History And Development Of The Paralympic Games Issues Within The Paralympic Movement
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History and Development of the Paralympic Games. Issues within the Paralympic Movement by Anonim Pdf
Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Sport - Disabled Sports, grade: 1,7, Munich University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: This paper deals with the history and development of the Paralympic Games from their small beginnings as a competition for disabled ex-servicemen and women in England founded shortly after the Second World War to the present international festival of Summer and Winter Games organized in conjunction with the Olympic Games. Furthermore, the development of the term "Paralympic" will be explained and some major issues within the Paralympic Movement will to be shown. The Paralympic Games are a modern-day sporting phenomenon that has grown from a small archery demonstration event many years ago to the second largest multi-sport festival on the planet after the Olympic Games. These Games for athletes with disabilities have played a major role in changing attitudes towards disability and accelerating the agenda for inclusion. The Games trace their origins to the work of Dr Ludwig Guttmann at the National Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire who used sport as an integral part of the treatment of paraplegic patients. The first competition for wheelchair athletes, named the Stoke Mandeville Games, was organized by him on the day of the Opening Ceremony of the London Olympic Games in 1948. These Games later became the Paralympic Games, which first took place in Italy in 1960. The Paralympic Games are the Olympic Games for athletes with disabilities and are nowadays organized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). In the beginning, only paraplegic athletes were allowed to participate, but this has changed in the past years. Blind, visually impaired, amputees and athletes with other disabilities are also allowed to participate in the games. To be able to evaluate the athletes fairly, they are divided into so-called damage classes.
Today the Paralympic Movement is recognised as a global sporting phenomenon attracting thousands of athletes from an ever-increasing number of countries. Athlete First provides a thoroughly researched history and analysis of the Paralympic Movement, including the development and organisation of the International Paralympic Committee. As well as recounting factual achievements and events, the book examines the position of sport and international competition for people with a disability within their changing historical context and in relation to the Olympic Movement and able-bodied sport. The first history of the origins and development of the Paralympic movement Examines disabled sport and international competition within their changing historical context Includes details of key players in the movement – on and off the field Written in an accessible style by a recognised historian Athlete First will prove invaluable to researchers and professionals involved in the field of sport and disability as well as sport scientists and physical education specialists with an interest in sports history. The Publisher appreciates the role played by the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE) in bringing this publication to fruition, and acknowledges the financial assistance provided by the International Olympic Committee.
The Paralympic Games Explained by Ian Brittain Pdf
The Paralympic Games is the second largest multi-sport festival on earth and an event which poses profound and challenging questions about the nature of sport, disability and society. The Paralympic Games Explained is the first complete introduction to the Paralympic phenomenon, exploring every key aspect and issue, from the history and development of the Paralympic movement to the economic and social impact of the contemporary Games. Now in a fully revised and updated second edition, it includes new material on hosting and legacy, Vancouver 2010 to Rio 2016, sport for development, and case studies of an additional ten Paralympic nations. Drawing on a range of international examples, it discusses key issues such as: • how societal attitudes influence disability sport • the governance of Paralympic and elite disability sport • the relationship between the Paralympics and the Olympics • drugs and technology in disability sport • classification in disability sport. Containing useful features including review questions, study activities, web links and guides to further reading throughout, The Paralympic Games Explained is the most accessible and comprehensive guide to the Paralympics currently available. It is essential reading for all students with an interest in disability sport, sporting mega-events, the politics of sport, or disability in society.
The Paralympic Games Explained by Ian Brittain Pdf
The Paralympic Games is the second largest multi-sport festival on earth and an event which poses profound and challenging questions about the nature of sport, disability and society. The Paralympic Games Explained is the first complete introduction to the Paralympic phenomenon, exploring every key aspect and issue, from the history and development of the Paralympic movement to the economic and social impact of the contemporary Games. The book introduces the three most important theoretical models of disability (medical, social and bio-social), to enable the reader to fully understand the Paralympics in the context of wider discussions of disability in society. It also offers a straightforward explanation of the importance of language and terminology in shaping our understanding of disability and disability sport. Including international examples and comparative material throughout, the book offers detailed and broad-ranging discussion of key issues such as: how societal attitudes influence disability sport the governance of Paralympic and elite disability sport the relationship between the Paralympics and the Olympics drugs and technology in disability sport classification in disability sport. Containing useful features throughout, such as review questions, study activities, web links and guides to further reading, The Paralympic Games Explained is the most accessible, comprehensive and thoughtful guide to the Paralympics currently available. It is essential reading for all students with an interest in disability sport, sporting mega-events, the politics of sport, or disability in society.
The Palgrave Handbook of Paralympic Studies by Ian Brittain,Aaron Beacom Pdf
This handbook provides a critical assessment of contemporary issues that define the contours of the Paralympic Movement generally and the Paralympic Games more specifically. It addresses conceptualisations of disability sport, explores the structure of the Paralympic Movement and considers key political strategic and governance issues which have shaped its development. The Palgrave Handbook of Paralympic Studies is written by a range of international authors, a number of whom are senior strategists as well as academics, and explores legacy themes through case studies of recent Paralympic games. Written in the wake of the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games, it provides an assessment of contemporary challenges faced by the International Paralympic Committee and other key stakeholders in the Paralympic Movement. Its critical assessment of approaches to branding, classification, social inclusion and technological advances makes this handbook a valuable resource for undergraduate study across a range of sport and disability related programmes, as well as a point of reference for researchers and policy makers.
The Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement by P. David Howe Pdf
Raising questions and debates crucial to students of social and disability studies, this book queries the Paralympic games' development as a positive one, and questions its role as a vehicle for the empowerment of the disabled community.
The Paralympic Games by Keith Gilbert,Otto J. Schantz,Otto Schantz Pdf
Every four years, hundreds of disabled athletes from around the world gather together to compete in the largest sporting event of its kind - the Paralympic Games. Yet there is always one question which overshadows the Games - does the Paralympics empower individuals with disability, or is it simply a sop to the major Olympic event? Divided into five specific areas of study - Public and Media Perceptions; Inside the Paralympic Games; Olympics vs. Paralympics; Cultural Diversity; and Future Directions - this thoroughly researched volume attempts to bring this discussion out into the open and, if not provide an answer, then to pave the way for future investigation that might.
The Paralympic Games Explained by Ian Brittain Pdf
An introduction to the Paralympic phenomenon which explores various key aspects and issues, from the history and development of the Paralympic movement to the economic and social impact of the contemporary Games. It is suitable for those interested in disability sport, sporting mega-events, the politics of sport, or disability in society.
Paralympics and Disability Sport by Brett Smith Pdf
Academic research on the Paralympics and disability sport is growing. University courses, governing bodies, and sporting organisations are also witnessing a rise of interest in disabled sport. This book is therefore timely and of importance. Written by leading scholars, it addresses a variety of topics in relation to the Paralympics and disability sport. These include: the sociology of Paralympic sport; sport coaching at recreational and elite level; sport history and exercise rehabilitation; exercise participation; and future directions for disability sport research. Throughout the book, disability sport is both celebrated and critically examined. Critical questions are raised, and practical suggestions offered, about being a Paralympian, coaching athletes with a disability, and exercise as a form of rehabilitation. Empirical evidence is drawn from different people and various sports. These range from autoethnographic stories from a former Paralympian, to interviews with disability sport administrators, to observations of and interviews with coaches of athletes in the sports of adapted water skiing, para-swimming, and wheelchair basketball, rugby and tennis. The book will be of interest to sociologists of sport, sport coaches, sport and exercise psychologists, disability scholars, qualitative researchers, and disability sporting organisations. This book was published as a special issue of Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health.
Olympic Perspectives by Stephan Wassong,Richard Baka,Janice Forsyth Pdf
Historical research on the Olympic Movement is highly valuable as it displays processes of continuity and transformation by which knowledge building processes on the Olympic Movement, its structure and on Olympic sport can be expanded. The Olympic Movement can be addressed from multidisciplinary perspectives, including management, sociology, education, philosophy and history. This comprehensive collection examines the multifaceted profile of the Olympic and Paralympic Movement and presents new insights drawn from a variety of research projects. Historical and political dimensions of the Olympic and Paralympic Movement are addressed, along with educational, ethical, commercial and sociological perspectives. This book was originally published as a special issue of The International Journal of the History of Sport.
The 'Olympic and Paralympic' Effect on Public Policy by Daniel Bloyce,Andy Smith Pdf
Set against the backdrop of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, this book examines the impact on public policy from broader political decisions taken in relation to Olympic- and Paralympic-related policy. It considers the major political justifications for hosting these global sports events, evidence for their expected impacts, and topical issues including environmental protection and sustainability, the use of technology, and political protest. The book will be essential reading for anyone with an interest in sport policy and politics, and how broader political decisions come to impact on the development of Olympic and Paralympic sport. This book was published as a special issue of the International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics.
How does a small provincial city in southern Japan become the site of a world-famous wheelchair marathon that has been attracting the best international athletes since 1981? In More Than Medals, Dennis J. Frost answers this question and addresses the histories of individuals, institutions, and events—the 1964 Paralympics, the FESPIC Games, the Ōita International Wheelchair Marathon, the Nagano Winter Paralympics, and the 2021 Tokyo Summer Games that played important roles in the development of disability sports in Japan. Sporting events in the postwar era, Frost shows, have repeatedly served as forums for addressing the concerns of individuals with disabilities. More Than Medals provides new insights on the cultural and historical nature of disability and demonstrates how sporting events have challenged some stigmas associated with disability, while reinforcing or generating others. Frost analyzes institutional materials and uses close readings of media, biographical sources, and interviews with Japanese athletes to highlight the profound—though often ambiguous—ways in which sports have shaped how postwar Japan has perceived and addressed disability. His novel approach highlights the importance of the Paralympics and the impact that disability sports have had on Japanese society. Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Pierre-Marie Leprêtre,Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey,Thomas W. J. Janssen,Claudio Perret
Author : Pierre-Marie Leprêtre,Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey,Thomas W. J. Janssen,Claudio Perret Publisher : Frontiers Media SA Page : 89 pages File Size : 55,8 Mb Release : 2017-05-25 Category : Electronic book ISBN : 9782889451715
Rio, Tokyo Paralympic Games and beyond: How to Prepare Athletes with Motor Disabilities for Peaking by Pierre-Marie Leprêtre,Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey,Thomas W. J. Janssen,Claudio Perret Pdf
In 1960, the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games were supported, for the first time, by the Italian Olympic Committee. Taking place six days after the Closing Ceremony of the XVII Olympic Games, the paralympic games for disabled athletes were born. From Roma in 1960 to London in 2012, the Paralympic Games grew in terms of athletes’ number from 400 to 4,237, and now brings together more than 164 nations (Perret, 2015). The word “Paralympic” derives from the Greek preposition “para” (beside or alongside) and the word “Olympic”. Paralympics want to be the parallel Games to the Olympics and illustrate how the two movements exist side-by-side (Paralympics – History of the Movement, 2016). Now taking place after the Olympics Games, the Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of the career of athletes with physical impairments and have become the second largest sport event in the world (Perret, 2015; Paralympics – History of the Movement, 2016; Gold and Gold, 2011). The first statement of the vision of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), i.e. “to create the conditions for athlete empowerment through self-determination” (Paralympics – History of the Movement, 2016; International Paralympic Committee, 2016), shows the importance of the place of the athlete with an impairment at the heart of the Paralympic Movement. The ultimate aim of the IPC is « to enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire and excite the world. » (International Paralympic Committee, 2016). The performance level of athletes with an impairment improved to a point that, in the present days, sport news and world sport movements focus on the potential advantage of artificial limbs among athletes with amputations and their integration in able-bodied competitions (Burkett, 2010). However, they do not represent the totality of athletes with an impairment at the Paralympic Games. Athletes with other physical impairments (visual deficit, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy or else) are eligible to compete. These impairments induce typical functional and physiological (e.g., cardiovascular, thermoregulatory) responses to exercise. For example, spinal cord injury (athletes with tetraplegia or paraplegia) causes thermoregulatory impairment (Goosey-Tolfrey et al., 2008) and individuals with cerebral palsy have also demonstrated higher thermal and metabolic strain than matched controls during treadmill walking in the heat (Maltais et al., 2004). Thus, hyperthermia among these athletes with an impairment alters their performance compared to their Olympic counterparts (Bhambhani, 2002). Mechanical performance analysis, the description of physiological responses according to the functional impairment or else the response to training and the relationship between laboratory and field testing responses are different parts of a package introduced here to address the aim of the IPC: to enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence (Paralympics – History of the Movement, 2016; International Paralympic Committee, 2016). Paralympic Games, held almost immediately following the respective Olympics in the same site (Gold and Gold, 2011), also have exposed athletes to different environmental conditions. In the present 20-odd years, three of four Summer Paralympic Games have been or will be organized in the heat with or without significant humidity: Beijing 2008 (Average weather in September for Beijing, China., 2016), Rio de Janeiro 2016 (Average weather in September for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil., 2016) and Tokyo 2020 (Average weather in September for Ota, Japan., 2016). It has been established that the environmental conditions not only influences the level of cognitive and exercise performance capacity in trained able-bodied individuals (Veneroso et al., 2015), but their health status may also be affected. Due to the above-mentioned impairment in thermoregulatory capacity athletes with spinal cord injury or cerebral palsy may be more susceptible to hyperthermia during exercise (Goosey-Tolfrey et al., 2008; Maltais et al., 2004; Bhambhani, 2002). During the Paralympic tournament, these athletes of the qualified nations were and will be exposed to heat and/or humid conditions. The hyperthermia induced by exercise among athletes with an impairment plus the effects of heat on core temperature will make their performance in the hot and warm conditions more challenging. Some studies have addressed strategies to prevent the physiologic and psychological impairments in athletic performance induced by exercise performed in the heat (Goosey-Tolfrey et al., 2008). Other proposed that wheelchair athletes should follow recommendations advocated for able-bodied individuals to minimize their risks of heat stress during competition (Bhambhani, 2002). In the present issue, the authors provide a descriptive approach of performance, and especially the preparation of athletes with a physical impairment to optimize their exercise performance. We argue that the interactions between environmental conditions and typical responses to exercise of athletes with an impairment and the equipment interactions with athlete’s body should be taken into account in the preparation of Paralympic athletes in order to witness the most magnificent sporting display: the Paralympic Games. Finally, the motto of Paralympic movement « Spirit in Motion » is also the philosophy of the present compendium: to present new advances and research findings in the field of applied physiology and biomechanics in exercise, within the context of optimize Paralympic preparation and performance of athletes presented an impairment. References Perret, C. (2015) Elite-adapted wheelchair sports performance: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 27,1-9. Paralympics – History of the Movement. https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/history-of-the-movement. Accessed July 8, 2016. Gold, J. R., Gold, M. M. (2011). Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning, and the World's Games, 1896 - 2016 (Planning, History and Environment Series), 2nd edition, Routledge, 2011 - 444 pages. International Paralympic Committee. IPC Vision, Motto, Symbol. https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/120427151817794_Vision.pdf. Accessed July 8, 2016. Burkett, B. (2010). Technology in Paralympic sport: performance enhancement or essential for performance? Br J Sports Med. 44,215-220. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.067249. Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Swainson, M., Boyd, C., Atkinson, G., Tolfrey, K. (2008). The effectiveness of hand cooling at reducing exercise-induced hyperthermia and improving distance-race performance in wheelchair and able-bodied athletes. J Appl Physiol 105,37-43. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01084.2007. Maltais, D., Wilk, B., Unnithan, V., Bar-Or, O. (2004). Responses of children with cerebral palsy to treadmill walking exercise in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 36,1674-1681. Bhambhani, Y (2002). Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury. Sports Med. 32,23-51. Average weather in September for Beijing, China. https://weatherspark.com/averages/34097/9/Beijing-China. Accessed July 8, 2016. Average weather in September for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. https://weatherspark.com/averages/33421/9/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil. Accessed July 8, 2016. Average weather in September for Ota, Japan. https://weatherspark.com/averages/33260/9/Ota-Tokyo-Japan. Accessed July 8, 2016. Veneroso, C.E., Ramos, G.P., Mendes, T.T., Silami-Garcia, E. (2015). Physical performance and environmental conditions: 2014 World Soccer Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil. Temperature (Austin). 2,439-440. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1106637.
Managing the Paralympics by Simon Darcy,Stephen Frawley,Daryl Adair Pdf
This book critically examines the planning, management, and operations of the world’s premier event for Para sport athletes. Noting a lack of research into how these games are planned and managed, the authors of this contributed volume discuss how the Paralympics are essentially different to the Olympics and what this means for their management. Managing the Paralympics explores how the organizers and connected stakeholders effectively organize and deliver the Paralympics, taking into account what has been learned from previous events. Including emergent models of best practice from event management, project management and sport management literature, the book gives an insight into the planning of one of the world’s biggest sporting events that encompasses ten impairment types and multiple sport classes within sports.
The Olympic Games: Meeting New Global Challenges by David Hassan,Shakya Mitra Pdf
As the World’s greatest sporting event, the Olympic Games has always commanded intrigue, analysis and comment in equal measure. This book looks to celebrate the significance of the Olympics, their historical impact, controversies that presently surround them and their possible future direction. It begins with a detailed, if controversial, analysis of the scale of the modern Summer Olympics and considers whether in fact the Games have simply become too big? Thereafter considerable coverage is afforded the often contentious bidding process, required of successful host cities wishing to attract the Games, and asks why some cities are successful and others are not. This book also reflects on the growing security measures that surround the Olympics and considers their full impact on the civil liberties of those impacted by them. For scholars of the Olympic movement this book represents essential reading to understand further the Olympic Games, their significance and effect, as the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro draw ever closer. This book was published as a special issue of Sport in Society.
