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Author : Nguyen X. Vinh
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 402 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0521478529
Covers all aspects of flight performance of modern day high-performance aircraft.
Author : Köthe, Alexander
Publisher : Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2019-06-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783798330368
Aircraft operating as so-called High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) have been considered as a complementary technology to satellites since several years. These aircraft can be used for similar communication and monitoring tasks while operating at a fraction of the cost. Such concepts have been successfully tested. Those include the AeroVironment Helios and the Airbus Zephyr, with an endurance of nearly 624 hours (26 days). All these HAPS aircraft have a high-aspect-ratio wing using lightweight construction. In gusty atmosphere, this results in high bending moments and high structural loads, which can lead to overloads. Aircraft crashes, for example from Google’s Solara 50 or Facebook’s Aquila give proof of that fact. Especially in the troposphere, where the active weather takes place, gust loads occur, which can lead to the destruction of the structure. The Airbus Zephyr, the only HAPS aircraft without flight accidents, provides only a very small payload. Thus it does not fully comply with the requirements for future HAPS aircraft. To overcome the shortcomings of such single-wing aircraft, so-called multibody aircraft are considered to be an alternative. The concept assumes multiple aircraft connected to each other at their wingtips. It goes back to the German engineer Dr. Vogt. In the United States, shortly after the end of World War II, he experimented with the coupling of manned aircraft. This resulted in a high-aspect-ratio wing for the aircraft formation. The range of the formation could be increased correspondingly. The engineer Geoffrey S. Sommer took up Vogt’s idea and patented an aircraft configuration consisting of several unmanned aerial vehicles coupled at their wingtips. However, the patent does not provide any insight into the flight performance, the flight mechanical modeling or the control of such an aircraft. Single publications exist that deal with the performance of coupled aircraft. A profound, complete analysis, however, is missing so far. This is where the present work starts. For the first time, a flying vehicle based on the concept of the multibody aircraft will be analyzed in terms of flight mechanics and flight control. In a performance analysis, the aircraft concept is analyzed in detail and the benefits in terms of bending moments and flight performance are clearly highlighted. Limits for operation in flight are shown considering aerodynamic optimal points. The joints at the wingtips allow a roll and pitch motion of the individual aircraft. This results in additional degrees of freedom for the design through the implementation of different relative pitch and bank angles. For example, using individual pitch angles for individual aircraft further decreases the induced drag and increases flight performance. Because the lift is distributed symmetrically, but not homogenously along the wingspan, a lateral trim of the individual aircraft in formation flight becomes necessary. The thesis presents a new method to implement this trim by moving the battery mass along half the wingspan, which avoids additional parasite drag. Further, a complete flight dynamics model is provided and analyzed for aircraft that are mechanically connected at their wingtips. To study this model in detail, a hypothetical torsional and bending spring between the aircraft is introduced. If the spring constants are very high, the flight dynamics model has properties similar to those of an elastic aircraft. Rigid-body and formation eigenmotions can be clearly distinguished. If the spring constants are reduced towards zero, which represents the case of the multibody aircraft, classical flight mechanics eigenmotions and modes resulting from the additional degrees of freedom are coupled. This affects the eigenstructure of the aircraft. Hence, normal motions with respect to the inertial space as known from a rigid aircraft cannot be observed anymore. The plant also reveals unstable behavior. Using the non-linear flight dynamics model, flight controllers are designed to stabilize the plant and provide the aircraft with an eigenstructure similar to conventional aircraft. Different controller design methods are used. The flight controller shall further maintain a determined shape of the flight formation, it shall control flight, bank and pitch angles, and it shall suppress disturbances. Flight control theories in the time domain (Eigenstructure assignment) and in the frequency domain (H-infinity loop-shaping) are considered. The resulting inner-control loops yield a multibody aircraft behavior that is similar to the one of a rigid aircraft. For the outer-control loops, classical autopilot concepts are applied. Overall, the flight trajectory of the multibody aircraft above ground is controlled and, thus, an actual operation as HAPS is possible. In the last step, the flight controller is successfully validated in non-linear simulations with complete flight dynamics. Flugzeuge in der Form von sogenannten Höhenplattformen (engl. High-Altitude Platform Systems, HAPS) werden seit einigen Jahren als kostengünstige Ergänzung zu teuren Satelliten betrachtet. Diese Flugzeuge können für ähnliche Kommunikations- und überwachungsaufgaben eingesetzt werden. Zu den gegenwärtigen Konzepten solcher Fluggeräte, die bereits erfolgreich im Flugversuch eingesetzt wurden, zählen der Helios von AeroVironment und der Airbus Zephyr, der eine Flugdauer von fast 624 Stunden (26 Tagen) erreicht hat. Alle diese HAPS-Flugzeuge besitzen einen Flügel langer Streckung, der in Leichtbauweise konstruiert ist. Hieraus resultieren in böiger Atmosphäre hohe Biegemomente und starke strukturelle Belastungen, die zu überbelastungen führen können. Flugunfälle beispielsweise von Googles Solara 50 oder Facebooks Aquila belegen dies. Insbesondere in der Troposphäre, in der das aktive Wetter stattfindet, treten Böenlasten auf, die die Struktur zerstören können. Der Airbus Zephyr, der bisher als einziges HAPS-Flugzeug frei von Flugunfällen ist, besitzt nur eine sehr geringe Nutzlast. Daher kann er die Anforderungen an zukünftige HAPS-Flugzeuge nicht vollständig erfüllen. Um die Schwachstellen solcher Ein-Flügel-Konzepte zu überwinden, wird in dieser Arbeit ein alternatives Flugzeugkonzept betrachtet, das als Mehrkörperflugzeug bezeichnet wird. Das Konzept geht von mehreren, an den Flügelspitzen miteinander verbundenen Flugzeugen aus und beruht auf Ideen des deutschen Ingenieurs Dr. Vogt. Dieser hatte in den USA kurz nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges bemannte Flugzeuge aneinanderkoppeln lassen. Hierdurch ergab sich ein Flugzeugverbund mit einem Flügel langer Streckung. Damit konnte die Reichweite des Verbundes gesteigert werden. Geoffrey S. Sommer griff die Idee von Vogt auf und lies sich eine Flugzeugkonfiguration patentieren, die aus mehreren, unbemannten Flugzeugen besteht, die an den Enden der Tragflächen miteinander gekoppelt sind. Die Patentschrift gibt jedoch keinen Einblick in die Flugleistungen, die flugmechanische Modellierung oder die Regelung eines solchen Fluggerätes. Vereinzelt existieren Veröffentlichungen, die sich mit den Flugleistungen von gekoppelten Luftfahrzeugen beschäftigen. Eine tiefgreifende, vollständige flugmechanische Analyse fehlt jedoch bisher. Hier setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an. Ein Fluggerät basierend auf dem Konzept des Mehrkörperflug-zeugs wird erstmalig hinsichtlich der Flugmechanik und Flugregelung untersucht. In einer Flugleistungsbetrachtung wird das Flugzeugkonzept genau analysiert und die Vorteile hinsichtlich der Biegemomente und der Flugleistungen klar herausgestellt. Die Grenzen des Einsatzes im Flugbetrieb werden mithilfe aerodynamischer Optimalpunkte aufgezeigt. über die Lager an den Flügelspitzen, die eine relative Roll- und Nickbewegung der Flugzeuge untereinander ermöglichen, ergeben sich durch die Einstellung unterschiedlicher Längslage- und Hängewinkel zusätzliche Freiheitsgerade im Entwurf. Die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Nicklagewinkel der einzelnen Flugzeuge reduziert beispielsweise den induzierten Widerstand weiter und steigert die Flugleistung. Durch die symmetrische, entlang der Spannweite jedoch nicht homogene Auftriebsverteilung ist auch eine laterale Trimmung der einzelnen Flugzeuge in der Formation notwendig. Hier stellt die Arbeit eine neuartige Möglichkeit vor, um diese Trimmung ohne zusätzlichen parasitären Widerstand mittels Verschiebung der Batteriemasse entlang der Halbspannweite umzusetzen. Weiterhin wird ein vollständiges flugdynamisches Modell für über mechanische Lager verbundene Luftfahrzeuge aufgestellt und analysiert. Für diese Analyse wird eine hypothetische Torsions- und Biegefeder zwischen den Flugzeugen modelliert. Sind die Federsteifigkeiten hinreichend hoch, besitzt das flugdynamische Modell Eigenschaften, die einem elastischen Flugzeug entsprechen. Starrkörper- und elastische Eigenbewegungsformen sind in diesem Fall klar separiert. Bei immer weiterer Reduzierung, bis auf eine Federsteifigkeit von Null, kommt es zu Kopplungen zwischen den klassischen, flugmechanischen Eigenbewegungsformen und den Moden aus den zusätzlichen Freiheitsgraden. Dies stellt den Auslegungsfall für das Mehrkörperflugzeug dar. Hierbei verändert sich die Eigenstruktur (engl. eigenstructure) des Flugzeugs und normale, bei einem starren Flugzeug beobachtbare Bewegungen gegenüber dem inertialen Raum sind nicht mehr erkennbar. Zusätzlich zeigt die Strecke instabiles Verhalten. Basierend auf dem nichtlinearen, flugdynamischen Modell werden mit verschiedenen Methoden Regler entworfen, die die Regelstrecke stabilisieren und dem Flugzeug eine Streckenstruktur zuweisen, die derjenigen klassischer Flugzeuge ähnelt. Zudem soll durch die Regler eine vorgegebene Form des Flugzeugverbundes beibehalten werden, die Fahrt, der Längs- und Rolllagewinkel sollen geregelt und Störungen unterdrückt werden. Als Auslegungsverfahren werden Theorien der Zustandsregelungen im Zeitbereich (Eigenstrukturvorgabe) und Frequenzbereich (H-infinity loop-shaping) verwendet. Hierdurch wird durch die inneren Regelschleifen ein Verhalten des Mehrkörperflugzeugs erzielt, das dem eines starren Flugzeugs entspricht. Für die äußeren Regelschleifen werden anschließend klassische Konzepte von Autopiloten verwendet. Im Ergebnis ist eine Regelung des Flugweges über Grund des Mehrkörperflugzeugs und somit ein tatsächlicher Betrieb als HAPS möglich. Die Funktionalität des Reglers wird abschließend in nichtlinearen Simulationen mit vollständiger Flugdynamik verifiziert.
Author : Antonio Filippone
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 665 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-17
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781139789660
This book discusses aircraft flight performance, focusing on commercial aircraft but also considering examples of high-performance military aircraft. The framework is a multidisciplinary engineering analysis, fully supported by flight simulation, with software validation at several levels. The book covers topics such as geometrical configurations, configuration aerodynamics and determination of aerodynamic derivatives, weight engineering, propulsion systems (gas turbine engines and propellers), aircraft trim, flight envelopes, mission analysis, trajectory optimisation, aircraft noise, noise trajectories and analysis of environmental performance. A unique feature of this book is the discussion and analysis of the environmental performance of the aircraft, focusing on topics such as aircraft noise and carbon dioxide emissions.
Author : Thomas R. Yechout
Publisher : AIAA
Page : 666 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Aerodynamics
ISBN : 1600860788
Based on a 15-year successful approach to teaching aircraft flight mechanics at the US Air Force Academy, this text explains the concepts and derivations of equations for aircraft flight mechanics. It covers aircraft performance, static stability, aircraft dynamics stability and feedback control.
Author : John Eckalbar
Publisher : Skyroad Press
Page : 420 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Private flying
ISBN : 0961654422
Author : Thomas R. Yechout
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Aerodynamics
ISBN : OCLC:176051797
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 18 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 1958
Category : Airplanes
ISBN : UOM:39015086507277
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Aerodynamics
ISBN : 1600862063
Author : Timothy Takahashi
Publisher : Momentum Press
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2017-12-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781606506844
This book is a concise practical treatise for the student or experienced professional aircraft designer. This volume comprises key fundamental subjects for aerodynamic performance analysis: the basics of flight mechanics bridging both engineering and piloting perspectives, propulsion system performance attributes, practical drag prediction methods, aircraft “up and away” flight performance and aircraft mission performance. This book may serve as a textbook for an undergraduate aircraft performance course or as a reference for the classically trained practicing engineer.
Author : Mohammad H. Sadraey
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 686 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2023-07-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000898545
Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach, Second Edition introduces flight performance analysis techniques of fixed-wing air vehicles, particularly heavier-than-aircraft. It covers maximum speed, absolute ceiling, rate of climb, range, endurance, turn performance, and takeoff run. Enabling the reader to analyze the performance and flight capabilities of an aircraft by utilizing only the aircraft weight data, geometry, and engine characteristics, this book covers the flight performance analysis for both propeller-driven and jet aircraft. The second edition features new content on vertical takeoff and landing, UAV launch, UAV recovery, use of rocket engine as the main engine, range for electric aircraft, electric engine, endurance for electric aircraft, gliding flight, pull-up, and climb-turn. In addition, this book includes end-of-chapter problems, MATLAB® code and examples, and case studies to enhance and reinforce student understanding. This book is intended for senior undergraduate aerospace students taking courses in Aircraft Performance, Flight Dynamics, and Flight Mechanics. Instructors will be able to utilize an updated Solutions Manual and Figure Slides for their course.
Author : Miguel Vasconcelos,United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration
Publisher : Stickshaker Pubs
Page : 2505 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09-19
Category : Transportation
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
This publication provides safety information and guidance to those involved in the certification, operation, and maintenance of high-performance former military aircraft to help assess and mitigate safety hazards and risk factors for the aircraft within the context provided by Title 49 United States Code (49 U.S.C.) and Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), and associated FAA policies. Specific models include: A-37 Dragonfly, A-4 Skyhawk, F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, F-104 Starfighter, OV-1 Mohawk, T-2 Buckeye, T-33 Shooting Star, T-38 Talon, Alpha Jet, BAC 167 Strikemaster, Hawker Hunter, L-39 Albatros, MB-326, MB-339, ME-262, MiG-17 Fresco, MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-23 Flogger, MiG-29 Fulcrum, S-211. DISTRIBUTION: Unclassified; Publicly Available; Unlimited. COPYRIGHT: Graphic sources: Contains materials copyrighted by other individuals. Copyrighted materials are used with permission. Permission granted for this document only. Where applicable, the proper license(s) (i.e., GFD) or use requirements (i.e., citation only) are applied.
Author : W. Austyn Mair,David L. Birdsall
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1996-03-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 0521568366
Describes the principles and equations required for evaluating the performance of an aircraft.
Author : Robert F. Stengel
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 914 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2022-11-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780691237046
An updated and expanded new edition of an authoritative book on flight dynamics and control system design for all types of current and future fixed-wing aircraft Since it was first published, Flight Dynamics has offered a new approach to the science and mathematics of aircraft flight, unifying principles of aeronautics with contemporary systems analysis. Now updated and expanded, this authoritative book by award-winning aeronautics engineer Robert Stengel presents traditional material in the context of modern computational tools and multivariable methods. Special attention is devoted to models and techniques for analysis, simulation, evaluation of flying qualities, and robust control system design. Using common notation and not assuming a strong background in aeronautics, Flight Dynamics will engage a wide variety of readers, including aircraft designers, flight test engineers, researchers, instructors, and students. It introduces principles, derivations, and equations of flight dynamics as well as methods of flight control design with frequent reference to MATLAB functions and examples. Topics include aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, flying qualities, flight control, and the atmospheric and gravitational environment. The second edition of Flight Dynamics features up-to-date examples; a new chapter on control law design for digital fly-by-wire systems; new material on propulsion, aerodynamics of control surfaces, and aeroelastic control; many more illustrations; and text boxes that introduce general mathematical concepts. Features a fluid, progressive presentation that aids informal and self-directed study Provides a clear, consistent notation that supports understanding, from elementary to complicated concepts Offers a comprehensive blend of aerodynamics, dynamics, and control Presents a unified introduction of control system design, from basics to complex methods Includes links to online MATLAB software written by the author that supports the material covered in the book
Author : Bandu N. Pamadi
Publisher : AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics)
Page : 816 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Science
ISBN : UOM:39015058114557
This book provides a comprehensive and integrated exposure to airplane performance, stability, dynamics, and flight control. The text supports a two-semester course for senior undergraduate or first-year graduate students in aerospace engineering. Basic aerodynamics, dynamics, and linear control systems are presented to help the reader grasp the main subject matter. In this text, the airplane is assumed to be a rigid body-elastic deformations and their effects on airplane motion are not considered. Numerous solved examples illustrate theory and design methods. Several exercise problems with answers are included in each chapter to help the reader acquire problem-solving skills. In addition, MATLAB tools are used for the control design. Professors! To receive your solutions manual, e-mail your request and full address to [email protected].
Author : Angelo Miele
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : Aerodynamics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105000623194