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Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992-1995 by Cees Wiebes Pdf
On July 11, 1995 the Bosnian Serbs captured the enclave Srebrenica. Thousands were executed. Claims were made that Western intelligence agencies had spectacular foreknowledge about the attack. But was this true? Or was it an intelligence failure? This book examines these questions presenting in as much detail as possible the intelligence collected by the Western services in Bosnia. The author was granted full access to the top-secret archives of the Dutch services and the still classified UN archives. Foreign intelligence services gave him confidential briefings. The author spoke with more than 100 intelligence officials from various countries.
The Role of Intelligence in Ending the War in Bosnia in 1995 by Timothy R. Walton Pdf
In the summer of 2013 the Central Intelligence Agency and the Clinton Presidential Library made an unprecedented declassification of more than 300 documents showing the role of intelligence in supporting American decision-making on Bosnia in the 1990s, and in particular the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement, which brought an end to the fighting in Bosnia. The following spring, James Madison University hosted a conference in which scholars from all over the world assessed what the documents show about what is needed for the complex process of making peace. Aspects covered included military, political, diplomatic, and religious, among others. Timothy R. Walton's The Role of Intelligence in Ending the War in Bosnia in 1995 offers a collection of papers presented at the conference; several of the authors were participants in the events of the time.
Balkan Battlegrounds provides a military history of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1995. It was produced by two military analysts in the Central Intelligence agency who tracked military developments in the region throughout this period and then applied their experience to producing an unclassified treatise for general use ...
The War and War-games in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 by Magnus Bjarnason Pdf
This book describes the build-up to the Bosnian War, which took place from 1992-95, and the relation it had with the war in Croatia between 1991-95. The Bosnian war is viewed from two different angles. The first one is the perspective from inside the conflict area, describing the war in the field and its effects. The second one is the perspective of international high politics, where former Yugoslavia is just an object in the world power-game. It describes the Bosnian War's four phases (author's definition), the first phase being the Serbs' struggle to keep as much as possible of the disintegrating state, the second phase being the uncontrolled ethnic war, the third phase being that of corruption and stagnation where the war had a life of its own without much real fighting, and the last phase when the dividing lines were redrawn and formal fighting ended, almost like a pre-planned game of chess. The book concludes by a reflection on future developments and problems in the region.
The Civil War in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95) by Viktor Bezruchenko Pdf
The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) was the bloodiest and most savage conflict in post-WWII Europe. While numerous books and articles on the subject exist, this book fills an important void by comprehensively addressing the intricacies of the conflict’s political, historic, military, and diplomatic factors. The brutal civil war triggered by the demise of Yugoslavia. Based on documents and eyewitness accounts, the book covers the ideologies, hidden agendas, military operations, covert actions, and diplomacy that resulted in the Dayton Peace Accords of 1995. It also includes the geography, population, and tumultuous history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The author convincingly dispels myths related to the war, including pre-planned Serbian aggression, the siege of Sarajevo, the massacres of civilians in the UN “safe areas” of Srebrenica and Žepa, and Slobodan Miloševi?’s role.
Perspectives on Military Intelligence from the First World War to Mali by Floribert Baudet,Eleni Braat,Jeoffrey van Woensel,Aad Wever Pdf
Many intelligence practitioners feel that the statutory footing on which intelligenceagencies have been placed forms an impediment to confronting unprecedented contemporarychallenges. On the basis of case studies spanning the period from the First WorldWar to the present, this book argues that while the intelligence community in the era ofglobalization has indeed come to face new and complex challenges that require adaptation,operating in demanding and changing environments is not new at all. This book questionsthe conventional wisdom of 9/11 or the end of the Cold War as caesurae. It also argues thatthe ability to adapt, innovate, question and learn from past experience is crucial for thesuccess of intelligence organizations, rather than ever-expanding funding. Agencies’ ability to reflect, adapt and learn from experience determines their subsequentcapability to deliver. One key development resulting from globalization is the markedincrease in cooperation between intelligence agencies of different countries on the onehand, and between investigative agencies and intelligence agencies on the other. This hasled to concerns over human rights and privacy and to increased calls for accountability andimproved oversight as the increase in cooperation between organizations operating globallyalso provides scope for the circumvention of domestic restrictions. This book proposes an instrument to assess the effectiveness of existing accountabilityarrangements and offers new insights into the role of (military) intelligence in anumber of crises, e.g., the 1962 Cold War confrontation over Western New Guinea, and thefunctioning of intelligence in peacekeeping operations ranging from Srebrenica to Mali. Thematically comprehensive, it offers a mixture of historical, legal, operational, and policyaspects, analyzed through the lens of institutional learning, bringing together academic andpractitioners’ perspectives. The focus lies not only on the familiar Anglo-Saxon experiencebut also on cases from India, the Netherlands, South East Asia, Bosnia, Lebanon, and Mali. The book is aimed at both scholars and practitioners studying and/or working in the fieldof civil and military intelligence, and those involved in international relations and internationalhumanitarian law/human rights law. It brings together contributions from authorswho spoke at the Conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Dutch MilitaryIntelligence and Security Service, organized by the Netherlands Intelligence Studies Association(NISA), and from a number of authors who were specifically invited to participate.
Prosecuting Slobodan Milošević by Nevenka Tromp Pdf
This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the trial of former Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). With the premature death of Milošević in March 2006 his trial was left unfinished. Although the traditional objectives of criminal law, such as retribution, justice for victims, and deterrence, were not achieved, the Milošević trial archive is a significant historical resource for researchers from various fields. This book extracts details from the collection of documentary and transcript evidence that makes up the trial record – sources which would be almost impossible to extricate without an insider’s guiding hand – to allow readers to trace the threads of several historical narratives. The value of this methodology is particularly evident in the Milošević case as, acting as his own defence counsel, he responded to, and interacted with, almost all witnesses and evidence presented against him. By providing snapshots of the behaviour displayed by Milošević in court while conducting his defence, in combination with passages of carefully selected evidence from an immense archive familiar to few scholars, this volume reveals how these trial records, and trail records in general, are a truly invaluable historical source. The book underlines the premise that any record of a mass atrocities trial, whether finished or unfinished, establishes a record of past events, contributes to interpretations of a historical period and influences the shaping of collective memory. This book will be of much interest to students of the Former Yugoslavia, war crimes, international law, human rights, international relations and European politics.
Intelligence and Propaganda in the Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan by Murat Aslan Pdf
This book questions the efficiency of propaganda and the affiliated intelligence functions of international organisations by sampling NATO and, to some extent, the UN in peace operations. It examines NATO operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Afghanistan in detail as comparative analysis, and considers the commitment of the US military since this is the main driver of the bulk of NATO activities. In addition, the book covers the communication and intelligence activities of the opposing elements in both Bosnia and Afghanistan to offer another comparative approach.
In asymmetric interstate conflicts, great powers have the capability to coerce weak states by threatening their survival—but not vice versa. It is therefore the great power that decides whether to escalate a conflict into a crisis by adopting a coercive strategy. In practice, however, the coercive strategies of the U.S. have frequently failed. In Coercion, Survival and War Phil Haun chronicles 30 asymmetric interstate crises involving the US from 1918 to 2003. The U.S. chose coercive strategies in 23 of these cases, but coercion failed half of the time: most often because the more powerful U.S. made demands that threatened the very survival of the weak state, causing it to resist as long as it had the means to do so. It is an unfortunate paradox Haun notes that, where the U.S. may prefer brute force to coercion, these power asymmetries may well lead it to first attempt coercive strategies that are expected to fail in order to justify the war it desires. He concludes that, when coercion is preferred to brute force there are clear limits as to what can be demanded. In such cases, he suggests, U.S. policymakers can improve the chances of success by matching appropriate threats to demands, by including other great powers in the coercive process, and by reducing a weak state leader's reputational costs by giving him or her face-saving options.
During the 2016 presidential election, many younger voters repudiated Hillary Clinton because of her husband’s support for mass incarceration, banking deregulation and free-trade agreements that led many U.S. jobs to be shipped overseas. Warmonger: How Clinton’s Malign Foreign Policy Launched the Trajectory from Bush II to Biden, shows that Clinton’s foreign policy was just as bad as his domestic policy. Cultivating an image as a former anti-Vietnam War activist to win over the aging hippie set in his early years, as president, Clinton bombed six countries and, by the end of his first term, had committed U.S. troops to 25 separate military operations, compared to 17 in Ronald Reagan’s two terms. Clinton further expanded America’s covert empire of overseas surveillance outposts and spying and increased the budget for intelligence spending and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), a CIA offshoot which promoted regime change in foreign nations. The latter was not surprising because, according to CIA operative Cord Meyer Jr., Clinton had been recruited into the CIA while a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, and as Governor of Arkansas in the 1980s he had allowed clandestine arms and drug flights to Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries (Contras) backed by the CIA to be taken from Mena Airport in the western part of the state. Rather than being a time of tranquility when the U.S. failed to pay attention to the gathering storm of terrorism, as New York Times columnist David Brooks frames it, the Clinton presidency saw rising tensions among the U.S., China and Russia because of Clinton’s malign foreign policies, and U.S. complicity in terrorist acts. In so many ways, Clinton’s presidency set the groundwork for the disasters that were to follow under Bush II, Obama, Trump, and Biden. It was Clinton—building off of Reagan—who first waged a War on Terror ridden with double standards, one that adopted terror tactics, including extraordinary rendition, bombing and the use of drones. It was Clinton who cried wolf about human rights abuses and the need to protect beleaguered peoples from genocide to justify military intervention in a post-Cold War age. And it was Clinton’s administration that pressed for regime change in Iraq and raised public alarm about the mythic WMDs—all while relying on fancy new military technologies and private military contractors to distance US shady military interventions from the public to limit dissent.
Conflict, Crime, and the State in Postcommunist Eurasia by Svante Cornell,Michael Jonsson Pdf
In the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union and its zone of influence, few insurgent groups had the resources necessary to confront regular armies. At the same time, state-sponsored financial support for insurgencies dramatically decreased. The pressing need to raise funds for war and the weakness of law enforcement in conflict zones create fertile conditions for organized crime; indeed, there is a mounting body of evidence correlating armed conflict and illicit economy, though the nature of this link and its impact on regional politics has not been well understood. Conflict, Crime, and the State in Postcommunist Eurasia explores the relationship between ideologically motivated insurgents, profit-motivated crime, and state institutions in eight conflict zones. Through detailed case studies, the contributors demonstrate how the operations and incentives of insurgents may emerge and shift over time: for some armed groups, crime can become an end in itself beyond a financial means, but not all armed groups equally adapt to illicit commerce. They also show how the criminalization of state institutions is a lingering concerns even after armed conflicts end. Conflict, Crime, and the State in Postcommunist Eurasia places the case studies along a continuum of political and criminal behavior, examining the factors that motivate insurgents to seek out criminal alliance, how this connection affects the dynamics of conflict, and what risks remain during postconflict transition. These findings will provide a better understanding of the types of challenges likely to confront peacekeeping and statebuilding endeavors in other parts of the world. Contributors: Jana Arsovska, Svante Cornell, Johan Engvall, Michael Jonsson, Alexandru Molcean, Niklas Nilsson, Murad Batal al-Shishani, Natalie Verständig.
Like Salt for Bread. The Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Francine Friedman Pdf
A numerically small Jewish community helped their ethnically embattled neighbors in a neutral, humanitarian way to survive the longest modern siege, Sarajevo, in the early 1990s.