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Author : Thomas Inwood Pollard
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 1886
Category : Currency question
ISBN : COLUMBIA:CU56726333
Author : Thomas Inwood Pollard
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 1886
Category : Currency question
ISBN : OCLC:1198238052
Author : Thomas Inwood Pollard
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 159 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 1886
Category : Bimetallism
ISBN : OCLC:65475128
Author : Thomas Inwood Pollard
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 462 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:958538130
Author : Thomas Inwood Pollard
Publisher : Forgotten Books
Page : 190 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2018-02-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0656362952
Excerpt from Gold and Silver Weighed in the Balance If the debased refuse of twenty different dynasties could be weighed in the balance by the rupee current, could not our even more unfortunate rupees be similarly dealt with? Here is a suggestion: a rupee current in those days represented a certain (i assume ascertainable) average wage of a certain number of days' agricultural labour in Bengal. What if Adam Smith's grand idea of labour as the measure of value had been seized upon, and the rupee current, our ideal coin, been made by law and custom the symbol of t/zat quantity of labour? Had that been done, the rupee current could never have de preciated any more than it could have been clipped or otherwise falsified. Only silver rupees could be thus influenced by their increasing in number more rapidly than the people among whom they are distributed. The Bengal Land Revenue might then have been fixed as so many rupees current, and as the silver rupees increas ed in number and fell in value, more and more of them would, have been - perhaps uncomplainingly - paid by the tax-payer for the more they have depreciated, the more easy of attainment they have become. The rupee current, always the symbol of so many days' work, would at all times have indicated with u'nerring justice the exact number of depreciated silver rupees due just as it did indicate the number of clipped coins necessary to compose a given sum. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author : Thomas Inwood Pollard
Publisher : Legare Street Press
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2021-09-09
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1013874439
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author : William Ridgeway
Publisher : DigiCat
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2022-06-03
Category : History
ISBN : EAN:8596547053927
The following pages are an attempt to arrive at a knowledge of the origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards by the Comparative Method. As both these institutions played a not inconsiderable part in the development of civilization, it seemed worth while to approach the subject from a different point of view from that from which it had been previously studied. source
Author : Lord Charles Cocks Sommers
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1756
Category : Coins
ISBN : OXFORD:N11697654
Author : Erich Robens,Shanath Amarasiri A. Jayaweera,Susanne Kiefer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 730 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013-10-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783642364471
The book deals mainly with direct mass determination by means of a conventional balances. It covers the history of the balance from the beginnings in Egypt earlier than 3000 BC to recent developments. All balance types are described with emphasis on scientific balances. Methods of indirect mass determination, which are applied to very light objects like molecules and the basic particles of matter and celestial bodies, are included. As additional guidance, today’s manufacturers are listed and the profile of important companies is reviewed. Several hundred photographs, reproductions and drawings show instruments and their uses. This book includes commercial weighing instruments for merchandise and raw materials in workshops as well as symbolic weighing in the ancient Egyptian’s ceremony of ‘Weighing of the Heart’, the Greek fate balance, the Roman Justitia, Juno Moneta and Middle Ages scenes of the Last Judgement with Jesus or St. Michael and of modern balances. The photographs are selected from the slide-archives of the late Richard Vieweg (1896-1972) (former President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany), of the late Hans R. Jenemann (1920-1966) (former head of the Analytical Laboratory of Schott & Gen., Mainz, Germany) and of his wife Irene (1933-2008) and of Erich Robens.
Author : Mohammad H. Tamdgidi
Publisher : Ahead Publishing House (imprint: Okcir Press)
Page : 513 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2023-06-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781640980327
Omar Khayyam’s Secret: Hermeneutics of the Robaiyat in Quantum Sociological Imagination, by Mohammad H. Tamdgidi, is a twelve-book series of which this book is the sixth volume, subtitled Khayyami Science: The Methodological Structures of the Robaiyat in All the Scientific Works of Omar Khayyam. Each book, independently readable, can be best understood as a part of the whole series. In Book 6, Tamdgidi shares the Arabic texts, his new English translations (based on others’ or his new Persian translations, also included in the volume), and hermeneutic analyses of five extant scientific writings of Khayyam: a treatise in music on tetrachords; a treatise on balance to measure the weights of precious metals in a body composed of them; a treatise on dividing a circle quadrant to achieve a certain proportionality; a treatise on classifying and solving all cubic (and lower degree) algebraic equations using geometric methods; and a treatise on explaining three postulation problems in Euclid’s book Elements. Khayyam wrote three other non-extant scientific treatises on nature, geography, and music, while a treatise in arithmetic is differently extant since it influenced the work of later Islamic and Western scientists. His work in astronomy on solar calendar reform is also differently extant in the calendar used in Iran today. A short tract on astrology attributed to him has been neglected. Tamdgidi studies the scientific works in relation to Khayyam’s own theological, philosophical, and astronomical views. The study reveals that Khayyam’s science was informed by a unifying methodological attention to ratios and proportionality. So, likewise, any quatrain he wrote cannot be adequately understood without considering its place in the relational whole of its parent collection. Khayyam’s Robaiyat is found to be, as a critique of fatalistic astrology, his most important scientific work in astronomy rendered in poetic form. Studying Khayyam’s scientific works in relation to those of other scientists out of the context of his own philosophical, theological, and astronomical views, would be like comparing the roundness of two fruits while ignoring that they are apples and oranges. Khayyam was a relational, holistic, and self-including objective thinker, being systems and causal-chains discerning, creative, transdisciplinary, transcultural, and applied in method. He applied a poetic geometric imagination to solving algebraic problems and his logically methodical thinking did not spare even Euclid of criticism. His treatise on Euclid unified numerical and magnitudinal notions of ratio and proportionality by way of broadening the notion of number to include both rational and irrational numbers, transcending its Greek atomistic tradition. Khayyam’s classification of algebraic equations, being capped at cubic types, tells of his applied scientific intentions that can be interpreted, in the context of his own Islamic philosophy and theology, as an effort in building an algebraic and numerical theory of everything that is not only symbolic of body’s three dimensions, but also of the three-foldness of intellect, soul, and body as essential types of a unitary substance created by God to evolve relatively on its own in a two-fold succession order of coming from and going to its Source. Although the succession order poses limits, as captured in the astrological imagination, existence is not fatalistic. Khayyam’s conceptualist view of the human subject as an objective creative force in a participatory universe allows for the possibility of human self-determination and freedom depending on his or her self-awakening, a cause for which the Robaiyat was intended. Its collection would be a balanced unity of wisdom gems ascending from multiplicity toward unity using Wine and various astrological, geometrical, numerical, calendrical, and musical tropes in relationally classified quatrains that follow a logical succession order. CONTENTS About OKCIR—i Published to Date in the Series—ii About this Book—iv About the Author—viii Notes on Transliteration—xvii Acknowledgments—xix Preface to Book 6: Recap from Prior Books of the Series—1 Introduction to Book 6: Exploring the Methodology of the Robaiyat in Omar Khayyam’s Scientific Works—9 CHAPTER I—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords: The Arabic Text and New Persian and English Translations, Followed by Textual Analysis—19 CHAPTER II—Omar Khayyam’s Treatises on the Straight Balance and on How to Use a Water Balance to Measure the Weights of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them: The Arabic Texts and New Persian and English Translations, Followed by Textual Analysis—61 CHAPTER III—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, and Its New English Translation, Followed by Textual Analysis—119 CHAPTER IV—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, and Its New English Translation, Followed by Textual Analysis—203 CHAPTER V—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Jalaleddin Homaei, and Its New English Translation, Followed by Textual Analysis—439 CHAPTER VI—The Robaiyat as a Critique of Fatalistic Astrology: Understanding Omar Khayyam’s Astronomy in Light of His Own Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Outlook—623 Conclusion to Book 6: Summary of Findings—677 Appendix: Transliteration System and Glossary—717 Cumulative Glossary of Transliterations (Books 1-5)—730 Book 6 References—739 Book 6 Index—751
Author : Laura Fermi,Gilberto Bernardini
Publisher : Courier Corporation
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2013-02-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780486170022
An absorbing account of the origins of modern science as well as a biography, this book places particular emphasis on Galileo's experiments with telescopes and his observations of the sky.
Author : Helaine Selin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 2428 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2008-03-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781402045592
Here, at last, is the massively updated and augmented second edition of this landmark encyclopedia. It contains approximately 1000 entries dealing in depth with the history of the scientific, technological and medical accomplishments of cultures outside of the United States and Europe. The entries consist of fully updated articles together with hundreds of entirely new topics. This unique reference work includes intercultural articles on broad topics such as mathematics and astronomy as well as thoughtful philosophical articles on concepts and ideas related to the study of non-Western Science, such as rationality, objectivity, and method. You’ll also find material on religion and science, East and West, and magic and science.
Author : Raymond J. Seeger
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2013-10-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781483139180
Men of Physics: Galileo Galilei, His Life and His Works deals with Galileo Galilei's radical discoveries and trail during the Inquisition. The book describes the life of Galileo and his many interests in art and music, in addition to science. Galileo is born in Pisa in 1564, and at age 25, he is appointed to the Chair of Mathematics at the University of Pisa. He writes several papers, for example, mathematical continuum as contrasted with physical atomism, and investigates the behavior of magnetic poles. He believes in William Gilbert's experiment that the earth itself is a large magnet. He conducts experiments on oscillations — using a simple pendulum to investigate complex phenomena. He defines uniform motion, with respect to time intervals, whether these are great or small. He suggests a method to measure the speed of light, believing that light has a definite speed. He contributes to knowledge on sunspots, constructs his own telescopes, and is considered by some as the inventor of the telescope. He publishes ""The Two Chief World Systems,"" comparing the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories of the solar system and claiming that the earth moves and the sun stands still. For this, the Inquisition orders him to stand trial. He confesses, abjures, and lives under house arrest. In 1639, he refuses an offer of freedom by the Pope. Galileo dies in 1642. He is known as the founder of modern physics. Students of history and most readers with general interest will find this book entertaining and informative.
Author : Raymond J. Seeger
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2016-01-22
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9781483185996
Galileo Galilei, His Life and His Works is a biographic of Galileo Galilei. The text accounts some of the most important moments of Galileo’s life, along with his contribution in physics. The first part of the text covers the major aspects of Galileo’s. Part I details Galileo’s life as a student, professor, courtier, and author. Part II covers the major works of Galileo, such as magnetism, weight of air, alloy analysis, materials strength, falling bodies, and natural oscillations. The book will be of great interest to readers who have a keen interest in the history of physics.
Author : Richard Watson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1022 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1833
Category : Bible
ISBN : STANFORD:36105046764176