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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Competition, International
ISBN : STANFORD:36105063577782
Author : Miriam Mennen
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 61 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2010-03-23
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640568536
Essay from the year 2006 in the subject Pharmicology, grade: 71 % - A, University of Sunderland (Faculty of Business and Law), course: International Trade and Finance, language: English, abstract: This paper will firstly analyse the importance of R&D, its global dimension and its future trends. Furthermore, the emphasis by nations put on investment in knowledge will be explained. The second part then outlines the main economic theories concerning innovation and knowledge creation. Finally, Germany and its pharmaceutical industry will be taken as an example to illustrate the dimensions of investment in R&D and its outcomes.
Author : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Publisher : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ; Washington, D.C. : OECD Publications and Information Center, sales agent
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 1985
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105040096245
Author : Ruth Norris,A. Karim Ahmed
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 1982
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCSC:32106008361369
Abstract: This book discusses the international trade in toxic substances, specifically pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and hazardous wastes. Abuses, exploitation of uniformed consumers, and the double standard that says products considered unsafe for use in the industrialized world may be promoted and sold freely in the developing nations are discussed. Attempts to purchase rights to dump hazardous waste in third world countries and the marketing practices of infant formula manufacturers in third world countries are also examined.
Author : Güvenç Koçkaya,Albert Wertheimer
Publisher : SEEd
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2016-10-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9788897419648
The definition of Market Access was first reported by the World Trade Organization as “to open markets for trade and improve transparency, reciprocity, and non-discrimination in international trade”. Pharmaceutical Market Access is different and it could be defined as achieving the optimal price for a product or service and/or the maximum reimbursement for the approved target population with no restrictions on funding for the medical technology. By the way, Market Access is not only the market authorization, but it also includes overlapping activities like pricing, health technology assessment, formulary, and reimbursement. Market Access is one of the most important activities for pharmaceutical companies and emerging countries represent an important opportunity for launching new products. It was reported that the Compounded Average Growth Rate (CAGR) was 6.0% in the period 2011-2017, and expected sales exceeding 1.1 trillion USD by 2017 for emerging countries. Furthermore, CAGR 2008-2012 for recently launched pharmaceuticals were 9.8% for emerging countries and 1.5% for the top 8 developed countries. The Market Access processes in the most important emerging countries in the selected regions are defined in this book with the aim to help local experts, local government officers, headquarter managements, and everyone who want to learn more about healthcare system and health policies pathways of Market Access, mapping and structure of decision makers, challenges and catalyzers for Market Access in the emerging countries.
Author : Hans Löfgren,O. Williams
Publisher : Springer
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2016-04-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781137315854
Some two decades will shortly have passed since the WTO's Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement came into force in 1995. This volume is the first cross-country analysis of how TRIPS has affected the capacity of 11 major low or medium income countries to produce generic drugs.
Author : Nicole Burkardt
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 33 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2007-11-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783638866996
Essay from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Trade and Distribution, grade: 74% - A, University of Sunderland, language: English, abstract: International trade can to some extent be explained by the theory of absolute and comparative advantage. By nature, countries have distinctive immobile production factors and hence different relative production costs for the same good/service (Lawler and Seddighi, 2001). The theory of the absolute advantage by Adam Smith is that a country should specialise on the product/service where it has an absolute advantage over any other country in order to increase productivity and output. Ricardo’s theory of the comparative advantage says a country should export products where it has the greatest comparative advantage or where the comparative disadvantage is smallest and should import goods in which its comparative disadvantage is greatest (Trebilcock and Howse, 2005). This model still represents the basis for international trade theory, but it was further modified and reformulated which will be discussed later on. The pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland by looking at innovation, R&D expenditure, export figures and the growth level will be analysed. All this is interrelated to theoretical background of newer trade theories of Vernon, Krugman and Cantwell.
Author : Renata Curzel
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2020-12-10
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403528748
Although ideally a patent system for pharmaceuticals should serve to incentivize research into the development of new medicines, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the equal importance of drug access and affordability. This book, by focusing on the Brazilian rule which makes the grant of pharmaceutical patents dependent on the prior consent of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), shows how the Brazilian model affords an example for other countries to follow in dealing with tensions between patent protection and the right to healthcare. Based on an empirical study in which the author examined 147 reports issued by ANVISA as a basis for its decisions, the book deals with such central questions concerning the interface of regulation and innovation in the patent system as the following: compatibility between ANVISA’s prior consent mechanism and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement; how “evergreening” and “trivial patents” undermine public health and access to medicines; ways of correcting abuses of patent rights and controlling quality of patents; and the discourse on health as a human right. Along with her examination of ANVISA reports, the author analyzes how Article 229-C LPI, which introduced the need of ANVISA’s prior consent to the patent grant of pharmaceuticals in Brazil, has been interpreted in Brazilian case law. Interviews with Brazilian experts are also included. In its commitment to harmonizing patent rights and the right to access of affordable medicines, Brazil’s patent system for pharmaceuticals stands out as a workable response to the basic problem of access to medicines in the developing world. By describing the successes and failures in the Brazilian policy of promoting drug access, this book helps policymakers in developing and emerging countries to better explore TRIPS flexibilities when dealing with similar problems, and provides practitioners in the law of the World Trade Organization, patent law, competition law, and health law with a guide to how a more equitable pharmaceutical patenting system could work in practice.
Author : Cédric Julien Poget
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2007-12-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783764385897
Parallel trade occurs if international price differences for identical products are high and a policy of regional or international exhaustion of the respective property right has been implemented in the high price country. The work by C. Poget analyses how parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are affecting end consumer prices and drug expenditures in three Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Based on his observations he derives proposals for policy reforms in EU member countries and Switzerland.
Author : Srividhya Ragavan,Amaka Vanni
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 522 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2021-07-28
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781000398700
The history of patent harmonization is a story of dynamic actors, whose interactions with established structures shaped the patent regime. From the inception of the trade regime to include intellectual property (IP) rights to the present, this book documents the role of different sets of actors – states, transnational business corporations, or civil society groups – and their influence on the structures – such as national and international agreements, organizations, and private entities – that have caused changes to healthcare and access to medication. Presenting the debates over patents, trade, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), as it galvanized non-state and nonbusiness actors, the book highlights how an alternative framing and understanding of pharmaceutical patent rights emerged: as a public issue, instead of a trade or IP issue. The book thus offers an important analysis of the legal and political dynamics through which the contest for access to lifesaving medication has been, and will continue to be, fought. In addition to academics working in the areas of international law, development, and public health, this book will also be of interest to policy makers, state actors, and others with relevant concerns working in nongovernmental and international organizations.
Author : Centre for the Study of Industrial Innovation,Economic Development Committee for the Chemical Industry. Pharmaceuticals Working Party
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1971
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:20500274329
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Competition, International
ISBN : PURD:32754077977464
Author : Cynthia Ho
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 429 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2011-04-21
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780195390124
The issue of how patents impact medicine has increased in significance within the last decade.The book provides an explanation of the current international infrastructure and explains how competing patent perspectives play a thus far unacknowledged role in promoting distortion and confusion.
Author : OECD
Publisher : Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9264426981
This report, one in a series of studies by the OECD and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), enhances understanding of the issues and challenges facing governments, businesses and society posed by the trade in fake pharmaceutical products. Illicit markets for fake pharmaceuticals are attractive for counterfeiters, given the high profit margins, low risks of detection and prosecution, weak penalties, and the ease with which consumers can be deceived into believing that the counterfeit products are genuine. Counterfeit medicines not only cause economic damage for the sector, but are also a significant threat to public health, since fake medicines are often not properly formulated and may contain dangerous ingredients. Fake pharmaceuticals include antibiotics, lifestyle treatments, pain killers, anti-malarial drugs, diabetes treatments and central nervous system medicines.
Author : Sudip Chaudhuri
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCSD:31822035178169
The establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 brought about significant changes in international economic relations between countries. To comply with the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of the WTO, India introduced product patent protection in pharmaceuticals from January 2005. TRIPS has generated a huge controversy in India and abroad. India has emerged as a major source of low-cost, quality drugs for the entire world and thus plays an important role. While there are a large number of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the world, only a handful of multinationals dominate the industry. By using patent rights, multinational companies prevented developing countries like India from realizing their potential of industrial growth and drug prices were among the highest in the world.
