Independent Power Projects In Developing Countries

Author : Anton Eberhard,Katharine Gratwick,Elvira Morella,Pedro Antmann
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 382 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-18
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781464808012

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Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa by Anton Eberhard,Katharine Gratwick,Elvira Morella,Pedro Antmann Pdf

Inadequate electricity services pose a major impediment to reducing extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Simply put, Africa does not have enough power. Despite the abundant low-carbon and low-cost energy resources available to Sub-Saharan Africa, the region s entire installed electricity capacity, at a little over 80 GW, is equivalent to that of the Republic of Korea. Looking ahead, Sub-Saharan Africa will need to ramp-up its power generation capacity substantially. The investment needed to meet this goal largely exceeds African countries already stretched public finances. Increasing private investment is critical to help expand and improve electricity supply. Historically, most private sector finance has been channeled through privately financed independent power projects (IPP), supported by nonrecourse or limited recourse loans, with long-term power purchase agreements with the state utility or another off-taker. Between 1990 and 2014, IPPs have spread across Sub-Saharan Africa and are now present in 17 countries. Currently, there are 125 IPPs, with an overall installed capacity of 10.7 GW and investments of $24.6 billion. However, private investment could be much greater and less concentrated. South Africa alone accounts for 67 IPPs, 4.3 GW of capacity and $14.4 billion of investments; the remaining projects are concentrated in a handful of countries. The objective of this study is to evaluate the experience of IPPs and identify lessons that can help African countries attract more and better private investment. At the core of this analysis is a reflection on whether IPPs have in fact benefited Sub-Saharan Africa, and how they might be improved. The analysis is based primarily on in depth case studies, carried out in five countries, including Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda, which not only have the most numerous but also among the most extensive experience with IPPs.

Author : Henrik M. Inadomi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 418 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2010-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789041131782

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Independent Power Projects in Developing Countries by Henrik M. Inadomi Pdf

For developing countries, a stable and secure supply of electricity is crucial for development, and for their populations' well-being. Since the early 1990s, the main mechanism for constructing power generation facilities in developing countries has been the independent power project (IPP) model, where a foreign investor enters into long term investment contracts with the national utility. This model has succeeded in attracting investment, but raises complex regulatory and contractual challenges in addition to public concerns. This book - drawing on project contracts, the author's interview sources, case law and literature - analyzes in detail the legal investment protection used by IPP investors to ensure sufficient returns and protect their contracted revenue stream. The author examines how the model's corporate / financial structure interlocks with strong contractual rights and with a number of measures used to improve the host country's creditworthiness in the short and long term (including investment guarantees).The second part of the book identifies that the IPP model normally leads to six main consequences for the host developing country: The IPP model has led to private investment, which has increases reliability, modernization and introduced private standards; It contains an intrinsic structural weakness in times of economic downturns; It has shown a tendency to lead to overinvestment in generation capacity; It has shown a tendency to lead to expensive and suboptimal solutions regarding choice of design and technology; The model (and its institutional surroundings) contains insufficient disincentives against moral hazard and exploitative behavior (including corruption); and The IPP model does not facilitate a further development of the host country's power sector. The author argues that these consequences for development can be improved without detrimentally compromising the private sector's willingness to continue to invest. While pursuing this analysis, the author also explores such issues as the following: ; the web of parties and contracts constituting the IPP model, including the model's risk allocation; an analysis of political risk, including to what extent foreign investors also are protected against commercial and credit risks; the competing needs of predictability and flexibility in long term contracts; how investment arbitration tribunals have reacted both to the change in macroeconomic circumstances caused by the East Asian Crisis of 1997-98, and to numerable and credible allegations of corruption during procurement identification of factors reducing, or increasing, the IPP model's tendency to fail during severe economic recessions

Author : Fernando Reyes Manibog,Rafael Dominguez,Stephan Wegner
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2003-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821356933

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Power for Development by Fernando Reyes Manibog,Rafael Dominguez,Stephan Wegner Pdf

This publication evaluates the performance of the World Bank Group (WBG) during the 1990s in promoting private sector development in the electric power sector in 80 countries. Main findings include that where countries showed a commitment to advancing reforms in promoting private sector development and where programmes were properly implemented, the expected benefits were delivered. However, quality of outcomes depended on the objectives pursued and on types of assistance provided, with most countries remaining in the early stages of reform.

Author : Anton A. Eberhard,Katharine Gratwick,Elvira Morella
Publisher : Directions in Development
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1464808007

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Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa by Anton A. Eberhard,Katharine Gratwick,Elvira Morella Pdf

"The World Bank, Global Practice Energy & Extractives, Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program, December 2015."

Author : Fiona Woolf,Jonathan Halpern
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Competition
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Integrating Independent Power Producers Into Emerging Wholesale Power Markets by Fiona Woolf,Jonathan Halpern Pdf

Policymakers wishing to introduce wholesale competition into the electricity industry must often reconcile existing independent power producer contracts with new market structures and trading arrangements. For the new market arrangements to bring the benefits of competition to consumers, enough participants must be willing to take market risk. A combination of measures (adaptation of specific market rule, contractual alternatives for enhancing market liquidity, contract buyout provisions, transitional mechanisms) offer promise for reconciling existing contracts with new market structures and reducing the magnitude of above-market costs associated with the contracts.

Author : Vivien Foster,Anshul Rana
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 454 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2019-12-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781464814433

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Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World by Vivien Foster,Anshul Rana Pdf

During the 1990s, a new paradigm for power sector reform was put forward emphasizing the restructuring of utilities, the creation of regulators, the participation of the private sector, and the establishment of competitive power markets. Twenty-five years later, only a handful of developing countries have fully implemented these Washington Consensus policies. Across the developing world, reforms were adopted rather selectively, resulting in a hybrid model, in which elements of market orientation coexist with continued state dominance of the sector. This book aims to revisit and refresh thinking on power sector reform approaches for developing countries. The approach relies heavily on evidence from the past, drawing both on broad global trends and deep case material from 15 developing countries. It is also forward looking, considering the implications of new social and environmental policy goals, as well as the emerging technological disruptions. A nuanced picture emerges. Although regulation has been widely adopted, practice often falls well short of theory, and cost recovery remains an elusive goal. The private sector has financed a substantial expansion of generation capacity; yet, its contribution to power distribution has been much more limited, with efficiency levels that can sometimes be matched by well-governed public utilities. Restructuring and liberalization have been beneficial in a handful of larger middle-income nations but have proved too complex for most countries to implement. Based on these findings, the report points to three major policy implications. First, reform efforts need to be shaped by the political and economic context of the country. The 1990s reform model was most successful in countries that had reached certain minimum conditions of power sector development and offered a supportive political environment. Second, countries found alternative institutional pathways to achieving good power sector outcomes, making a case for greater pluralism. Among the top performers, some pursued the full set of market-oriented reforms, while others retained a more important role for the state. Third, reform efforts should be driven and tailored to desired policy outcomes and less preoccupied with following a predetermined process, particularly since the twenty-first-century century agenda has added decarbonization and universal access to power sector outcomes. The Washington Consensus reforms, while supportive of the twenty-first-century century agenda, will not be able to deliver on them alone and will require complementary policy measures

Author : Maria Vagliasindi
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 137 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013-04-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821397626

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Revisiting Public-Private Partnerships in the Power Sector by Maria Vagliasindi Pdf

Given the chronic power shortages faced by numerous developing countries, and the need everywhere to keep pace with demand, understanding the drivers of public private partnerships (PPPs) in energy is critical. While many private electricity projects have been delayed and financing costs have increased, the impact of the global financial crisis was less severe than that of previous crises that originated in developing countries. This resilience stems from developing countries’ need to expand generation capacity, electricity sector reforms and better regulatory frameworks, and short-term solutions (such as rental power plants). The study reports the evidence from statistical analysis and a sample of case studies selected based. It proposes a novel analytical approach to model PPPs, using a two-stage procedure based on Heckman’s sample selection distinguishing between those factors that determine whether private investment in energy takes place, and those that influence the volume of investment. The results of the analysis provide the following conclusions: • Both general governance and regulatory instrument primarily affect investors’ decisions to enter the various power sector markets, not the subsequent level of investment – indicating that investors seem to be adequately protected against risks. • Support mechanisms, like feed-in tariffs, are crucial for attracting investors in renewable generation, but they do not succeed in displacing fossil fuel investment and they could play a bigger role in affecting the level of investment in renewables. • There is a significant trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency of alternative instruments for deploying renewables. Feed-in tariffs tended to be quite effective but to be set on the high side, reducing incentives to cut costs and posing significant strains on already stripped national budgets. Competitive auctions, on the other hand have tended to be efficient but initially low and not always the most effective instrument. • Countries can scale up renewables following different paths. For Brazil, the move from feed-in tariffs to auctions enabled it to both reduce costs and deploy additional capacity. Peru followed in Brazil’s path, opting for auctions instead of introducing feed-in tariffs. On the other hand, China’s move from competitive tenders to feed-in tariffs allowed for discovery effects to determine the right level of prices to attract private investment in renewables.

Author : John Ashworth
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1979
Category : Developing countries
ISBN : UOM:39015095027556

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Renewable Energy Sources for the World's Poor by John Ashworth Pdf

Author : Dedy Supriadi Priatna
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 278 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Electric utilities
ISBN : WISC:89048380869

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Indonesian Private Power Generation Lessons Learned from Developed and Developing Countries by Dedy Supriadi Priatna Pdf

Author : Gill Wilkins
Publisher : Earthscan
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781853837531

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Technology Transfer for Renewable Energy by Gill Wilkins Pdf

This book highlights the role that renewable energy can play in achieving sustainable development. It focuses on rural areas of developing countries, looking in particular at stand-alone solar home systems and grid-connected biomass cogeneration plant. It provides a summary of the main barriers to the successful transfer of renewable energy technology, illustrated by case studies drawn from Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, the South Pacific, Kenya and India. Options for overcoming the barriers and the role of key players are presented. The book also outlines the potential role of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol in facilitating renewable energy technology transfer in the context of climate change.The book will appeal to academics, consultants, technology manufacturers, international funding bodies, multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, policy-makers and planners in developing countries.

Author : Natalia Kulichenko,Jens Wirth
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2012-07-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821396087

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Concentrating Solar Power in Developing Countries by Natalia Kulichenko,Jens Wirth Pdf

Concentrating solar thermal technologies have a clear potential for scaling up renewable energy at the utility level, thereby diversifying the generation portfolio mix, powering development, and mitigating climate change. The report analyzes current experience in designing and implementing regulatory frameworks supporting the technology

Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Electric utilities
ISBN : UIUC:30112008233246

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Financing Arrangements for Nuclear Power Projects in Developing Countries by International Atomic Energy Agency Pdf

This report outlines the general characteristics of financing a nuclear power project and presents innovative approaches for power generation financing. It discusses the special conditions and requirements of nuclear power projects and their financing complexities. The availability of adequate and secure financial resources is one of the most crucial constraints in the implementation of nuclear power projects in developing countries. Possible ways and means of dealing with these constraints are presented.

Author : Ankit Kumar,Johanna Höffken,Auke Pols
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 190 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2021-06-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000397444

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Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South by Ankit Kumar,Johanna Höffken,Auke Pols Pdf

This book explores how, in the wake of the Anthropocene, the growing call for urgent decarbonisation and accelerated energy transitions might have unintended consequences for energy poverty, justice and democracy, especially in the global South. Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South brings together theoretical and empirical contributions focused on rethinking energy transitions conceptually from and for the global South, and highlights issues of justice and inclusivity. It argues that while urgency is critical for energy transitions in a climate-changed world, we must be wary of conflating goals and processes, and enquire what urgency means for due process. Drawing from a range of authors with expertise spanning environmental justice, design theory, ethics of technology, conflict and gender, it examines case studies from countries including Bolivia, Sri Lanka, India, The Gambia and Lebanon in order to expand our understanding of what energy transitions are, and how just energy transitions can be done in different parts of the world. Overall, driven by a postcolonial and decolonial sensibility, this book brings to the fore new concepts and ideas to help balance the demands of justice and urgency, to flag relevant but often overlooked issues, and to provide new pathways forward. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of energy transitions, environmental justice, climate change and developing countries. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003052821 has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Author : Priscilla Anita Ahmed,Xinghai Fang
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 1999-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 082134434X

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Project Finance in Developing Countries by Priscilla Anita Ahmed,Xinghai Fang Pdf

"This report explores the changing face of project finance in developing markets. IFC, and more recently, other multilateral, bilateral, and export credit institutions have played a strong suportive role in bringing project finance to its current volumes. This role was highlighted in 1998, when these institutions sustained flows of an estimated $25 billion at a time when there was an abrupt decline in some types of private flows. IFC, in particular, was a pioneer of project finance in developing countries and has a unique depth of experience in this field, which spans more than 40 years in the practical implementation of some 2000 projects, many of them on a limited-recourse basis. Particularly in today's marketplace, IFC's ability to mobilize finance (both loan and equity for its own account and syndicated loans under its B-loan program), the strength of iis project appraisal capabilities, and its experience in structuring complex transactions in difficult environments have been reassuring to other participants and important to the successful financing of many projects. This report draws on IFC's experience in more than 230 greenfield projects costing upward of $30 billion that relied on project finance on a limited-recourse basis (see Appendix A). It opens with a brief description of the major international trends in project finance over the past two decades and then turns to the essential ingredients of successful project financing."--Publisher abstract.

Author : United Nations
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2019-06-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780429556180

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Energy Issues and Options for Developing Countries by United Nations Pdf

Originally published in 1989. This book presents the situation regarding energy provision and policy in developing countries. It looks at Enhanced Oil Recovery, Hydropower and small energy packages suitable for rural areas including renewable energies and the various needs and systems affected such as water pumping and telecommunications. Each section is broken down into salient issues and information is provided on environmental issues, socioeconomic issues, costs and limitatioons and what is considered the state-of-the-art in each area. The final section offers a view of the application of computing technology in energy planning.