Inequality Gender Gaps And Economic Growth

Author : Ms.Dalia Hakura,Mr.Mumtaz Hussain,Ms.Monique Newiak,Vimal Thakoor,Mr.Fan Yang
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2016-06-08
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484382349

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Inequality, Gender Gaps and Economic Growth by Ms.Dalia Hakura,Mr.Mumtaz Hussain,Ms.Monique Newiak,Vimal Thakoor,Mr.Fan Yang Pdf

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that inequality—income or gender related—can impede economic growth. Using dynamic panel regressions and new time series data, this paper finds that both income and gender inequalities, including from legal gender-based restrictions, are jointly negatively associated with per capita GDP growth. Examining the relationship for countries at different stages of development, we find that this effect prevails mainly in lower income countries. In particular, per capita income growth in sub-Saharan Africa could be higher by as much as 0.9 percentage points on average if inequality was reduced to the levels observed in the fastgrowing emerging Asian countries. High levels of income inequality in sub-Saharan Africa appear partly driven by structural features. However, the paper’s findings show that policies that influence the opportunities of low-income households and women to participate in economic activities also matter and, therefore, if well-designed and targeted, could play a role in alleviating inequalities.

Author : Ata Can Bertay,Ljubica Dordevic,Can Sever
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2020-07-03
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781513546278

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Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from Industry-Level Data by Ata Can Bertay,Ljubica Dordevic,Can Sever Pdf

We study whether higher gender equality facilitates economic growth by enabling better allocation of a valuable resource: female labor. By allocating female labor to its more productive use, we hypothesize that reducing gender inequality should disproportionately benefit industries with typically higher female share in their employment relative to other industries. Specifically, we exploit within-country variation across industries to test whether those that typically employ more women grow relatively faster in countries with ex-ante lower gender inequality. The test allows us to identify the causal effect of gender inequality on industry growth in value-added and labor productivity. Our findings show that gender inequality affects real economic outcomes.

Author : Dalia Hakura
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1305850789

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Inequality, Gender Gaps and Economic Growth by Dalia Hakura Pdf

A growing body of empirical evidence suggests that inequality-income or gender related-canimpede economic growth. Using dynamic panel regressions and new time series data, this paperfinds that both income and gender inequalities, including from legal gender-based restrictions, arejointly negatively associated with per capita GDP growth. Examining the relationship for countriesat different stages of development, we find that this effect prevails mainly in lower incomecountries. In particular, per capita income growth in sub-Saharan Africa could be higher by as muchas 0.9 percentage points on average if inequality was reduced to the levels observed in the fastgrowingemerging Asian countries. High levels of income inequality in sub-Saharan Africa appearpartly driven by structural features. However, the paper's findings show that policies that influencethe opportunities of low-income households and women to participate in economic activities alsomatter and, therefore, if well-designed and targeted, could play a role in alleviating inequalities.

Author : Andrew Morrison,Andrew R. Morrison
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 57 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Communities and Human Settlements
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth by Andrew Morrison,Andrew R. Morrison Pdf

Abstract: This paper reviews empirical findings from economic analyses of the role of gender equality and women's empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating growth. Going beyond the large literature documenting the impact of female education on a range of development outcomes, the paper presents evidence on the impact of women's access to markets (labor, land, and credit) and women's decision-making power within households on poverty reduction and productivity at the individual and household level. The paper also summarizes evidence from studies examining the relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level. Although micro level effects of gender equality on individual productivity and human development outcomes have been well documented and have important ramifications for aggregate economic performance, establishing an empirical relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level has proven to be more challenging. The paper concludes by identifying priority areas for future research.

Author : Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra,Ms.Monique Newiak
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2016-09-09
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781475535853

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Excerpt: Women, Work, and Economic Growth by Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra,Ms.Monique Newiak Pdf

This paper analyzes various linkages and interconnections between gender inequality and the macroeconomy. The prevalence of gender inequality, particularly the presence of gender gaps in the labor force and in economic opportunities, can weigh on and impede inclusive growth. The precise nature of gender gaps varies, but in the majority of countries there are differences between men and women in decision-making power, economic participation, access to opportunities, and social norms and expectations. The analysis shows that gender gaps in pay and in access to resources, occupations, and credit, among other things, not only have negative microeconomic effects on women but also imply large costs for the aggregate economy. Differences in economic outcomes may be a consequence of unequal opportunities and enabling conditions for men and women and for boys and girls. Raising female participation could provide an important boost to growth, but women face two hurdles in participating in the workforce in Japan.

Author : Romina Kazandjian,Ms.Lisa Kolovich,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Monique Newiak
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2016-07-14
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781498367738

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Gender Equality and Economic Diversification by Romina Kazandjian,Ms.Lisa Kolovich,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Monique Newiak Pdf

We show that gender inequality decreases the variety of goods countries produce and export, in particular in low-income and developing countries. We argue that this happens through at least two channels: first, gender gaps in opportunity, such as lower educational enrollment rates for girls than for boys, harm diversification by constraining the potential pool of human capital available in an economy. Second, gender gaps in the labor market impede the development of new ideas by decreasing the efficiency of the labor force. Our empirical estimates support these hypotheses, providing evidence that gender-friendly policies could help countries diversify their economies.

Author : Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra,Ms.Monique Newiak
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2017-02-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475579031

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Women, Work, and Economic Growth by Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra,Ms.Monique Newiak Pdf

Women make up a little over half of the world’s population, but their contribution to measured economic activity and growth is far below its potential. Despite significant progress in recent decades, labor markets across the world remain divided along gender lines, and progress toward gender equality seems to have stalled. The challenges of growth, job creation, and inclusion are closely intertwined. This volume brings together key research by IMF economists on issues related to gender and macroeconomics. In addition to providing policy prescriptions and case studies from IMF member countries, the chapters also look at the gender gap from an economic point of view.

Author : María Magdalena Camou,Silvana Maubrigades,Rosemary Thorp
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 299 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2017-05-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781317130208

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Gender Inequalities and Development in Latin America During the Twentieth Century by María Magdalena Camou,Silvana Maubrigades,Rosemary Thorp Pdf

This book presents evidence of the evolution of the gender inequalities in Latin America during the twentieth century, using basic indicators of human development, namely education, health and the labour market. There are very few historical studies that centre on gender as the main analytical category in Latin America, so this book breaks new ground. Using case-studies from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay, the authors show that there is evidence of a correlation between economic growth and the decrease in gender inequality, but this process is also not linear. Although the activity rate of women was high at the beginning of the twentieth century, female participation in the labour market diminished, until the 1970s, when it began to increase dramatically. Since the 1970s, fertility reduction and education improvements and worsening labour market conditions are associated to the steadily increase of women participation in the labour market. By gauging the extent to which gender gaps in the formation of human capital, access to resources, quality of life and opportunities may have operated as a restriction on women’s capabilities and on economic growth in the region, this book demonstrates that Latin America has lagged behind in terms of gender equality.

Author : Mr.Christian Gonzales,Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Monique Newiak,Mr.Tlek Zeinullayev
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2015-10-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513533384

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Catalyst for Change by Mr.Christian Gonzales,Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra,Ms.Kalpana Kochhar,Ms.Monique Newiak,Mr.Tlek Zeinullayev Pdf

This study shows empirically that gender inequality and income inequality are strongly interlinked, even after controlling for standard drivers of income inequality. The study analyzes gender inequality by using and extending the United Nation’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) to cover two decades for almost 140 countries,. The main finding is that an increase in the GII from perfect gender equality to perfect inequality is associated with an almost 10 points higher net Gini coefficient. For advanced countries, with higher gender equity in opportunities, income inequality arises mainly through gender gaps in economic participation. For emerging market and developing countries, inequality of opportunity, in particular in education and health, appear to pose larger obstacles to income equality.

Author : David Kucera
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Economic development
ISBN : CORNELL:31924092614258

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The Effects of Wealth and Gender Inequality on Economic Growth by David Kucera Pdf

Author : Raquel Fernández,Asel Isakova,Francesco Luna,Barbara Rambousek
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2021-03-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781513571164

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Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth by Raquel Fernández,Asel Isakova,Francesco Luna,Barbara Rambousek Pdf

This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.

Author : Michael Lokshin,Thomas Alvin Mroz
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 31 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Life span, Productive
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gender and Poverty by Michael Lokshin,Thomas Alvin Mroz Pdf

The authors study complex interactions between gender and poverty in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina. The goal of their analysis is to uncover how a spectrum of gender differentials at different parts of the life cycle varies across income groups. Using the data from the 2001 Bosnia and Herzegovina Living Standards Measurement Study, the authors find strong gender-poverty interaction in the patterns of labor force participation, gender gap in earnings, individuals' school finances, and school attendance. The main source of gender inequality seems to come from differences in investments in girls' and boys' educations that increase with declines in income levels. Short-term income shocks could lead to long-term increases in gender inequality in households with school age children, unless there is ready access to credit markets. The authors also find that the magnitude of the impact of economic development on gender differences in Bosnia will depend on where the growth is concentrated. If the poor capture at least some benefits of economic growth, the gender differences in household investment in human capital of their children will decline. If, on the other hand, growth is concentrated among the richest, then important gender disparities could remain pervasive.

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 27 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2021-05-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513573779

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China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality by International Monetary Fund Pdf

This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.

Author : Ms.Lisa L Kolovich
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 18 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2017-10-03
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781484322048

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Excerpt: Fiscal Policies and Gender Equality by Ms.Lisa L Kolovich Pdf

Historically, women around the world have had less opportunity than men in education, employment, and health care, and less political representation. The moral argument for gender equality is clear, and the economic evidence is mounting. The International Monetary Fund and other international institutions have focused in recent years on developing a range of approaches to help whittle away at the barriers that prevent girls and women from achieving their full economic potential. This book is based on a joint research project between the IMF and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development on gender budgeting around the world. The book summarizes some of the most prominent gender budgeting efforts in more than 80 countries tried over the last two decades. The research team relied on published materials, developed a questionnaire sent to the ministries of finance of all 189 IMF member countries, and conducted interviews with country officials and international organizations that offer technical assistance to countries seeking to implement gender budgeting. Although the gender gap is shrinking, progress remains uneven across many regions of the world. Gender budgeting allows fiscal authorities to ensure that tax spending and policies address inequality and the advancement of women in areas such as education, health, and economic empowerment. Gender budgeting has been targeted to a variety of goals such as access to education, childcare, and health services; raising female labor force participation; and eradicating violence against women. There are still many lessons to be learned in implementing the appropriate government policies and fiscal measures to continue promoting women’s development and gender equality.

Author : Ms. Lisa L Kolovich,Ms. Monique Newiak
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 429 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2024-04-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400246968

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Gender Equality and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ms. Lisa L Kolovich,Ms. Monique Newiak Pdf

Efforts to achieve gender equality will not only help sub-Saharan Africa revive its inclusive growth engine but also will ensure progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and help address the main disruptive challenges of this century. This book explores the progress made in gender equality in the region, highlighting both the challenges and successes in areas such as legal reforms; education; health; gender-based violence; harmful practices, such as child marriage; and financial inclusion. It takes stock of initiatives towards integrating gender into core macroeconomic and structural reforms, such as through implementing gender budgeting and examines the role that fiscal and other policies can play in closing gender gaps when they are mindful of distributional impacts. Drawing from extensive research across different institutions, the book underscores the macroeconomic significance of gender equality, emphasizing its potential to drive GDP growth, enhance economic stability, reduce income inequality, and foster sustainable development. It lays out how gender gaps interact with emerging challenges, such as digitalization, and explores the impact of global megatrends, such as climate change, on gender inequality, offering strategies for inclusive policy responses—including in a context where women and girls are still carrying a disproportionate care burden that is often not captured in economic measurement. The book aims to serve as a roadmap for policymakers, stakeholders, and advocates seeking to harness the untapped potential of gender equality—for its own sake and for the region's inclusive, sustainable, and green development. It calls for concerted efforts to dismantle structural barriers, transform social norms, and prioritize gender-responsive policies to unlock the full economic potential of sub-Saharan Africa.