Fluorinated Ionomer Produced By Aqueous Polymerization Using

Author : Walther Grot
Publisher : William Andrew
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2011-07-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781437744583

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Fluorinated Ionomers by Walther Grot Pdf

Fluorinated ionomer polymers form impermeable membranes that conduct electricity, properties that have been put to use in large-scale electrochemical applications, revolutionizing the chlor-alkali industry and transforming production methods of some of the world’s highest-production commodity chemicals: chlorine, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The use of fluorinated ionomers such as Nafion® have removed the need for mercury and asbestos in these processes and led to a massive reduction in electricity usage in these highly energy-intensive processes. Polymers in this group have also found uses in fuel-cells, metal-ion recovery, water electrolysis, plating, surface treatment of metals, batteries, sensors, drug release technologies, gas drying and humidification, and super-acid catalysis used in the production of specialty chemicals. Walther Grot, who invented Nafion® while working for DuPont, has written this book as a practical guide to engineers and scientists working in electrochemistry, the fuel cell industry and other areas of application. His book is a unique guide to this important polymer group and its applications, in membranes and other forms. The 2e expands this handbook by over a third, with new sections covering developments in electrolysis and membranes, additional information about the synthesis and science of the polymer group, and an enhanced provision of reference data. An essential reference for scientists working with electrolysis and electrochemical processes (the use of this polymer group in industrial chemistry processes is credited with a 1% reduction in global electricity usage) Covers the techniques involved in the growing range of applications for fluorinated ionomers, including fuel cells, batteries and drug delivery The only book on this important polymer group, written by Walther Grot, the inventor of the leading fluorinated ionomer, Nafion® from DuPont

Author : George Wypych
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2021-01-26
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781927885826

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Handbook of Nucleating Agents by George Wypych Pdf

Handbook of Nucleating Agents, Second Edition gives engineers and materials scientists the information they need to increase the production rate, modify structure and morphology, improve mechanical performance, and reduce the haze of polymeric products through proper selection of nucleating agents (and/or the so-called clarifying agents). The book analyzes the existing literature paying special attention to recent developments, and is divided into 14 chapters, each of which concentrates on essential performances of nucleating agents. Chemical origin and related properties of nucleating agents are analyzed in general terms to highlight the differences in their properties and the book also provides the most essential theoretical knowledge required for proper selection and use of nucleating and clarifying agents. This includes polymer crystallization with and without nucleating agents, parameters of crystallization, essential influences on the nucleation processes, the measures of nucleation efficiency, the mechanisms of nucleation, and the effective methods of dispersion of nucleating agents. Later chapters concentrate on the application aspects in different formulations, outlining nineteen polymer processing methods which require use of nucleating agents, forty different polymers which are known to use nucleating agents, and sixteen applied examples of commercial products with nucleating agents. The final three chapters discuss the effects of nucleating agents on physical and mechanical properties of materials, the most essential analytical techniques, and health and safety in use of nucleating agents. Enables engineers to use nucleating agents more effectively to increase production rate, modify structure and morphology, and reduce haze of polymer products Provides a theoretical grounding required for proper selection and use of nucleating and clarifying agents Offers an extensive review of current applications of nucleating agents in different formulations Includes analysis of the chemical origin and related properties of nucleating agents to highlight differences in their properties

Author : Howard L. Yeager
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 520 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1982
Category : Science
ISBN : UOM:39015018285596

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Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes by Howard L. Yeager Pdf

Author : Dennis W. Smith,Scott T. Iacono,Suresh S. Iyer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 671 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2014-05-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780470079935

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Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology by Dennis W. Smith,Scott T. Iacono,Suresh S. Iyer Pdf

Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology A comprehensive handbook on fluoropolymer synthesis, characterization, and processing Fluoropolymers, one of the more durable classes of polymer materials, are known to enable novel technologies as a result of their remarkable properties. As key components in industry applications, fluoropolymers have established commercial interest and scientists have discovered more efficient approaches of handling them. This book reviews up-to-date fluoropolymer platforms as well as recently discovered methods for the preparation of fluorinated materials. It focuses on synthesis, characterization, and processing aspects, providing guidelines for practicing scientists and engineers. In addition, the book covers: Concepts and studies from leading international laboratories, including academia, government, and industrial institutions Emerging technologies and applications in energy, optics, space exploration, fuel cells, microelectronics, gas separation membranes, biomedical instrumentation, and more Current environmental concerns associated with fluoropolymers, relevant regulations, and growth opportunities Overall, the chapters provide coverage of chemical methods and help the reader further understand how fluoropolymer research provides solutions for material challenges. The concepts in this book also inspire professionals to identify new markets and funding sources for fluoropolymer research and development.

Author : Gareth G. Hougham,Patrick E. Cassidy,Ken Johns,Theodore Davidson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2006-04-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780306469183

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Fluoropolymers 1 by Gareth G. Hougham,Patrick E. Cassidy,Ken Johns,Theodore Davidson Pdf

The fluorine atom, by virtue of its electronegativity, size, and bond strength with carbon, can be used to create compounds with remarkable properties. Small molecules containing fluorine have many positive impacts on everyday life of which blood substitutes, pharmaceuticals, and surface modifiers are only a few examples. Fluoropolymers, too, while traditionally associated with extreme hi- performance applications have found their way into our homes, our clothing, and even our language. A recent American president was often likened to the tribology of PTFE. Since the serendipitous discovery of Teflon at the Dupont Jackson Laboratory in 1938, fluoropolymers have grown steadily in technological and marketplace importance. New synthetic fluorine chemistry, new processes, and new apprec- tion of the mechanisms by which fluorine imparts exceptional properties all contribute to accelerating growth in fluoropolymers. There are many stories of harrowing close calls in the fluorine chemistry lab, especially from the early years, and synthetic challenges at times remain daunting. But, fortunately, modern techniques and facilities have enabled significant strides toward taming both the hazards and synthetic uncertainties. In contrast to past environmental problems associated with fluorocarbon refrigerants, the exceptional properties of fluorine in polymers have great environmental value. Some fluoropolymers are enabling green technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles and oxygen-selective membranes for cleaner diesel combustion.

Author : Jianhua Fang,Jinli Qiao,David P. Wilkinson,Jiujun Zhang
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 639 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2015-04-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781466581470

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Electrochemical Polymer Electrolyte Membranes by Jianhua Fang,Jinli Qiao,David P. Wilkinson,Jiujun Zhang Pdf

Electrochemical Polymer Electrolyte Membranes covers PEMs from fundamentals to applications, describing their structure, properties, characterization, synthesis, and use in electrochemical energy storage and solar energy conversion technologies. Featuring chapters authored by leading experts from academia and industry, this authoritative text: Disc

Author : Jürgen Garche,Chris K. Dyer,Patrick T. Moseley,Zempachi Ogumi,David A. J. Rand,Bruno Scrosati
Publisher : Newnes
Page : 4532 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2013-05-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780444527455

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Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources by Jürgen Garche,Chris K. Dyer,Patrick T. Moseley,Zempachi Ogumi,David A. J. Rand,Bruno Scrosati Pdf

The Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources is a truly interdisciplinary reference for those working with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. With a focus on the environmental and economic impact of electrochemical power sources, this five-volume work consolidates coverage of the field and serves as an entry point to the literature for professionals and students alike. Covers the main types of power sources, including their operating principles, systems, materials, and applications Serves as a primary source of information for electrochemists, materials scientists, energy technologists, and engineers Incorporates nearly 350 articles, with timely coverage of such topics as environmental and sustainability considerations

Author : Haijiang Wang,Hui Li,Xiao-Zi Yuan
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 366 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2011-08-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781439839171

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PEM Fuel Cell Failure Mode Analysis by Haijiang Wang,Hui Li,Xiao-Zi Yuan Pdf

PEM Fuel Cell Failure Mode Analysis presents a systematic analysis of PEM fuel cell durability and failure modes. It provides readers with a fundamental understanding of insufficient fuel cell durability, identification of failure modes and failure mechanisms of PEM fuel cells, fuel cell component degradation testing, and mitigation strategies against degradation. The first several chapters of the book examine the degradation of various fuel cell components, including degradation mechanisms, the effects of operating conditions, mitigation strategies, and testing protocols. The book then discusses the effects of different contamination sources on the degradation of fuel cell components and explores the relationship between external environment and the degradation of fuel cell components and systems. It also reviews the correlation between operational mode, such as start-up and shut-down, and the degradation of fuel cell components and systems. The last chapter explains how the design of fuel cell hardware relates to failure modes. Written by international scientists active in PEM fuel cell research, this volume is enriched with practical information on various failure modes analysis for diagnosing cell performance and identifying failure modes of degradation. This in turn helps in the development of mitigation strategies and the increasing commercialization of PEM fuel cells.

Author : Sharan K. Sidhu
Publisher : Springer
Page : 151 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2015-10-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319226262

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Glass-Ionomers in Dentistry by Sharan K. Sidhu Pdf

This concise handbook covers all aspects of glass-ionomer cements, from the development of these materials in the early 1970s through to the current state of the art. Their physical, chemical, biological, and clinical properties are described as well as how their formulation and usage have evolved over time, giving rise to newer subcategories of the parent materials. Detailed coverage is provided on the clinical use of glass-ionomer cements in restorative and pediatric dentistry and in widely taught and practiced newer approaches, including atraumatic restorative treatment and minimal intervention dentistry. The authors are internationally acclaimed experts who present information in an easy-to-follow format that will appeal to readers. With the renewed worldwide quest for substitute materials for the more traditional amalgam, glass-ionomer cements have the potential for further development and may play a significant role in future trends.​

Author : Zohaib Khurshid,Shariq Najeeb,Muhammad Sohail Zafar,Farshid Sefat
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
Page : 758 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2019-05-24
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780081024775

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Advanced Dental Biomaterials by Zohaib Khurshid,Shariq Najeeb,Muhammad Sohail Zafar,Farshid Sefat Pdf

Advanced Dental Biomaterials is an invaluable reference for researchers and clinicians within the biomedical industry and academia. The book can be used by both an experienced researcher/clinician learning about other biomaterials or applications that may be applicable to their current research or as a guide for a new entrant into the field who needs to gain an understanding of the primary challenges, opportunities, most relevant biomaterials, and key applications in dentistry. Provides a comprehensive review of the materials science, engineering principles and recent advances in dental biomaterials Reviews the fundamentals of dental biomaterials and examines advanced materials’ applications for tissues regeneration and clinical dentistry Written by an international collaborative team of materials scientists, biomedical engineers, oral biologists and dental clinicians in order to provide a balanced perspective on the field

Author : M.R. Tant,K.A. Mauritz,G.L. Wilkes
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 524 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789400914612

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Ionomers by M.R. Tant,K.A. Mauritz,G.L. Wilkes Pdf

Polymers have achieved an enviable position as the class of materials having the highest volume of production, exceeding that of both metals and ceramics. The meteoric rise in the production and utilization of polymers has been due to advances in polymer synthesis which allow the creation of specific and well-defined molecular structures, to new knowledge concerning the relationships between polymer structure and properties, and to an improved understanding of how processing can be used as a tool to develop morphological features which result in desired properties. Polymers have truly become 'engineered materials' in every sense of the term. Polymer scientists and engineers are forever seeking to modify and improve the properties of synthetic polymeric systems for use in specific applications. Towards this end they have often looked to nature for advice on how to design molecules for specific needs. An excellent illustration of this is the use of noncovalent bonding (ionic, hydrogen, and van der Waals) in lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, where these noncovalent bonds, acting both intra and intermolecularly, precisely control the structure and thus the function of the entire system. The utilization of ionic bonding, in particular in man-made polymers has attracted widespread interest in recent years, since ionic interactions exert a similar strong influence on the structure and properties of these synthetic systems.

Author : Javaid Zaidi,Takeshi Matsuura
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 439 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2010-07-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780387735320

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Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells by Javaid Zaidi,Takeshi Matsuura Pdf

From the late-1960’s, perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSAs) ionomers have dominated the PEM fuel cell industry as the membrane material of choice. The “gold standard’ amongst the many variations that exist today has been, and to a great extent still is, DuPont’s Nafion® family of materials. However, there is significant concern in the industry that these materials will not meet the cost, performance, and durability requirementsnecessary to drive commercialization in key market segments – es- cially automotive. Indeed, Honda has already put fuel cell vehicles in the hands of real end users that have home-grown fuel cell stack technology incorporating hydrocarbon-based ionomers. “Polymer Membranes in Fuel Cells” takes an in-depth look at the new chem- tries and membrane technologies that have been developed over the years to address the concerns associated with the materials currently in use. Unlike the PFSAs, which were originally developed for the chlor-alkali industry, the more recent hydrocarbon and composite materials have been developed to meet the specific requirements of PEM Fuel Cells. Having said this, most of the work has been based on derivatives of known polymers, such as poly(ether-ether ketones), to ensure that the critical requirement of low cost is met. More aggressive operational requi- ments have also spurred the development on new materials; for example, the need for operation at higher temperature under low relative humidity has spawned the creation of a plethora of new polymers with potential application in PEM Fuel Cells.

Author : Kenneth J. Anusavice
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 836 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2003-06-30
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781437725490

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Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - eBook by Kenneth J. Anusavice Pdf

The 11th edition of this leading reference is an outstanding, scientifically based source of information in the field of dental materials science. It presents up-to-date information on materials that are used in the dental office and laboratory every day, emphasizing practical, clinical use, as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials. Extensive new clinical photographs in this edition illustrate the topics, and color plates are integrated close to related concepts as they're discussed in each chapter. A new glossary of key terms found at the beginning of every chapter defines terms in the appropriate context of the chapter's discussion. Also in this edition, critical thinking questions throughout the book stimulate the readers' curiosity on specific topics, test their existing knowledge, and heighten their awareness of important or controversial subjects. Content outlines at the beginning of each chapter provide a quick reference for specific topics. The roles played by key organizations in ensuring the safety and efficacy of dental materials and devices are described - such as the American Dental Association, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the International Organization for Standardization, and the Fédération Dentaire Internationale. Up-to-date Selected Readings are presented at the end of each chapter to direct readers to supplemental literature on each topic. Numerous boxes and tables throughout summarize and illustrate key concepts and compare characteristics and properties of various dental materials. Distinguished contributors lend their credibility and experience to the text. Content has been completely updated to include information on the most current dental materials available. Glossaries at the beginning of each chapter define key terms used within the context of that chapter. Revised artwork gives this edition a fresh look, with high-quality illustrations and clinical photos to aid in the visualization of materials and procedures described. Reorganization and consolidation of chapters into four major book parts presents the material in a more efficient way: Part I describes the principles of materials science that control the performance of dental materials in dental laboratories, research laboratories, student dental clinics, public health clinics, and private practice clinics. Part II focuses on impression materials, gypsum products, dental waxes, casting investments and procedures, and finishing and polishing abrasives and procedures. Part III provides an updated scientific and applied description of the composition, manipulation principles, properties, and clinical performance of bonded restorations, restorative resins, dental cements, dental amalgams, and direct-filling golds. Part IV presents a basic and applied description of materials that are processed in a laboratory or dental clinic. Critical thinking questions appear in every chapter to stimulate thinking and classroom discussion. The overall design has been improved to provide a more visually appealing format.

Author : Qingfeng Li,David Aili,Hans Aage Hjuler,Jens Oluf Jensen
Publisher : Springer
Page : 545 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2015-10-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319170824

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High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells by Qingfeng Li,David Aili,Hans Aage Hjuler,Jens Oluf Jensen Pdf

This book is a comprehensive review of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs are the preferred fuel cells for a variety of applications such as automobiles, cogeneration of heat and power units, emergency power and portable electronics. The first 5 chapters of the book describe rationalization and illustration of approaches to high temperature PEM systems. Chapters 6 - 13 are devoted to fabrication, optimization and characterization of phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes, the very first electrolyte system that has demonstrated the concept of and motivated extensive research activity in the field. The last 11 chapters summarize the state-of-the-art of technological development of high temperature-PEMFCs based on acid doped PBI membranes including catalysts, electrodes, MEAs, bipolar plates, modelling, stacking, diagnostics and applications.

Author : Severian Dumitriu,Valentin Popa
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 1764 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2020-03-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781420094732

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Polymeric Biomaterials by Severian Dumitriu,Valentin Popa Pdf

Biomaterials have had a major impact on the practice of contemporary medicine and patient care. Growing into a major interdisciplinary effort involving chemists, biologists, engineers, and physicians, biomaterials development has enabled the creation of high-quality devices, implants, and drug carriers with greater biocompatibility and biofunctiona