated. EPROM memories are electrically programmed and erased by UV exposure for 20-30 mins. In the late 1970s, there have been many efforts to develop an electrically erasable EPROM, which resulted in EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROMs). EEPROMs use hot electron tunneling for program and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for erase. The EEPROM cell consists of two transistors and a tunnel oxide, thus it is two or three times the size of an EPROM. Successively, the combination of hot carrier programming and tunnel erase was rediscovered to achieve a single transistor EEPROM, called Flash EEPROM. The first cell based on this concept has been presented in 1979 [3]; the first commercial product, a 256K memory chip, has been presented by Toshiba in 1984 [4]. The market did not take off until this technology was proven to be reliable and manufacturable [5].

NAND Flash Memory Technologies

Seiichi Aritome
NAND Flash Memory Technologies Book PDF

Author : Seiichi Aritome
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2015-12-29
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119132608

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NAND Flash Memory Technologies by Seiichi Aritome Pdf

Offers a comprehensive overview of NAND flash memories, with insights into NAND history, technology, challenges, evolutions, and perspectives Describes new program disturb issues, data retention, power consumption, and possible solutions for the challenges of 3D NAND flash memory Written by an authority in NAND flash memory technology, with over 25 years’ experience

Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash

Joe Brewer,Manzur Gill
Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash Book PDF

Author : Joe Brewer,Manzur Gill
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 766 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2011-09-23
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781118211625

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Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash by Joe Brewer,Manzur Gill Pdf

Presented here is an all-inclusive treatment of Flash technology, including Flash memory chips, Flash embedded in logic, binary cell Flash, and multilevel cell Flash. The book begins with a tutorial of elementary concepts to orient readers who are less familiar with the subject. Next, it covers all aspects and variations of Flash technology at a mature engineering level: basic device structures, principles of operation, related process technologies, circuit design, overall design tradeoffs, device testing, reliability, and applications.

3D Flash Memories

Rino Micheloni
3D Flash Memories Book PDF

Author : Rino Micheloni
Publisher : Springer
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-26
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9789401775120

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3D Flash Memories by Rino Micheloni Pdf

This book walks the reader through the next step in the evolution of NAND flash memory technology, namely the development of 3D flash memories, in which multiple layers of memory cells are grown within the same piece of silicon. It describes their working principles, device architectures, fabrication techniques and practical implementations, and highlights why 3D flash is a brand new technology. After reviewing market trends for both NAND and solid state drives (SSDs), the book digs into the details of the flash memory cell itself, covering both floating gate and emerging charge trap technologies. There is a plethora of different materials and vertical integration schemes out there. New memory cells, new materials, new architectures (3D Stacked, BiCS and P-BiCS, 3D FG, 3D VG, 3D advanced architectures); basically, each NAND manufacturer has its own solution. Chapter 3 to chapter 7 offer a broad overview of how 3D can materialize. The 3D wave is impacting emerging memories as well and chapter 8 covers 3D RRAM (resistive RAM) crosspoint arrays. Visualizing 3D structures can be a challenge for the human brain: this is way all these chapters contain a lot of bird’s-eye views and cross sections along the 3 axes. The second part of the book is devoted to other important aspects, such as advanced packaging technology (i.e. TSV in chapter 9) and error correction codes, which have been leveraged to improve flash reliability for decades. Chapter 10 describes the evolution from legacy BCH to the most recent LDPC codes, while chapter 11 deals with some of the most recent advancements in the ECC field. Last but not least, chapter 12 looks at 3D flash memories from a system perspective. Is 14nm the last step for planar cells? Can 100 layers be integrated within the same piece of silicon? Is 4 bit/cell possible with 3D? Will 3D be reliable enough for enterprise and datacenter applications? These are some of the questions that this book helps answering by providing insights into 3D flash memory design, process technology and applications.

CMOS Processors and Memories

Krzysztof Iniewski
CMOS Processors and Memories Book PDF

Author : Krzysztof Iniewski
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 381 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2010-08-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789048192168

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CMOS Processors and Memories by Krzysztof Iniewski Pdf

CMOS Processors and Memories addresses the-state-of-the-art in integrated circuit design in the context of emerging computing systems. New design opportunities in memories and processor are discussed. Emerging materials that can take system performance beyond standard CMOS, like carbon nanotubes, graphene, ferroelectrics and tunnel junctions are explored. CMOS Processors and Memories is divided into two parts: processors and memories. In the first part we start with high performance, low power processor design, followed by a chapter on multi-core processing. They both represent state-of-the-art concepts in current computing industry. The third chapter deals with asynchronous design that still carries lots of promise for future computing needs. At the end we present a “hardware design space exploration” methodology for implementing and analyzing the hardware for the Bayesian inference framework. This particular methodology involves: analyzing the computational cost and exploring candidate hardware components, proposing various custom architectures using both traditional CMOS and hybrid nanotechnology CMOL. The first part concludes with hybrid CMOS-Nano architectures. The second, memory part covers state-of-the-art SRAM, DRAM, and flash memories as well as emerging device concepts. Semiconductor memory is a good example of the full custom design that applies various analog and logic circuits to utilize the memory cell’s device physics. Critical physical effects that include tunneling, hot electron injection, charge trapping (Flash memory) are discussed in detail. Emerging memories like FRAM, PRAM and ReRAM that depend on magnetization, electron spin alignment, ferroelectric effect, built-in potential well, quantum effects, and thermal melting are also described. CMOS Processors and Memories is a must for anyone serious about circuit design for future computing technologies. The book is written by top notch international experts in industry and academia. It can be used in graduate course curriculum.

Machine Learning and Non-volatile Memories

Rino Micheloni,Cristian Zambelli
Machine Learning and Non volatile Memories Book PDF

Author : Rino Micheloni,Cristian Zambelli
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 178 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2022-05-25
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031038419

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Machine Learning and Non-volatile Memories by Rino Micheloni,Cristian Zambelli Pdf

This book presents the basics of both NAND flash storage and machine learning, detailing the storage problems the latter can help to solve. At a first sight, machine learning and non-volatile memories seem very far away from each other. Machine learning implies mathematics, algorithms and a lot of computation; non-volatile memories are solid-state devices used to store information, having the amazing capability of retaining the information even without power supply. This book will help the reader understand how these two worlds can work together, bringing a lot of value to each other. In particular, the book covers two main fields of application: analog neural networks (NNs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). After reviewing the basics of machine learning in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 shows how neural networks can mimic the human brain; to accomplish this result, neural networks have to perform a specific computation called vector-by-matrix (VbM) multiplication, which is particularly power hungry. In the digital domain, VbM is implemented by means of logic gates which dictate both the area occupation and the power consumption; the combination of the two poses serious challenges to the hardware scalability, thus limiting the size of the neural network itself, especially in terms of the number of processable inputs and outputs. Non-volatile memories (phase change memories in Chapter 3, resistive memories in Chapter 4, and 3D flash memories in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6) enable the analog implementation of the VbM (also called “neuromorphic architecture”), which can easily beat the equivalent digital implementation in terms of both speed and energy consumption. SSDs and flash memories are strictly coupled together; as 3D flash scales, there is a significant amount of work that has to be done in order to optimize the overall performances of SSDs. Machine learning has emerged as a viable solution in many stages of this process. After introducing the main flash reliability issues, Chapter 7 shows both supervised and un-supervised machine learning techniques that can be applied to NAND. In addition, Chapter 7 deals with algorithms and techniques for a pro-active reliability management of SSDs. Last but not least, the last section of Chapter 7 discusses the next challenge for machine learning in the context of the so-called computational storage. No doubt that machine learning and non-volatile memories can help each other, but we are just at the beginning of the journey; this book helps researchers understand the basics of each field by providing real application examples, hopefully, providing a good starting point for the next level of development.

Memories in Wireless Systems

Rino Micheloni,Giovanni Campardo,Piero Olivo
Memories in Wireless Systems Book PDF

Author : Rino Micheloni,Giovanni Campardo,Piero Olivo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2008-07-24
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783540790785

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Memories in Wireless Systems by Rino Micheloni,Giovanni Campardo,Piero Olivo Pdf

For the technological progress in communication technology it is necessary that the advanced studies in circuit and software design are accompanied with recent results of the technological research and physics in order to exceed its limitations. This book is a guide which treats many components used in mobile communications, and in particular focuses on non-volatile memories. It emerges following the conducting line of the non-volatile memory in the wireless system: On the one hand it develops the foundations of the interdisciplinary issues needed for design analysis and testing of the system. On the other hand it deals with many of the problems appearing when the systems are realized in industrial production. These cover the difficulties from the mobile system to the different types of non-volatile memories. The book explores memory cards, multichip technologies, and algorithms of the software management as well as error handling. It also presents techniques of assurance for the single components and a guide through the Datasheet lectures.

Charge-Trapping Non-Volatile Memories

Panagiotis Dimitrakis
Charge Trapping Non Volatile Memories Book PDF

Author : Panagiotis Dimitrakis
Publisher : Springer
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017-02-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319487052

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Charge-Trapping Non-Volatile Memories by Panagiotis Dimitrakis Pdf

This book describes the technology of charge-trapping non-volatile memories and their uses. The authors explain the device physics of each device architecture and provide a concrete description of the materials involved and the fundamental properties of the technology. Modern material properties, used as charge-trapping layers, for new applications are introduced. Provides a comprehensive overview of the technology for charge-trapping non-volatile memories; Details new architectures and current modeling concepts for non-volatile memory devices; Focuses on conduction through multi-layer gate dielectrics stacks.

Rad-hard Semiconductor Memories

Cristiano Calligaro,Umberto Gatti
Rad hard Semiconductor Memories Book PDF

Author : Cristiano Calligaro,Umberto Gatti
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 417 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2022-09-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781000793062

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Rad-hard Semiconductor Memories by Cristiano Calligaro,Umberto Gatti Pdf

Rad-hard Semiconductor Memories is intended for researchers and professionals interested in understanding how to design and make a preliminary evaluation of rad-hard semiconductor memories, making leverage on standard CMOS manufacturing processes available from different silicon foundries and using different technology nodes.In the first part of the book, a preliminary overview of the effects of radiation in space, with a specific focus on memories, will be conducted to enable the reader to understand why specific design solutions are adopted to mitigate hard and soft errors. The second part will be devoted to RHBD (Radiation Hardening by Design) techniques for semiconductor components with a specific focus on memories. The approach will follow a top-down scheme starting from RHBD at architectural level (how to build a rad-hard floor-plan), at circuit level (how to mitigate radiation effects by handling transistors in the proper way) and at layout level (how to shape a layout to mitigate radiation effects).After the description of the mitigation techniques, the book enters in the core of the topic covering SRAMs (synchronous, asynchronous, single port and dual port) and PROMs (based on AntiFuse OTP technologies), describing how to design a rad-hard flash memory and fostering RHBD toward emerging memories like ReRAM. The last part will be a leap into emerging memories at a very early stage, not yet ready for industrial use in silicon but candidates to become an option for the next wave of rad-hard components. Technical topics discussed in the book include:  Radiation effects on semiconductor components (TID, SEE) Radiation Hardening by Design (RHBD) Techniques Rad-hard SRAMs Rad-hard PROMs Rad-hard Flash NVMs Rad-hard ReRAMs Rad-hard emerging technologies

Semiconductor Memories and Systems

Andrea Redaelli,Fabio Pellizzer
Semiconductor Memories and Systems Book PDF

Author : Andrea Redaelli,Fabio Pellizzer
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2022-06-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128209462

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Semiconductor Memories and Systems by Andrea Redaelli,Fabio Pellizzer Pdf

Semiconductor Memories and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of semiconductor memory at the technology and system levels. After an introduction on market trends and memory applications, the book focuses on mainstream technologies, illustrating their current status, challenges and opportunities, with special attention paid to scalability paths. Technologies discussed include static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), non-volatile memory (NVM), and NAND flash memory. Embedded memory and requirements and system level needs for storage class memory are also addressed. Each chapter covers physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies, and the main challenges to scalability. Finally, the work reviews the emerging trends for storage class memory, mainly focusing on the advantages and opportunities of phase change based memory technologies. Features contributions from experts from leading companies in semiconductor memory Discusses physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies and paths to scalability for current and emerging semiconductor memories Reviews primary memory technologies, including SRAM, DRAM, NVM and NAND flash memory Includes emerging storage class memory technologies such as phase change memory

Embedded Flash Memory for Embedded Systems: Technology, Design for Sub-systems, and Innovations

Hideto Hidaka
Embedded Flash Memory for Embedded Systems Technology Design for Sub systems and Innovations Book PDF

Author : Hideto Hidaka
Publisher : Springer
Page : 247 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2017-09-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319553061

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Embedded Flash Memory for Embedded Systems: Technology, Design for Sub-systems, and Innovations by Hideto Hidaka Pdf

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to embedded flash memory, describing the history, current status, and future projections for technology, circuits, and systems applications. The authors describe current main-stream embedded flash technologies from floating-gate 1Tr, floating-gate with split-gate (1.5Tr), and 1Tr/1.5Tr SONOS flash technologies and their successful creation of various applications. Comparisons of these embedded flash technologies and future projections are also provided. The authors demonstrate a variety of embedded applications for auto-motive, smart-IC cards, and low-power, representing the leading-edge technology developments for eFlash. The discussion also includes insights into future prospects of application-driven non-volatile memory technology in the era of smart advanced automotive system, such as ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) and IoE (Internet of Everything). Trials on technology convergence and future prospects of embedded non-volatile memory in the new memory hierarchy are also described. Introduces the history of embedded flash memory technology for micro-controller products and how embedded flash innovations developed; Includes comprehensive and detailed descriptions of current main-stream embedded flash memory technologies, sub-system designs and applications; Explains why embedded flash memory requirements are different from those of stand-alone flash memory and how to achieve specific goals with technology development and circuit designs; Describes a mature and stable floating-gate 1Tr cell technology imported from stand-alone flash memory products - that then introduces embedded-specific split-gate memory cell technologies based on floating-gate storage structure and charge-trapping SONOS technology and their eFlash sub-system designs; Describes automotive and smart-IC card applications requirements and achievements in advanced eFlash beyond 4 0nm node.

Embedded Memories for Nano-Scale VLSIs

Kevin Zhang
Embedded Memories for Nano Scale VLSIs Book PDF

Author : Kevin Zhang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2009-04-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780387884974

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Embedded Memories for Nano-Scale VLSIs by Kevin Zhang Pdf

Kevin Zhang Advancement of semiconductor technology has driven the rapid growth of very large scale integrated (VLSI) systems for increasingly broad applications, incl- ing high-end and mobile computing, consumer electronics such as 3D gaming, multi-function or smart phone, and various set-top players and ubiquitous sensor and medical devices. To meet the increasing demand for higher performance and lower power consumption in many different system applications, it is often required to have a large amount of on-die or embedded memory to support the need of data bandwidth in a system. The varieties of embedded memory in a given system have alsobecome increasingly more complex, ranging fromstatictodynamic and volatile to nonvolatile. Among embedded memories, six-transistor (6T)-based static random access memory (SRAM) continues to play a pivotal role in nearly all VLSI systems due to its superior speed and full compatibility with logic process technology. But as the technology scaling continues, SRAM design is facing severe challenge in mainta- ing suf?cient cell stability margin under relentless area scaling. Meanwhile, rapid expansion in mobile application, including new emerging application in sensor and medical devices, requires far more aggressive voltage scaling to meet very str- gent power constraint. Many innovative circuit topologies and techniques have been extensively explored in recent years to address these challenges.